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"But One Generation Removed from Extinction": Folklore Studies and the Mitigation of Precarity “只有一代人免于灭绝”:民俗学研究与不稳定性的缓解
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 0 FOLKLORE Pub Date : 2021-11-19 DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.58.3.02
Sarah M. Gordon
Abstract:Conditions of precarity are those in which the overwhelming needs of the present override the ability of a person, community, or state to materially anticipate or account for the future. Precarity can be fiscal, social, or political, and often more than one of these at a time. Folklorists have very rarely taken precarity per se as a topic of interest, but folklore both as an academic discipline and as a form of popular expression has been driven since its origins to mitigate precarity. This article reflects on three important moments in the history of folklore: the work of the Grimms, the Finnish nationalist movement, and the Irish Folklore Commission, and addresses how each of them was motivated by the desire to manage and mitigate precarity among vulnerable communities. Then, it reviews the impact of the Hampton Folklore Society and outlines how its engagements with the American Folklore Society foreshadow contemporary tensions in folklore.
摘要:不稳定的条件是指当前压倒性的需求压倒了个人、社区或国家对未来的实质性预测或解释的能力。不稳定可以是财政的、社会的或政治的,而且往往是同时存在的。民俗学家很少将不稳定性本身作为一个感兴趣的话题,但民俗学作为一门学术学科和一种流行表达形式,自其起源以来一直被推动着减轻不稳定性。本文回顾了民俗学历史上的三个重要时刻:格林夫妇的工作、芬兰民族主义运动和爱尔兰民俗学委员会,并阐述了他们每个人是如何被管理和减轻弱势群体不稳定的愿望所激励的。然后,它回顾了汉普顿民俗学协会的影响,并概述了它与美国民俗学协会的合作如何预示了当代民俗学的紧张局势。
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引用次数: 2
"How Can You Trust a Country?": Precarity, Personal Narrative, and Occupational Folklore among Afghan Refugees in the US “你怎么能信任一个国家?”:美国阿富汗难民的不稳定、个人叙事和职业民俗
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 0 FOLKLORE Pub Date : 2021-11-19 DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.58.3.04
Benjamin Gatling
Abstract:The US State Department has issued twenty-six thousand special immigrant visas (SIV) to Afghan translators, guards, embassy staff, and their dependents since 2009. The case of Afghan SIV recipients is unique because of the overlapping ways that precarity has doubly characterized the Afghan experience in both Afghanistan and the US. Work for the defense contracting industry in Afghanistan was dangerous and temporary. Now refugees struggle for stability in the gig economy, many while driving for Uber and Lyft. This article explores how Afghans conceptualize this precarity through stories about their work in Afghanistan and the US. Occupational identity and work have been foundational to core theorizations of personal narrative. This article uses the stories of precarious workers to interrogate the centrality of work identity in folkloristic theories of personal narrative. Additionally, this article uses the experiences of Afghan refugees to suggest what a more critical engagement with precarity offers folklore studies of work.
摘要:自2009年以来,美国国务院已向阿富汗翻译、警卫、大使馆工作人员及其家属发放了2.6万份特殊移民签证。阿富汗SIV接受者的情况是独特的,因为不稳定的重叠方式使阿富汗在阿富汗和美国的经历更加突出。在阿富汗的国防承包行业工作是危险和暂时的。现在,难民们在零工经济中为稳定而斗争,其中许多人是在为优步和Lyft开车时。这篇文章探讨了阿富汗人如何通过他们在阿富汗和美国的工作故事来概念化这种不稳定。职业身份和工作是个人叙事核心理论的基础。本文利用不稳定工人的故事来质疑工作身份在个人叙事民俗理论中的中心地位。此外,这篇文章利用阿富汗难民的经历来表明,对不稳定的更批判性的参与为民间文学研究工作提供了什么。
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引用次数: 1
Signs of the Vanished: Commemoration in Contexts of Precarity 消失的迹象:不稳定背景下的纪念
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 0 FOLKLORE Pub Date : 2021-11-19 DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.58.3.03
Kate Parker Horigan
Abstract:Folklorists have long studied how lives are grieved, and these efforts can adapt to changing forms of vernacular commemoration in current contexts of global precarity. This article explores two case studies with surprising resonance, post-Katrina New Orleans and postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina. In each instance, survivors of disaster or genocide mark their losses despite ongoing instabilities and even displacement, with absence emerging as both a condition and a feature of memorialization. Two important forms of commemoration materialize in these contexts, counting and mattering. Katrina survivors and genocide survivors employ the multiple meanings of each word through their performances of commemoration: they emphasize the numerical toll of victims, mark those victims' lives and deaths as important, engage with the material presence of death, and demand recognition of their own enduring significance.
