Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445221088574d
J. Maiolo
{"title":"Book Review: Strange Allies: Britain, France and the Dilemmas of Disarmament and Security, 1929–1933 by Andrew Webster","authors":"J. Maiolo","doi":"10.1177/09683445221088574d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445221088574d","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"29 1","pages":"512 - 513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45649540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/0968344520963309
M. Samuels
During the second half of the nineteenth century, the introduction of new weaponry dramatically changed the balance between moral factors and technology on the battlefield. Yet, this shift was widely met by a renewed emphasis on the importance of the human element. This article explores the development of thinking on this issue in the British Army during the period from 1856 to 1899. This reveals three phases, representing the struggle between the conservative Duke of Cambridge and the modernizing Lord Wolseley, with their view explored through the writings of key theorists and in the official manuals. This reveals that the Duke remained focused on a mechanical model, centred on the teachings of Jomini, where the troops were simply tools in the hands of their commanders, whereas Wolseley emphasized the need to protect the ‘moral strength’ of the troops and saw undermining that of the enemy as the key to victory, yet always recognizing that bravery and resilience could never overcome modern weaponry.
{"title":"‘Moral Factors’ in British military thought and doctrine, 1856–1899","authors":"M. Samuels","doi":"10.1177/0968344520963309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0968344520963309","url":null,"abstract":"During the second half of the nineteenth century, the introduction of new weaponry dramatically changed the balance between moral factors and technology on the battlefield. Yet, this shift was widely met by a renewed emphasis on the importance of the human element. This article explores the development of thinking on this issue in the British Army during the period from 1856 to 1899. This reveals three phases, representing the struggle between the conservative Duke of Cambridge and the modernizing Lord Wolseley, with their view explored through the writings of key theorists and in the official manuals. This reveals that the Duke remained focused on a mechanical model, centred on the teachings of Jomini, where the troops were simply tools in the hands of their commanders, whereas Wolseley emphasized the need to protect the ‘moral strength’ of the troops and saw undermining that of the enemy as the key to victory, yet always recognizing that bravery and resilience could never overcome modern weaponry.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"29 1","pages":"341 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48533005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/0968344520954240
Jan Van der Fraenen
During the Great War, hundreds of kilometres of trenches were indicated on maps. The names are extremely diverse and some of them can be more easily explained than others. The name of the most famous Belgian trench, the Trench of Death, has never been examined. It is generally accepted that the name reflects the large number of lives lost in the trench. Research reveals that the name appeared in June 1915, a point in time when casualties were only few. The name is indicative for the dangerous circumstances experienced in this very spot and for Belgian casualties left behind.
{"title":"The trench of death: What’s in a name, 1914-1918","authors":"Jan Van der Fraenen","doi":"10.1177/0968344520954240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0968344520954240","url":null,"abstract":"During the Great War, hundreds of kilometres of trenches were indicated on maps. The names are extremely diverse and some of them can be more easily explained than others. The name of the most famous Belgian trench, the Trench of Death, has never been examined. It is generally accepted that the name reflects the large number of lives lost in the trench. Research reveals that the name appeared in June 1915, a point in time when casualties were only few. The name is indicative for the dangerous circumstances experienced in this very spot and for Belgian casualties left behind.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"29 1","pages":"364 - 384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44924254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445221088574h
Megan Threlkeld
{"title":"Book Review: Rough Draft: Cold War Military Manpower Policy and the Origins of Vietnam-Era Draft Resistance by Amy J. Rutenberg","authors":"Megan Threlkeld","doi":"10.1177/09683445221088574h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445221088574h","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"29 1","pages":"518 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43848693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445221088574j
Roel van der Velde
{"title":"Book Review: France’s Wars in Chad: Military Intervention and Decolonization in Africa by Nathaniel K. Powell","authors":"Roel van der Velde","doi":"10.1177/09683445221088574j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445221088574j","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"29 1","pages":"521 - 522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44114464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445221088574g
W. Allison
