Pub Date : 2019-10-14DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.03
W. Hansen
Abstract:For all the familiarity of the Aesopic fable of the Crow and the Pitcher, at least in Anglophone lands, no scholarly study of it has ever been made. A survey of the ancient texts reveals some surprising results. First, the early narrators relate the bird's actions mostly as an actual occurrence rather than as a folktale. Second, only toward the end of antiquity did some unknown author convert the narrative of the crow into a fable and invent a moral for it. How did it become a fable? The present essay illustrates how ancient makers of fable books went about their work, collecting and retelling traditional fables but also remaking narratives of other kinds into fables. Once the narrative of the Crow and the Pitcher was recast as a fable, it became a staple of written fable collections and has frequently been given visual treatment by illustrators.
{"title":"The Early Tradition of the Crow and the Pitcher","authors":"W. Hansen","doi":"10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:For all the familiarity of the Aesopic fable of the Crow and the Pitcher, at least in Anglophone lands, no scholarly study of it has ever been made. A survey of the ancient texts reveals some surprising results. First, the early narrators relate the bird's actions mostly as an actual occurrence rather than as a folktale. Second, only toward the end of antiquity did some unknown author convert the narrative of the crow into a fable and invent a moral for it. How did it become a fable? The present essay illustrates how ancient makers of fable books went about their work, collecting and retelling traditional fables but also remaking narratives of other kinds into fables. Once the narrative of the Crow and the Pitcher was recast as a fable, it became a staple of written fable collections and has frequently been given visual treatment by illustrators.","PeriodicalId":44620,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FOLKLORE RESEARCH","volume":"56 1","pages":"27 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42072460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-14DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.06
Gregory Schrempp
Abstract:Ranging from pre-Socratic philosophers to contemporary popular science writers, I analyze seven instances in which fable-like scenarios have been utilized in the exposition and/or promotion of philosophy and/or science. I examine the motives and strategies that propel such novel uses of fabling gestures and also explore the ironies and pitfalls that the genre poses when invoked in scientific discourse. For example, one pervasive assumption of the fable genre is that the animal characters are really humans; might this genre conceit subtly introduce a bias when a fable-like scenario of animal behavior, such as a crow confronting a pitcher, is examined by animal cognition specialists attempting to understand the relationship of human and nonhuman animal intelligence?
{"title":"Fabling Gestures in Expository Science","authors":"Gregory Schrempp","doi":"10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Ranging from pre-Socratic philosophers to contemporary popular science writers, I analyze seven instances in which fable-like scenarios have been utilized in the exposition and/or promotion of philosophy and/or science. I examine the motives and strategies that propel such novel uses of fabling gestures and also explore the ironies and pitfalls that the genre poses when invoked in scientific discourse. For example, one pervasive assumption of the fable genre is that the animal characters are really humans; might this genre conceit subtly introduce a bias when a fable-like scenario of animal behavior, such as a crow confronting a pitcher, is examined by animal cognition specialists attempting to understand the relationship of human and nonhuman animal intelligence?","PeriodicalId":44620,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FOLKLORE RESEARCH","volume":"56 1","pages":"111 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45631646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-14DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.08
Daniel J. Povinelli, Brandon Barker, Marisa Wieneke, Kristina Downs
{"title":"Doctor Fomomindo's Preliminary Notes for a Future Index of Anthropomorphized Animal Behaviors","authors":"Daniel J. Povinelli, Brandon Barker, Marisa Wieneke, Kristina Downs","doi":"10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44620,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FOLKLORE RESEARCH","volume":"56 1","pages":"125 - 291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41508723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-14DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.05
K. Barker, D. Povinelli
Abstract:The conversation that follows concerns patterns of thinking. Comparative psychologist Daniel Povinelli, in conversation with folklorist Brandon Barker, argues that certain anthropomorphizing notions have impeded scientists' attempts to answer these questions: How are animals and humans the same? How are animals and humans different? This conversation supplements other considerations of the Aesop's Fable Paradigm in this special issue by articulating the perspective of an insider to both the science and the culture of comparative psychology, animal cognition, and their related disciplines.