摘要:民俗学家长期以来一直在研究生命是如何哀伤的,这些努力可以适应当前全球不稳定背景下白话纪念形式的变化。本文探讨了卡特里娜飓风后的新奥尔良和战后的波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那这两个令人惊讶的案例研究。在每一种情况下,灾难或种族灭绝的幸存者在持续不稳定甚至流离失所的情况下纪念他们的损失,缺席既是纪念的条件也是纪念的特征。在这些背景下,两种重要的纪念形式出现了,即计数和记事。卡特里娜飓风幸存者和种族灭绝幸存者通过他们的纪念表演使用了每个词的多重含义:他们强调受害者的数字死亡,将受害者的生命和死亡标记为重要的,参与死亡的物质存在,并要求承认他们自己的持久意义。
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引用次数: 1
Black Folk, White Gaze: Folklore and Black Male Precarity 黑人民间、白人凝视:民间传说与黑人男性的不稳定
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 0 FOLKLORE Pub Date : 2021-11-19 DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.58.3.05
L. Wilkins
Abstract:The intersections of racism and economic oppression in the US have worked to put African American men in a state of perpetual precarity. This multiangled and aggressive oppression has resulted in high rates of educational instability, mass incarceration, and early death among this group. As such, a segment of Black male folklife engages and addresses illegal activity and incarceration. Further, aspects of Black male folklife have been used as evidence of Black male criminality. From language practices to dress to hip hop and more, the folklife of Black men has a reciprocal relationship with crime, punishment, and physical vulnerability. This phenomenon also extends to Black men doing folklore work.In this article, I use historical and contemporary case studies as well as personal reflections to examine the complex precarity of Black male life through its relationship to folk practices. This piece will explore folklife as a tool of oppression, voice of protest and affirmation, and field of practice that illuminates the nuances of Black male subjugation. Ultimately, the purpose of this article is to provide important considerations for academic and public sector folklorists who engage with Black male folk genres and tradition bearers.
摘要:美国的种族主义和经济压迫交织在一起,使非裔美国人永远处于不稳定的状态。这种多角度的侵略性压迫导致了这一群体的高教育不稳定率、大规模监禁率和早逝率。因此,黑人男性民间生活的一部分涉及并解决非法活动和监禁问题。此外,黑人男性民间生活的各个方面也被用作黑人男性犯罪的证据。从语言练习到着装再到嘻哈等等,黑人男性的日常生活与犯罪、惩罚和身体脆弱性有着相互关系。这种现象也延伸到从事民间传说工作的黑人。在这篇文章中,我运用历史和当代的案例研究以及个人反思,通过黑人男性生活与民间习俗的关系,来审视其复杂的不稳定性。这篇文章将探讨作为压迫工具的民间生活、抗议和肯定的声音,以及阐明黑人男性征服的细微差别的实践领域。最终,本文的目的是为从事黑人男性民间流派和传统传承的学术和公共部门民俗学家提供重要的考虑。
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引用次数: 1
Cultural Brokerage Revisited 文化经纪再遇
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 0 FOLKLORE Pub Date : 2021-07-10 DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.58.2.03
R. Baron
Abstract:Cultural brokerage is a core concept and practice relating to all aspects of public folklore. An examination of how it is conceptualized and employed in various disciplines reveals key distinctive features and suggests new avenues for rethinking its application. Cultural brokers produce programming, apply expertise, engage advocacy, and facilitate access to resources for the communities and groups with which they work. Brokerage entails intervention and multiple mediations with long-term consequences that shape the identities of both broker and brokered. Self-interest and mutual interests are always present along with the interests of disciplines and institutions. Asymmetries of authority are accompanied by overarching framing by the broker. Public folklore cultural brokerage should be directed towards enabling communities and groups to represent their cultures on their own terms, which requires sharing and yielding authority, as well as recognition of the power dynamics within these relationships. Understanding how brokerage operates can foster greater reflexivity and more informed praxis regarding the authority, interests, impact, and appropriate roles of the public folklorist.