{"title":"Book Review: Why America Loses Wars: Limited War and US Strategy from the Korean War to the Present by Donald Stoker","authors":"W. Allison","doi":"10.1177/09683445221088574g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445221088574g","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"29 1","pages":"516 - 518"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43613925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445221088574c
P. Finnegan
from central terrorism researchers such as Bruce Hoffman and David Rapoport. Another Kind of War contains several innovative points. For example, Lynn is careful to discuss a wide range of terrorist actors ranging from state governments, social movements, and sub-state groups to the lone wolf individuals they inspire. Lynn also includes his own periodization of terrorism. He argues convincingly that the major anarchist attacks of the late nineteenth century began when the European revolutions of 1848 failed and discredited more overt forms of rebellion such as street riots. Lynn also discusses national liberation and leftist-inspired terrorism from the 1920s to the 1980s as one interrelated phenomenon. He neatly lays out the transnational connections and ideological commonalities between groups such as the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, the Tupamaros, and the Red Brigades. This overt discursive approach serves Lynn well and makes it easy for the reader to follow his arguments. Another Kind of War is aimed primarily at a student audience, and Lynn takes care to introduce the history of terrorism in ways accessible to readers who may be unfamiliar with the subject. He lays out a clear conceptual foundation that introduces differing levels at which terrorists operate and the varying strategies that terrorists utilize to achieve their goals. Then Lynn guides the reader through a chronology of terrorism, highlighting how, why, and when terrorist organizations and strategies changed over time. This approach emphasizes the commonalities between terrorist actors while still stressing the historical context and specificities of each example. Conceptual details and historical analysis are well balanced. The book also maintains a good equilibrium in covering nineteenth and twentieth century cases as well as more recent instances of terrorism. A strong bibliography in the book and an accompanying website enables students to continue their research and access further literature. Overall, Lynn’s book includes a clarity and engagement with existing research which makes it a welcome addition to the literature on terrorism and its history.
{"title":"Book Review: Divided Armies: Inequality & Battlefield Performance in Modern War by Jason Lyall","authors":"P. Finnegan","doi":"10.1177/09683445221088574c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445221088574c","url":null,"abstract":"from central terrorism researchers such as Bruce Hoffman and David Rapoport. Another Kind of War contains several innovative points. For example, Lynn is careful to discuss a wide range of terrorist actors ranging from state governments, social movements, and sub-state groups to the lone wolf individuals they inspire. Lynn also includes his own periodization of terrorism. He argues convincingly that the major anarchist attacks of the late nineteenth century began when the European revolutions of 1848 failed and discredited more overt forms of rebellion such as street riots. Lynn also discusses national liberation and leftist-inspired terrorism from the 1920s to the 1980s as one interrelated phenomenon. He neatly lays out the transnational connections and ideological commonalities between groups such as the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, the Tupamaros, and the Red Brigades. This overt discursive approach serves Lynn well and makes it easy for the reader to follow his arguments. Another Kind of War is aimed primarily at a student audience, and Lynn takes care to introduce the history of terrorism in ways accessible to readers who may be unfamiliar with the subject. He lays out a clear conceptual foundation that introduces differing levels at which terrorists operate and the varying strategies that terrorists utilize to achieve their goals. Then Lynn guides the reader through a chronology of terrorism, highlighting how, why, and when terrorist organizations and strategies changed over time. This approach emphasizes the commonalities between terrorist actors while still stressing the historical context and specificities of each example. Conceptual details and historical analysis are well balanced. The book also maintains a good equilibrium in covering nineteenth and twentieth century cases as well as more recent instances of terrorism. A strong bibliography in the book and an accompanying website enables students to continue their research and access further literature. Overall, Lynn’s book includes a clarity and engagement with existing research which makes it a welcome addition to the literature on terrorism and its history.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"29 1","pages":"511 - 512"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49064123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445211013567
R. Worrall
Arthur Harris infamously pursued the Battle of Berlin in winter 1943/1944 in the face of an increasingly sceptical Air Staff and a disinterested prime minister. The irony was that originally the C-in-C Bomber Command was lukewarm about bombing Berlin. Instead, it was Churchill who continually pressed for attacking the German Capital under Operation Tannenberg, which went ahead in mid-January 1943, for wider political considerations, especially Anglo-Soviet relations. For the Air Staff and Harris, they endeavoured to use Churchill’s enthusiasm for bombing Berlin to further an agenda of increasing the qualitative and quantitative capabilities of Bomber Command.