{"title":"Anthropomorphomania and the Rise of the Animal Mind: A Conversation","authors":"K. Barker, D. Povinelli","doi":"10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The conversation that follows concerns patterns of thinking. Comparative psychologist Daniel Povinelli, in conversation with folklorist Brandon Barker, argues that certain anthropomorphizing notions have impeded scientists' attempts to answer these questions: How are animals and humans the same? How are animals and humans different? This conversation supplements other considerations of the Aesop's Fable Paradigm in this special issue by articulating the perspective of an insider to both the science and the culture of comparative psychology, animal cognition, and their related disciplines.","PeriodicalId":44620,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FOLKLORE RESEARCH","volume":"56 1","pages":"71 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43175151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-14DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.01
Daniel J. Povinelli, K. Barker
{"title":"Introduction: The Perplexities of Water","authors":"Daniel J. Povinelli, K. Barker","doi":"10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44620,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FOLKLORE RESEARCH","volume":"56 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41929704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-14DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.02
K. Barker
Abstract:Looking to answer ancient questions about the similarities and differences between humans and nonhuman animals, animal cognition scientists have deployed a traditional Aesopian fable, the Crow and the Pitcher, as narrative frame and structural precedent for experimental investigation. Herein, I consider the theoretical implications of this peculiar intersection between folklore and science in the contexts of Alan Dundes's notion of folk ideas (1971) and folkloristic genre theory. Ultimately, I gauge whether the so-called Aesop's Fable Paradigm is simply a folkloric cameo in science or a more complicated case of genuine scientific folklore.
{"title":"The Animal Question as Folklore in Science","authors":"K. Barker","doi":"10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Looking to answer ancient questions about the similarities and differences between humans and nonhuman animals, animal cognition scientists have deployed a traditional Aesopian fable, the Crow and the Pitcher, as narrative frame and structural precedent for experimental investigation. Herein, I consider the theoretical implications of this peculiar intersection between folklore and science in the contexts of Alan Dundes's notion of folk ideas (1971) and folkloristic genre theory. Ultimately, I gauge whether the so-called Aesop's Fable Paradigm is simply a folkloric cameo in science or a more complicated case of genuine scientific folklore.","PeriodicalId":44620,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FOLKLORE RESEARCH","volume":"56 1","pages":"15 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48655913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-14DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.04
Laura Hennefield, Hyesung G. Hwang, D. Povinelli
Abstract:The Crow and the Pitcher, a classic Aesop's fable, has surprisingly (re)captured the interest of comparative cognition scientists in the past decade. These researchers examine whether corvids (e.g., rooks, crows, and jays) can complete a laboratory analog of the fable by training the corvids to drop stones and other similar objects into tubes of water to retrieve floating worms. This Aesop's Fable Paradigm is argued to be an experimental method that can prove corvids have the ability to engage in complex causal reasoning—implying that they understand something fairly rich about the ideas of volume and water displacement. However, critiques—including our own meta-analysis—suggest that corvids' behaviors in this paradigm could be explained by trial-and-error learning combined with an instinctive, initial preference for functional objects rather than complex causal reasoning. With this line of research as the case example, we explore historical and sociocultural factors in the field of psychology that incentivizes scientific research that tells a "good story."
{"title":"Going Meta: Retelling the Scientific Retelling of Aesop's the Crow and the Pitcher","authors":"Laura Hennefield, Hyesung G. Hwang, D. Povinelli","doi":"10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/jfolkrese.56.2_3.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Crow and the Pitcher, a classic Aesop's fable, has surprisingly (re)captured the interest of comparative cognition scientists in the past decade. These researchers examine whether corvids (e.g., rooks, crows, and jays) can complete a laboratory analog of the fable by training the corvids to drop stones and other similar objects into tubes of water to retrieve floating worms. This Aesop's Fable Paradigm is argued to be an experimental method that can prove corvids have the ability to engage in complex causal reasoning—implying that they understand something fairly rich about the ideas of volume and water displacement. However, critiques—including our own meta-analysis—suggest that corvids' behaviors in this paradigm could be explained by trial-and-error learning combined with an instinctive, initial preference for functional objects rather than complex causal reasoning. With this line of research as the case example, we explore historical and sociocultural factors in the field of psychology that incentivizes scientific research that tells a \"good story.\"","PeriodicalId":44620,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FOLKLORE RESEARCH","volume":"56 1","pages":"45 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48573265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-08DOI: 10.2979/JFOLKRESE.56.1.02
Andrew Colwell
Abstract:This article combines conceptual history and musical ethnography to tell the story of yazguur (meaning "authenticity" or "originality"), a pivotal concept in late socialist Mongolia that continues to inform cultural heritage discourse and policy today. The seminal music researcher Badraa first proposed this notion in the 1970s as a translation for folkloristic and primordial "authenticity" in a bid to assert the cultural sovereignty of Mongolia under Soviet hegemony. However, his cohorts, such as the xöömeich (throat singers) with whom I have consulted, also resignified the term through their own discursive and performative practices that hinge upon pastoral custom and aesthetic propriety with baigal' (nature, existence). So, what does authenticity really mean when it departs from its Eurocentric sources, when actors begin holding its meanings accountable to the poetics and politics of indigeneity? One possible answer to this question lies in attending to what resemble sustained modes of global "entanglement" (more so than dichotomous "appropriations" and "encounters") through which circulating concepts become local sounds and sentiments.
