Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1177/09683445241264529
Joel Hayward, Massimiliano Fiore
On 14 and 15 January 1942, a German and Italian maritime strategy conference occurred in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in order to coordinate a joint plan of action for the ongoing conduct of naval warfare. Drawing upon extensive exploration in German and Italian archives, this article challenges coventional wisdom and argues that coordination improved as a consequence of the meeting and that strategic realities, not a lack of intent to coordinate the two nations’ naval efforts, robbed the conference of its ability to create war-changing decisions.
{"title":"The 1942 Garmisch Conference: A Snapshot of Mid-War Axis Naval Strategy","authors":"Joel Hayward, Massimiliano Fiore","doi":"10.1177/09683445241264529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445241264529","url":null,"abstract":"On 14 and 15 January 1942, a German and Italian maritime strategy conference occurred in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in order to coordinate a joint plan of action for the ongoing conduct of naval warfare. Drawing upon extensive exploration in German and Italian archives, this article challenges coventional wisdom and argues that coordination improved as a consequence of the meeting and that strategic realities, not a lack of intent to coordinate the two nations’ naval efforts, robbed the conference of its ability to create war-changing decisions.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1177/09683445241264526
Daniel Marston
By late 1943, the British 8th Army had developed a strong learning and training culture, drawing from its battlefield experience. This essay will examine the evolution of this culture and its implementation across diverse units during its Italian campaign. The primary focus will be on the training and performance of the 8th Indian and 78th British divisions, focusing on the battles of October–December 1943. This analysis will consider the learning and training culture, along with the impact of ongoing reform initiatives within the British and Indian armies, and their relationship with strategic decisions made in London and New Delhi.
{"title":"The Road to the Winter Line in Italy: The Tale of Two Divisions","authors":"Daniel Marston","doi":"10.1177/09683445241264526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445241264526","url":null,"abstract":"By late 1943, the British 8th Army had developed a strong learning and training culture, drawing from its battlefield experience. This essay will examine the evolution of this culture and its implementation across diverse units during its Italian campaign. The primary focus will be on the training and performance of the 8th Indian and 78th British divisions, focusing on the battles of October–December 1943. This analysis will consider the learning and training culture, along with the impact of ongoing reform initiatives within the British and Indian armies, and their relationship with strategic decisions made in London and New Delhi.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141811506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1177/09683445241264545
Martin Jemelka
The army was perhaps the first bulk buyer of mass-produced footwear. In Europe, several regions focused on the bulk production of military (and civilian) footwear owe their origins to the army. This was also the case in the Czech Lands. The belated industrialisation of footwear production in the Czech Lands dates back to the Balkan Wars and World War I. The army and the war economy businesses under military control played a key role in this process. This study is devoted to the multifaceted role of the army in the completion of the industrialization of Czech shoemaking.
{"title":"The Army, the Great War, and the Belated Industrialisation of Shoemaking in the Czech Lands","authors":"Martin Jemelka","doi":"10.1177/09683445241264545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445241264545","url":null,"abstract":"The army was perhaps the first bulk buyer of mass-produced footwear. In Europe, several regions focused on the bulk production of military (and civilian) footwear owe their origins to the army. This was also the case in the Czech Lands. The belated industrialisation of footwear production in the Czech Lands dates back to the Balkan Wars and World War I. The army and the war economy businesses under military control played a key role in this process. This study is devoted to the multifaceted role of the army in the completion of the industrialization of Czech shoemaking.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141814005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1177/09683445241264531
A. Fornasin, Giuliana Freni
The article proposes a quantitative evaluation of the workload of the Italian military health service during the First World War. In the Great War, there were unprecedented medical and health care issues. This was a result of the size of armies; the poor living conditions of the soldiers; and the introduction of new weapons. This article reconstructs some quantitative aspects of the Italian military health service in the Great War in terms of both supply (e.g. the number of health structures and medical personnel) and demand (e.g. the soldiers who were injured and who became ill during the conflict).