{"title":"‘The termination of the long immunity from air raids’ : The bombing of Berlin under Operation Tannenberg, August 1942–March 1943","authors":"R. Worrall","doi":"10.1177/09683445211013567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445211013567","url":null,"abstract":"Arthur Harris infamously pursued the Battle of Berlin in winter 1943/1944 in the face of an increasingly sceptical Air Staff and a disinterested prime minister. The irony was that originally the C-in-C Bomber Command was lukewarm about bombing Berlin. Instead, it was Churchill who continually pressed for attacking the German Capital under Operation Tannenberg, which went ahead in mid-January 1943, for wider political considerations, especially Anglo-Soviet relations. For the Air Staff and Harris, they endeavoured to use Churchill’s enthusiasm for bombing Berlin to further an agenda of increasing the qualitative and quantitative capabilities of Bomber Command.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"29 1","pages":"486 - 506"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47935091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445211000375
T. Moss
This article examines the most militarily important indigenous units formed by Australia, arguing that racially based assumptions played a central role in how Papua New Guinean soldiers were conceptualized and used by the Australian Army during the 1940s and 1950s. Equally, while the perception of Papua New Guinean soldiers was heavily racialized, there was no construction of a martial race myth by Australians, in contrast to many colonial armies. Instead, Australia reluctantly recruited Papua New Guineans as a form of cheap manpower familiar with local conditions and saw them as simple soldiers who were potentially a threat to colonial rule.
{"title":"‘Fuzzy Wuzzy’ soldiers: Race and Papua New Guinean soldiers in the Australian Army, 1940–60","authors":"T. Moss","doi":"10.1177/09683445211000375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445211000375","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the most militarily important indigenous units formed by Australia, arguing that racially based assumptions played a central role in how Papua New Guinean soldiers were conceptualized and used by the Australian Army during the 1940s and 1950s. Equally, while the perception of Papua New Guinean soldiers was heavily racialized, there was no construction of a martial race myth by Australians, in contrast to many colonial armies. Instead, Australia reluctantly recruited Papua New Guineans as a form of cheap manpower familiar with local conditions and saw them as simple soldiers who were potentially a threat to colonial rule.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"29 1","pages":"467 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47354975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445221088574f
E. Mawdsley
accord greatest coverage to the commanders, infantrymen, and tank crews who directed or spearheaded the advance, rather than the multitude of rear echelon personnel who enabled these moves. Such an approach has come in for criticism elsewhere, not least from Yasmin Khan and Santanu Das, and it would have been pleasing to see slightly more focus on how wartime experience transformed ‘tail’ units as much, if not more, than their combat arm peers. Nevertheless, taken as a whole, this volume comprises the preeminent existing account of British Commonwealth land forces during the final year of the Burma campaign. This status raises questions as to where the historiography of the Burma campaign might venture next. Throughout the volume, the authors allude obliquely to how their insights into Fourteenth Army might be used to develop transnational perspectives. There are numerous junctures (esp. pp. 68, 126–27) where they hint at why Imperial Japanese forces failed to adapt adequately in the face of Fourteenth Army’s successful transformation. However, a definitive answer remains latent. Moreover, the Chinese/ American Northern Combat Area Command, Aung San’s Burma National Army, and Allied naval forces in the Indian Ocean are accorded, at best, only cameo parts. Recasting a British Imperial tale of revenge and redemption into transnational context would likely not detract from Fourteenth Army’s leading role in proceedings, but rather place its accomplishments in even sharper relief.
{"title":"Book Review: Stalin’s War by Sean McMeekin","authors":"E. Mawdsley","doi":"10.1177/09683445221088574f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445221088574f","url":null,"abstract":"accord greatest coverage to the commanders, infantrymen, and tank crews who directed or spearheaded the advance, rather than the multitude of rear echelon personnel who enabled these moves. Such an approach has come in for criticism elsewhere, not least from Yasmin Khan and Santanu Das, and it would have been pleasing to see slightly more focus on how wartime experience transformed ‘tail’ units as much, if not more, than their combat arm peers. Nevertheless, taken as a whole, this volume comprises the preeminent existing account of British Commonwealth land forces during the final year of the Burma campaign. This status raises questions as to where the historiography of the Burma campaign might venture next. Throughout the volume, the authors allude obliquely to how their insights into Fourteenth Army might be used to develop transnational perspectives. There are numerous junctures (esp. pp. 68, 126–27) where they hint at why Imperial Japanese forces failed to adapt adequately in the face of Fourteenth Army’s successful transformation. However, a definitive answer remains latent. Moreover, the Chinese/ American Northern Combat Area Command, Aung San’s Burma National Army, and Allied naval forces in the Indian Ocean are accorded, at best, only cameo parts. Recasting a British Imperial tale of revenge and redemption into transnational context would likely not detract from Fourteenth Army’s leading role in proceedings, but rather place its accomplishments in even sharper relief.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"29 1","pages":"515 - 516"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48732398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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