摘要:文化经纪是一个涉及民俗学方方面面的核心概念和实践。对它如何在各个学科中被概念化和使用的研究揭示了关键的独特特征,并为重新思考其应用提出了新的途径。文化经纪人制作节目,应用专业知识,参与宣传,并为他们工作的社区和团体获得资源提供便利。经纪业务需要干预和多重调解,其长期后果塑造了经纪人和被经纪人的身份。自我利益和相互利益始终与学科和机构的利益一起存在。权力的不对称伴随着经纪人的总体框架。公共民间传说文化经纪应致力于使社区和团体能够以自己的方式代表其文化,这需要分享和屈服于权威,并承认这些关系中的权力动态。了解经纪业务的运作方式可以促进对公共民俗学家的权威、利益、影响和适当角色的更大反思性和更明智的实践。
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引用次数: 3
Of Milk and Men: Normative Masculinity in Scandinavian Milk-Witch Legends 牛奶与男人:斯堪的纳维亚牛奶女巫传说中的规范男子气概
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 0 FOLKLORE Pub Date : 2021-07-10 DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.58.2.01
Amber R. Cederström
Abstract:Legends of the milk-stealing witch can be found throughout northern Europe, including the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. This article argues that Scandinavian narratives about this nearly always female character speak to normative male behavior as well as to normative female behavior. While the milk-witch can be understood as an inversion of the ideal Lutheran housewife, I demonstrate that milk-witch legends often focus not on the witch but on her opponents, who are typically male. The witch is usually defeated by these male protagonists, who illustrate idealized male behavior, duties, and abilities. Milk-witch legends can therefore be understood as one part of a folkloric discourse establishing and maintaining a binary gender system in Scandinavia.
摘要:偷牛奶女巫的传说遍布北欧,包括挪威、瑞典和丹麦。这篇文章认为,斯堪的纳维亚人对这个几乎总是女性角色的叙述既适用于规范的男性行为,也适用于规范的女性行为。虽然牛奶女巫可以被理解为路德教理想家庭主妇的反转,但我证明了牛奶女巫的传说通常不是关注女巫,而是关注她的对手,他们通常是男性。女巫通常被这些男性主角打败,他们展示了理想化的男性行为、责任和能力。因此,牛奶女巫的传说可以被理解为民俗话语的一部分,在斯堪的纳维亚建立和维持了二元性别体系。
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引用次数: 0
Click “Here” to Post a Comment: Legend Discussion and Transformation in Online Forums 点击“这里”发表评论:在线论坛中的图例讨论与改造
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 0 FOLKLORE Pub Date : 2021-07-10 DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.58.2.02
Jeffrey S. Debies-Carl
Abstract:The internet has become the predominant source of dissemination for dubious legends, ranging from medical misinformation to conspiracy theories and supernatural encounters. Building on previous work in this area, I examine contemporary legends as they are told and discussed in online forums. Drawing on Nancy Baym’s outline of the characteristics of the internet that distinguish it from other forms of communication, I analyze how the internet’s interactivity, temporal structure, social cues, storage, replicability, reach, and mobility affect the form and function of the legend process. I find that the internet subverts some of the traditional characteristics of the legend-telling process, but paradoxically, other characteristics of the internet actually reinforce or valorize traditional elements, while surprisingly, sometimes the internet has no effect at all even in areas where we might expect the most dramatic effects. These findings provide significant insights into the role the internet plays in today’s world where bizarre claims increasingly characterize everyday social and political life. They shed light on how the internet provides a window into our concerns while simultaneously exacerbating them.
摘要:互联网已经成为传播可疑传说的主要来源,从医疗错误信息到阴谋论和超自然遭遇。在这一领域以前的工作的基础上,我检查当代传说,因为他们被告知和讨论在网上论坛。根据Nancy Baym对互联网区别于其他交流形式的特征的概述,我分析了互联网的交互性、时间结构、社交线索、存储、可复制性、覆盖范围和移动性如何影响传奇过程的形式和功能。我发现互联网颠覆了传说讲述过程的一些传统特征,但矛盾的是,互联网的其他特征实际上强化或强化了传统元素,而令人惊讶的是,有时互联网根本没有影响,甚至在我们可能期望最具戏剧性的影响的领域。这些发现为互联网在当今世界所扮演的角色提供了重要的见解,在当今世界,怪异的言论日益成为日常社会和政治生活的特征。它们阐明了互联网如何为我们的担忧提供了一扇窗口,同时又加剧了这些担忧。
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引用次数: 2
Public Folklore? German Fastnacht and Knowledge Production between Application, Participation, and Intervention 公共民俗?德国禁食与应用、参与和干预之间的知识生产
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 0 FOLKLORE Pub Date : 2021-07-10 DOI: 10.2979/jfolkrese.58.2.04
Karin Bürkert
Abstract:This article reflects on different research modes and ways of knowledge production in the field of Volkskunde/Empirische Kulturwissenschaft (folklore studies/cultural and historical anthropology). Based on contemporary scholarly discussions and a historical case study, this article describes different understandings and practices of ethnographic research with and for the public. Using the example of a research group on carnival, the work presented here highlights a shift in the scholarly habitus in the late 1960s from conducting community-commissioned research to changing the community’s point of view through action research. The results of this analysis links to contemporary sociopolitical demands for collaborative research, Third Mission projects, and Service Learning.