{"title":"The Workload of the Italian Military Health Service During the First World War: A Quantitative Assessment","authors":"A. Fornasin, Giuliana Freni","doi":"10.1177/09683445241264531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445241264531","url":null,"abstract":"The article proposes a quantitative evaluation of the workload of the Italian military health service during the First World War. In the Great War, there were unprecedented medical and health care issues. This was a result of the size of armies; the poor living conditions of the soldiers; and the introduction of new weapons. This article reconstructs some quantitative aspects of the Italian military health service in the Great War in terms of both supply (e.g. the number of health structures and medical personnel) and demand (e.g. the soldiers who were injured and who became ill during the conflict).","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.1177/09683445241259676
Darlington Mutanda
Using Zaka, a district located in Masvingo province, this study scrutinises the nature and dynamics of Zimbabwe's liberation war in the countryside. It focuses on the memories of the liberation war in Zaka to demonstrate how guerrilla violence defined guerrilla–civilian relations in rural Zimbabwe. The study shows that the liberation war in the countryside was a struggle for power, domination and influence right from the peasants, chimbwidos and mujibhas (young female and male guerrilla assistants respectively) to the lowest-ranked guerrilla up to the top general.
{"title":"Insights Into the Impacts of Guerrilla Violence in Shaping War-Time Relationships in Rural Zimbabwe, 1966–1979","authors":"Darlington Mutanda","doi":"10.1177/09683445241259676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445241259676","url":null,"abstract":"Using Zaka, a district located in Masvingo province, this study scrutinises the nature and dynamics of Zimbabwe's liberation war in the countryside. It focuses on the memories of the liberation war in Zaka to demonstrate how guerrilla violence defined guerrilla–civilian relations in rural Zimbabwe. The study shows that the liberation war in the countryside was a struggle for power, domination and influence right from the peasants, chimbwidos and mujibhas (young female and male guerrilla assistants respectively) to the lowest-ranked guerrilla up to the top general.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141364331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1177/09683445241243002
Peter Overlack
With the extension of the Berlin-Baghdad Railway and Germany's search first for naval coaling and later for radio station locations, the strategic usefulness of footholds in the Persian Gulf region came to the fore. Reliable communication with the African colonies and warships of the East Asian Cruiser Squadron in the expanse of the Indian Ocean was essential. With the allied Ottoman Empire regional expansion aimed to create a wedge to split the British Empire. Disruptive activities in Persia and Afghanistan aimed to pressure India and distract Britain. This places German strategy in the region in a significant world-political context leading up to the First World War.
{"title":"‘Imperial Germany's Push to the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean: A Strategic Imperative of Weltpolitik’","authors":"Peter Overlack","doi":"10.1177/09683445241243002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445241243002","url":null,"abstract":"With the extension of the Berlin-Baghdad Railway and Germany's search first for naval coaling and later for radio station locations, the strategic usefulness of footholds in the Persian Gulf region came to the fore. Reliable communication with the African colonies and warships of the East Asian Cruiser Squadron in the expanse of the Indian Ocean was essential. With the allied Ottoman Empire regional expansion aimed to create a wedge to split the British Empire. Disruptive activities in Persia and Afghanistan aimed to pressure India and distract Britain. This places German strategy in the region in a significant world-political context leading up to the First World War.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140370925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1177/09683445241239046
Marta García Cabrera
From 1939 to 1945, the Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands became an alternative battleground for the intelligence services of the warring powers. US intelligence operated through diplomatic, military, and strategic channels such as consulates, the Office of Naval Intelligence, and the Office of Strategic Services. The archipelago was integrated into the US intelligence network in Spain but was also considered important in relation to operations in North Africa. This article interprets the role played by US intelligence in the Canary Islands as a case study of Allied intelligence operations in the North Atlantic Ocean during the Second World War.