{"title":"The Return of the Far-Off Past: Voicing Authenticity in Late Socialist Mongolia","authors":"Andrew Colwell","doi":"10.2979/JFOLKRESE.56.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JFOLKRESE.56.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article combines conceptual history and musical ethnography to tell the story of yazguur (meaning \"authenticity\" or \"originality\"), a pivotal concept in late socialist Mongolia that continues to inform cultural heritage discourse and policy today. The seminal music researcher Badraa first proposed this notion in the 1970s as a translation for folkloristic and primordial \"authenticity\" in a bid to assert the cultural sovereignty of Mongolia under Soviet hegemony. However, his cohorts, such as the xöömeich (throat singers) with whom I have consulted, also resignified the term through their own discursive and performative practices that hinge upon pastoral custom and aesthetic propriety with baigal' (nature, existence). So, what does authenticity really mean when it departs from its Eurocentric sources, when actors begin holding its meanings accountable to the poetics and politics of indigeneity? One possible answer to this question lies in attending to what resemble sustained modes of global \"entanglement\" (more so than dichotomous \"appropriations\" and \"encounters\") through which circulating concepts become local sounds and sentiments.","PeriodicalId":44620,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FOLKLORE RESEARCH","volume":"56 1","pages":"37 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47149287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-08DOI: 10.2979/JFOLKRESE.56.1.01
Ann K. Ferrell
Abstract:In recent decades the crop that had long been Kentucky's most economically important, tobacco, has lost its place in the state's narrative about Kentucky agriculture, even as its production continues. The product that has taken its place over the last decade is both surprising and obvious: bourbon. Beginning with lessons learned from ethnographic fieldwork with Kentucky burley tobacco producers and proceeding to the analysis of bourbon tourism discourses, this article contrasts the deployment of the label "heritage" in these two cases, but argues that both are case studies of the use of heritage as an attempt to ameliorate stigma.
{"title":"\"Now You Can Drink that Alcohol … but Smoking's a Sin\": Stigma and the Production of Kentucky Heritage","authors":"Ann K. Ferrell","doi":"10.2979/JFOLKRESE.56.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JFOLKRESE.56.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In recent decades the crop that had long been Kentucky's most economically important, tobacco, has lost its place in the state's narrative about Kentucky agriculture, even as its production continues. The product that has taken its place over the last decade is both surprising and obvious: bourbon. Beginning with lessons learned from ethnographic fieldwork with Kentucky burley tobacco producers and proceeding to the analysis of bourbon tourism discourses, this article contrasts the deployment of the label \"heritage\" in these two cases, but argues that both are case studies of the use of heritage as an attempt to ameliorate stigma.","PeriodicalId":44620,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FOLKLORE RESEARCH","volume":"56 1","pages":"1 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48855549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-08DOI: 10.2979/JFOLKRESE.56.1.04
D. McDonald
Abstract:Despite an unprecedented level of interest in the popular culture associated with the Arab reform and revolutionary movements that began in December 2010, American news media have provided only a superficial, and at times misguided, depiction of the music performed during the protests, as well as its larger sociocultural use and function. This depiction has focused almost entirely on hip hop at the expense of nationalist, political, classical, and folk song repertories indigenous to Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Bahrain, and Syria. In this article I argue that this misinformed, partial, and superficial depiction of the protests, centered around hip hop and social media, has strategically shaped the ways in which the uprisings have been framed within the American public imaginary, attempted to control the direction and outcome of the uprisings in the streets, and further served to impose a neo-Orientalist discourse of American hegemony over forces of reform and democratization in the Arab Middle East.
{"title":"Framing the \"Arab Spring\": Hip Hop, Social Media, and the American News Media","authors":"D. McDonald","doi":"10.2979/JFOLKRESE.56.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JFOLKRESE.56.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Despite an unprecedented level of interest in the popular culture associated with the Arab reform and revolutionary movements that began in December 2010, American news media have provided only a superficial, and at times misguided, depiction of the music performed during the protests, as well as its larger sociocultural use and function. This depiction has focused almost entirely on hip hop at the expense of nationalist, political, classical, and folk song repertories indigenous to Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Bahrain, and Syria. In this article I argue that this misinformed, partial, and superficial depiction of the protests, centered around hip hop and social media, has strategically shaped the ways in which the uprisings have been framed within the American public imaginary, attempted to control the direction and outcome of the uprisings in the streets, and further served to impose a neo-Orientalist discourse of American hegemony over forces of reform and democratization in the Arab Middle East.","PeriodicalId":44620,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FOLKLORE RESEARCH","volume":"56 1","pages":"105 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43869761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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