Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1177/09683445231180247
Jacek Jędrysiak
Author of Hermann von Boyen's biography, Friedrich Meinecke stated that the contributions of Prussian twice (1815–1819 and 1841–1847) Minister of War to the military theory were almost completely forgotten. Despite the existence of many thousands of manuscript pages, this opinion is still considered valid to this day. The chief architect of the Landwehr system was also the founder of the concept of the ‘defence system’, crucial to understanding Prussian military thought in the first half of the nineteenth century. This idea influenced, in my opinion, the way of thinking about warfare within the Prussian Army far more than the Carl von Clausewitz's Vom Kriege.
{"title":"Hermann von Boyen the Elder and his Impact on the Prussian Army After 1815","authors":"Jacek Jędrysiak","doi":"10.1177/09683445231180247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231180247","url":null,"abstract":"Author of Hermann von Boyen's biography, Friedrich Meinecke stated that the contributions of Prussian twice (1815–1819 and 1841–1847) Minister of War to the military theory were almost completely forgotten. Despite the existence of many thousands of manuscript pages, this opinion is still considered valid to this day. The chief architect of the Landwehr system was also the founder of the concept of the ‘defence system’, crucial to understanding Prussian military thought in the first half of the nineteenth century. This idea influenced, in my opinion, the way of thinking about warfare within the Prussian Army far more than the Carl von Clausewitz's Vom Kriege.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43995803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-24DOI: 10.1177/09683445231161311
J. J. Díaz Benítez
In the early stages of the Second World War, Spanish dictator Francisco Franco and key regime figures were tempted to enter the war on the Axis side. This temptation was a serious concern for British wartime strategy. This article studies the British military operations prepared to confront the possibility of Spain entering the war between 1940 and 1944. These operations aimed to protect Gibraltar, maintain access through the Strait of Gibraltar, and reduce the Axis threat to maritime communications in the eastern Atlantic. The article sheds new light on three issues: the balance of advantages and disadvantages that the plans entailed and the preparations to carry them out; the simultaneity of planned operations to cooperate with the Spanish Armed Forces and ones to confront them; and the importance of Spanish non-belligerence as a differential factor with respect to other neutral European countries.
{"title":"Between Preventive Attack and Collaboration: British Military Planning on Spain, 1940–1944","authors":"J. J. Díaz Benítez","doi":"10.1177/09683445231161311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231161311","url":null,"abstract":"In the early stages of the Second World War, Spanish dictator Francisco Franco and key regime figures were tempted to enter the war on the Axis side. This temptation was a serious concern for British wartime strategy. This article studies the British military operations prepared to confront the possibility of Spain entering the war between 1940 and 1944. These operations aimed to protect Gibraltar, maintain access through the Strait of Gibraltar, and reduce the Axis threat to maritime communications in the eastern Atlantic. The article sheds new light on three issues: the balance of advantages and disadvantages that the plans entailed and the preparations to carry them out; the simultaneity of planned operations to cooperate with the Spanish Armed Forces and ones to confront them; and the importance of Spanish non-belligerence as a differential factor with respect to other neutral European countries.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46955174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-07DOI: 10.1177/09683445231161309
Chad B. Denton
In January 1940, the Wehrmacht had only a two-month supply of torpedo oil, an irreplaceable lubricant derived solely from the feet and shinbones of slaughtered cattle. The Wehrmacht resolved this shortage by appointing the man responsible for its supply during the First World War: Alfons Knetsch. This case study shows not only the importance of knowledge transfer from one war to the other but also how competing industrial interests shaped Nazi recycling policy and how an efficient, vigorously managed recycling organization could buy time for the research and development of substitutes, overcoming seemingly impossible raw material bottlenecks.