{"title":"Espionage, Counterintelligence, and Naval Observation in the Middle of the Atlantic: A Case Study of US Intelligence in the Canary Islands (1939–1945)","authors":"Marta García Cabrera","doi":"10.1177/09683445241239046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445241239046","url":null,"abstract":"From 1939 to 1945, the Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands became an alternative battleground for the intelligence services of the warring powers. US intelligence operated through diplomatic, military, and strategic channels such as consulates, the Office of Naval Intelligence, and the Office of Strategic Services. The archipelago was integrated into the US intelligence network in Spain but was also considered important in relation to operations in North Africa. This article interprets the role played by US intelligence in the Canary Islands as a case study of Allied intelligence operations in the North Atlantic Ocean during the Second World War.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140227764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.1177/09683445241231654
R. Evans, Tracey Temple, Liz Nelson
Victim operated explosive devices (VOEDs) such as mines and booby traps, have been an enduring problem since their large-scale use started in the 1940s. While the overall problem is often known about in general terms, the real complexion of the problem was not necessarily fully appreciated. Eventually the need to understand the problem and the response to it was partially identified and acted upon in Vietnam through the collection and analysis of operational data. This did not solve the problem of mines and booby traps, but it did offer a means to better manage the threat.
{"title":"Know Thy Enemy and Know Yourself – The Role of Operational Data in Managing the Mines and Booby Trap Threat in Vietnam, 1965–73","authors":"R. Evans, Tracey Temple, Liz Nelson","doi":"10.1177/09683445241231654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445241231654","url":null,"abstract":"Victim operated explosive devices (VOEDs) such as mines and booby traps, have been an enduring problem since their large-scale use started in the 1940s. While the overall problem is often known about in general terms, the real complexion of the problem was not necessarily fully appreciated. Eventually the need to understand the problem and the response to it was partially identified and acted upon in Vietnam through the collection and analysis of operational data. This did not solve the problem of mines and booby traps, but it did offer a means to better manage the threat.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140249077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1177/09683445241233211
Matthew Olex-Szczytowski
We know more about 9th Infantry than about other regiments in the Wehrmacht. Its ‘Prussian’ officer cadre produced two wartime field marshals, 27 generals, and a president of Germany in 1984–94. Several erstwhile officers conspired ahead of the putsch on 20 July 1944. Traditional accounts suggested that the regiment was ‘untarnished’ and not implicated in National Socialist crimes. This paper tests this by drawing on unexplored or little-known German, Polish, Jewish, and ex-Soviet sources. It finds that 9th Infantry did not differ from peers in supporting and joining illegalities in 1939–41. Moreover, in facilitating repression and Jewish ghettos in Poland and in shooting Soviet POWs it exceeded ‘typical’ criminality. Distortions seen in the traditional accounts are deconstructed. Some persist today in Germany's public sphere.
{"title":"‘Untarnished Regiment’? Divergent Perspectives on the Wehrmacht's 9th Infantry, 1939–1941","authors":"Matthew Olex-Szczytowski","doi":"10.1177/09683445241233211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445241233211","url":null,"abstract":"We know more about 9th Infantry than about other regiments in the Wehrmacht. Its ‘Prussian’ officer cadre produced two wartime field marshals, 27 generals, and a president of Germany in 1984–94. Several erstwhile officers conspired ahead of the putsch on 20 July 1944. Traditional accounts suggested that the regiment was ‘untarnished’ and not implicated in National Socialist crimes. This paper tests this by drawing on unexplored or little-known German, Polish, Jewish, and ex-Soviet sources. It finds that 9th Infantry did not differ from peers in supporting and joining illegalities in 1939–41. Moreover, in facilitating repression and Jewish ghettos in Poland and in shooting Soviet POWs it exceeded ‘typical’ criminality. Distortions seen in the traditional accounts are deconstructed. Some persist today in Germany's public sphere.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140252848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231219535e
Rory Cormac
{"title":"Book Review: A Question of Standing: The History of the CIA by Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones","authors":"Rory Cormac","doi":"10.1177/09683445231219535e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231219535e","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139456854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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