摘要:本文对民俗学/文化与历史人类学领域知识生产的不同研究模式和方式进行了反思。本文以当代学术讨论和历史个案研究为基础,描述了大众对民族志研究的不同理解和实践。本文以嘉年华研究小组为例,强调了20世纪60年代末学术习惯的转变,从进行社区委托研究到通过行动研究改变社区的观点。这一分析的结果与当代社会对合作研究、第三使命项目和服务学习的需求有关。
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引用次数: 0
On Cultural Appropriation 论文化挪用
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 0 FOLKLORE Pub Date : 2021-03-04 DOI: 10.2979/JFOLKRESE.58.1.04
J. B. Jackson
Abstract:This article starts from the premise that cultural appropriation is a key concern for folklorists and ethnologists, as well as for many of the communities with which they engage and partner, but that it is also one that has received relatively little attention of a general conceptual sort. This is true despite the ubiquity of cultural appropriation discussions in popular media, public culture, and informal scholarly conversation. Drawing on the work of these fields, an ideal-type conceptualization of cultural appropriation is offered, one that situates it as one among a range of modes of cultural change. For cultural appropriation, the key neighboring modes are diffusion, acculturation, and assimilation. The article also briefly addresses cultural appropriation as it is often situated vis-à-vis conceptions of, and processes related to, cultural property and cultural heritage. This heuristic emphasizes the metacultural discourse that marks instances of cultural appropriation as well as the inequality often characterizing the parties to such episodes.
摘要:本文的出发点是这样一个前提:文化挪用是民俗学家和民族学家以及他们参与和合作的许多社区所关注的一个关键问题,但它也是一个相对较少受到一般概念关注的问题。尽管文化挪用的讨论在大众媒体、公共文化和非正式学术对话中无处不在,但这是事实。借鉴这些领域的工作,提出了文化挪用的理想型概念化,将其定位为一系列文化变革模式中的一种。对于文化挪用而言,主要的相邻模式是扩散、文化适应和同化。本文还简要介绍了文化挪用,因为它通常位于-à-vis文化财产和文化遗产的概念和相关过程中。这种启发式强调了元文化话语,它标志着文化挪用的实例,以及这些事件当事人经常表现出的不平等。
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引用次数: 4
Horsing around Again: Poetics and Intention in Oral Narrative Performance 再胡闹:口头叙事表演中的诗学与意图
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 0 FOLKLORE Pub Date : 2021-03-04 DOI: 10.2979/JFOLKRESE.58.1.02
Katherine Borland
Abstract:In this article I compare two accounts by the same narrator of the same event separated by forty-two years, one enclosed in a personal letter and the other an unrehearsed, voiced text. Comparison offers the opportunity to examine transformations in story form from one medium to another. These transformations demonstrate the importance of thematic and emotional as well as linguistic parallelism in oral narrative performance, and they complicate our understanding of personal narrative as distinct from traditional storytelling forms. My own reinterpretation of the emotional core of the story calls attention to the shifting subject positions of narrators who conjure an earlier self in their storytelling.
摘要:在本文中,我比较了同一叙述者对相隔42年的同一事件的两种描述,一种是在私人信件中附上的,另一种是未经排练的语音文本。比较提供了考察故事形式从一种媒介到另一种媒介的转变的机会。这些转变表明了主题和情感以及语言平行在口头叙事表演中的重要性,它们使我们对个人叙事与传统叙事形式不同的理解复杂化。我自己对故事情感核心的重新诠释,让人们注意到叙述者在讲故事时不断变换的主题位置,他们在讲故事时召唤出了更早的自己。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
JOURNAL OF FOLKLORE RESEARCH
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