{"title":"The Transformation of Cattle Feet to Torpedo Oil: A Case Study in Nazi German Wartime Recycling","authors":"Chad B. Denton","doi":"10.1177/09683445231161309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231161309","url":null,"abstract":"In January 1940, the Wehrmacht had only a two-month supply of torpedo oil, an irreplaceable lubricant derived solely from the feet and shinbones of slaughtered cattle. The Wehrmacht resolved this shortage by appointing the man responsible for its supply during the First World War: Alfons Knetsch. This case study shows not only the importance of knowledge transfer from one war to the other but also how competing industrial interests shaped Nazi recycling policy and how an efficient, vigorously managed recycling organization could buy time for the research and development of substitutes, overcoming seemingly impossible raw material bottlenecks.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43023921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.1177/09683445231161225
Nagendra Rao
Scholars, who studied the nature of the Goa Kadamba polity, did not comprehend the fact that the Goa Kadambas exhibited the features of not only coastal polity but also maritime polity. At the same time, we accept the contention that the Shilaharas represented coastal polity while it lacked the features of a maritime polity. We support our argument by using the inscriptional data and foreign travelogue accounts, which exhibit the attempt of the Goa Kadambas to protect their maritime trade interest through their alliance with the Arab traders and maintaining a navy.
{"title":"The Emergence of Maritime Polity in Goa (Tenth Century to Fifteenth Century CE )","authors":"Nagendra Rao","doi":"10.1177/09683445231161225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231161225","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars, who studied the nature of the Goa Kadamba polity, did not comprehend the fact that the Goa Kadambas exhibited the features of not only coastal polity but also maritime polity. At the same time, we accept the contention that the Shilaharas represented coastal polity while it lacked the features of a maritime polity. We support our argument by using the inscriptional data and foreign travelogue accounts, which exhibit the attempt of the Goa Kadambas to protect their maritime trade interest through their alliance with the Arab traders and maintaining a navy.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46704730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231160224d
A. Maguire, Queen Mary
{"title":"Book Review: Exiting War. The British Empire and the 1918–20 moment by Romain Fathi, Margaret Hutchison, Andrekos Varnava, and Michael J. K. Walsh","authors":"A. Maguire, Queen Mary","doi":"10.1177/09683445231160224d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231160224d","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"226 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42701953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231160224g
Effie Karageorgos
{"title":"Book Review: Return to Vietnam: An Oral History of American and Australian Veterans’ Journeys by Mia Martin Hobbs","authors":"Effie Karageorgos","doi":"10.1177/09683445231160224g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231160224g","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"230 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47190114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231160224e
J. Crang
{"title":"Book Review: Blood and Ruins: The Great Imperial War 1931–1945 by Richard Overy","authors":"J. Crang","doi":"10.1177/09683445231160224e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231160224e","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"227 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48281274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231160224f
Robert F. Williams
{"title":"Book Review: Assured Destruction: Building the Ballistic Missile Culture of the U.S. Air Force by David W. Bath","authors":"Robert F. Williams","doi":"10.1177/09683445231160224f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231160224f","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"229 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46034193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231160224
Christopher Storrs
{"title":"Book Review: Historia de un Triunfo. La Armada Espanola en el Siglo XVIII by Rafael Torres Sanchez","authors":"Christopher Storrs","doi":"10.1177/09683445231160224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231160224","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"218 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46090659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09683445231160224a
Bastiaan Willems
approaches his subject by breaking it down into three broad categories: Ships; Seamen; and Working, Living and Dying in the Navy. Each of these sections is further broken down into separate parts, the first comprising chapters on the materials of ship construction, the building of a ship, the construction of an arsenal and the rebuilding of the fleet across the eighteenth century, where we get an idea of the growth in numbers of warships and other vessels. There is hardly an aspect of the royal fleet that is not covered in this encyclopedic work: shipbuilding, the persistence of galleys, crewing, medical provision, the salaries of officers and seamen and how they compared with those in civil society, the presence of women, the relative costs of forced (convict) and paid labour in the naval arsenals, whether the Spanish was a less mutinous navy than were others, rations and their cost within the larger financing of the fleet, and espionage, to identify just some of the many topics. That Torres is able to cover so many issues is testimony to the work of an impressive Spanish naval bureaucracy, whose archival legacy underpins a corpus of older and more recent work which Torres discusses in an invaluable critical bibliographic essay. Turning to the function of the fleet, for most of the century, the emphasis was on defence, and life on board was continuous sailing as the fleet joined up the dots of global empire, the drama of battle a relatively rare occurrence. However, innovations in ship design and construction contributed to a tactical revolution in the Spanish navy in the last third of the century, one favouring a more aggressive approach. Hence Trafalgar. For Torres that catastrophe was a consequence of a collapse of the Spanish state dating from Spain’s intervention in the War of the First Coalition from 1793 and the fundamental problem thereafter of inadequate funding; in that sense the failure of the fleet was part and parcel of the larger developing crisis of Spain’s antiguo regimen. In exploring his subject, Torres’ text is masterly, but his Spanish publisher has also done him proud. Desperta Ferro, which produces very successful history magazines full of splendid graphics, draws on those strengths to ensure that almost every page of the book is enhanced by useful illustrations – contemporary maps, plans and so on – by tables, and by diagrams and so on showing, for example, the layout of a gun deck, all of which make the book not only easily intelligible to those without Spanish but also a joy to leaf through. The consequence is that in some respects the book looks like a coffee table book, but the book is much more than that, and is by far the most impressive read currently available on the Spanish navy in the eighteenth century, one which will surely lead the field for years to come.
{"title":"Book Review: Extreme Violence and the ‘British Way’: Colonial Warfare in Perak, Sierra Leone and Sudan by Michelle Gordon","authors":"Bastiaan Willems","doi":"10.1177/09683445231160224a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09683445231160224a","url":null,"abstract":"approaches his subject by breaking it down into three broad categories: Ships; Seamen; and Working, Living and Dying in the Navy. Each of these sections is further broken down into separate parts, the first comprising chapters on the materials of ship construction, the building of a ship, the construction of an arsenal and the rebuilding of the fleet across the eighteenth century, where we get an idea of the growth in numbers of warships and other vessels. There is hardly an aspect of the royal fleet that is not covered in this encyclopedic work: shipbuilding, the persistence of galleys, crewing, medical provision, the salaries of officers and seamen and how they compared with those in civil society, the presence of women, the relative costs of forced (convict) and paid labour in the naval arsenals, whether the Spanish was a less mutinous navy than were others, rations and their cost within the larger financing of the fleet, and espionage, to identify just some of the many topics. That Torres is able to cover so many issues is testimony to the work of an impressive Spanish naval bureaucracy, whose archival legacy underpins a corpus of older and more recent work which Torres discusses in an invaluable critical bibliographic essay. Turning to the function of the fleet, for most of the century, the emphasis was on defence, and life on board was continuous sailing as the fleet joined up the dots of global empire, the drama of battle a relatively rare occurrence. However, innovations in ship design and construction contributed to a tactical revolution in the Spanish navy in the last third of the century, one favouring a more aggressive approach. Hence Trafalgar. For Torres that catastrophe was a consequence of a collapse of the Spanish state dating from Spain’s intervention in the War of the First Coalition from 1793 and the fundamental problem thereafter of inadequate funding; in that sense the failure of the fleet was part and parcel of the larger developing crisis of Spain’s antiguo regimen. In exploring his subject, Torres’ text is masterly, but his Spanish publisher has also done him proud. Desperta Ferro, which produces very successful history magazines full of splendid graphics, draws on those strengths to ensure that almost every page of the book is enhanced by useful illustrations – contemporary maps, plans and so on – by tables, and by diagrams and so on showing, for example, the layout of a gun deck, all of which make the book not only easily intelligible to those without Spanish but also a joy to leaf through. The consequence is that in some respects the book looks like a coffee table book, but the book is much more than that, and is by far the most impressive read currently available on the Spanish navy in the eighteenth century, one which will surely lead the field for years to come.","PeriodicalId":44606,"journal":{"name":"War in History","volume":"30 1","pages":"219 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48891504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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