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A native origin for Present-Day English they, their, them 现代英语的本土语言they,their,they
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-07-12 DOI: 10.1075/DIA.16026.COL
Marcelle Cole
It is commonly held that Present-Day English they, their, them are not descended from Old English but derive from the Old Norse third-person plural pronouns þeir, þeira, þeim. This paper argues that the early northern English orthographic and distributional textual evidence agrees with an internal trajectory for the ‘þ-’ type personal pronouns in the North and indicates an origin in the Old English demonstratives þā, þāra, þām. The Northern Middle English third-person plural pronominal system was the result of the reanalysis from demonstrative to personal pronoun that is common cross-linguistically in Germanic and non-Germanic languages alike.
人们普遍认为,现代英语they,their,them不是古英语的后裔,而是源自古挪威语第三人称复数代词þeir、þ; eira、254eim。本文认为,早期北方英语的正字法和分布语篇证据与北方“þ-”型人称代词的内部轨迹一致,并表明其起源于古英语指示词。中古英语北部第三人称复数代词系统是从指示代词到人称代词再分析的结果,这种代词在日耳曼语和非日耳曼语中都很常见。
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引用次数: 13
Near done; awful stable; really changing: the suffixless adverb in dialects of the UK 接近完成;糟糕的稳定;真正的变化:英国方言中的无后缀副词
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-04-16 DOI: 10.1075/DIA.16027.TAG
Sali A. Tagliamonte
This paper examines adverb formation with -ly, e.g., slow/slowly, and uses a large archive of synchronic dialects to uncover the current state and historical trajectory of this process. The results reveal that English adverbs are a variegated system. The intensifying adverb really is a frequent form while sentential adverbs appear to be a newer layer in the system. In contrast, manner adverbs are constrained by the semantic interpretation of the adverb as abstract or concrete. These results expose the complexity of the English adverb system and demonstrate that adverb formation is an ideal site for uncovering historical processes in synchronic data.
本文研究了带有ly的副词形成,例如慢速/慢速,并使用大量共时方言档案来揭示这一过程的现状和历史轨迹。结果表明,英语副词是一个多样化的系统。强化副词实际上是一种常见形式,而句子副词似乎是系统中的一个较新层次。相反,方式副词受到抽象或具体副词语义解释的制约。这些结果暴露了英语副词系统的复杂性,并表明副词的形成是揭示共时数据中历史过程的理想场所。
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引用次数: 0
The decade construction rivalry in Russian: Using a corpus to study historical linguistics 俄语十年建构之争:用语料库研究历史语言学
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-04-16 DOI: 10.1075/DIA.16043.NES
T. Nesset, A. Makarova
This article addresses the diachronic development of so-called rival forms, i.e., words or grammatical constructions that appear to be synonyms, based on a detailed empirical analysis of two seemingly synonymous constructions in Russian. Corresponding to the English ‘decade construction’ in the twenties, Russian has two rival constructions, viz. v dvadcatye gody [lit. “in the twentieth years”] (with the numeral and noun in the accusative) and v dvadcatyx godax (with the numeral and noun in the locative case). Three hypotheses about rival forms are considered: leveling (whereby one form ousts its rival), sociolinguistic differentiation (whereby the two rivals survive in different varieties of a language) and semantic differentiation (whereby the two rivals develop different meanings over time). Contrary to what has been suggested in the literature, we find little evidence for semantic and sociolinguistic differentiation. Instead, we demonstrate that leveling is taking place, since the accusative construction is in the process of ousting its rival. While our study shows that corpus data facilitate detailed analysis of the interaction between leveling, sociolinguistic differentiation and semantic differentiation, our analysis also points to limitations, especially when it comes to corpus-based analysis of sociolinguistic and semantic factors.
本文在对俄语中两种看似同义的结构进行详细实证分析的基础上,探讨了所谓的对立形式,即看似同义的单词或语法结构的历时发展。与20世纪20年代的英语“decade construction”相对应,俄语有两个对立的构造,即v dvadcatye gody[lit.“in the 20th years”](宾格中的数字和名词)和v dvadkatyx godax(方位格中的数字和名词)。关于竞争形式,我们考虑了三种假设:水平化(一种形式驱逐其竞争对手)、社会语言学分化(两种竞争对手在不同的语言变体中生存)和语义分化(两个竞争对手随着时间的推移发展出不同的含义)。与文献中的建议相反,我们几乎没有发现语义和社会语言学差异的证据。相反,我们证明了平整正在发生,因为宾格结构正在驱逐其竞争对手。虽然我们的研究表明,语料库数据有助于详细分析水平、社会语言学差异和语义差异之间的相互作用,但我们的分析也指出了局限性,尤其是在基于语料库的社会语言学和语义因素分析方面。
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引用次数: 6
On morphological internalization: The origin of the Old Irish oblique relative conjunct particle -(s)aN- 论形态内化:古爱尔兰语倾斜关系连词-(s)aN-的起源
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1075/DIA.16036.GAR
Carlos García-Castillero
This paper deals with the creation of the Old Irish oblique relative conjunct particle -(s)aN- (e.g., dianepir “for which he says” = do-(s)aN-epir) as the outcome of the internalization of a demonstrative form used as a light head, which initially stood as a morphologically independent form. The initial step of this change was the grammaticalization of that demonstrative as the oblique element of a paradigm of relative-clause type forms in which the subject and object functions of the antecedent of the relative are also distinguished. Internalization is defined as an abrupt morphological change creating grammatical elements; its specific mechanism is the mirror image of externalization and must be distinguished from other morphological changes such as incorporation.
这篇论文讨论了古爱尔兰语倾斜关系连接词-(s)aN-(例如,他说“dianepir”= do-(s)aN-epir)的产生,这是作为光头使用的指示形式内化的结果,最初是作为一个形态学上独立的形式。这一变化的第一步是指示语的语法化,作为关系从句类型形式范式的间接元素,其中关系从句的先行词的主语和宾语功能也被区分开来。内化被定义为创造语法元素的突然形态变化;其具体机制是外化的镜像,必须与其他形态变化(如合并)区分开来。
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引用次数: 1
Areal pressure in grammatical evolution: An Indo-European case study 语法演变中的地域压力:印欧语案例研究
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1075/DIA.16035.CAT
C. Cathcart, G. Carling, Filip Larsson, N. Johansson, Erich R. Round
This article investigates the evolutionary and spatial dynamics of typological characters in 117 Indo-European languages. We partition types of change (i.e., gain or loss) for each variant according to whether they bring about a simplification in morphosyntactic patterns that must be learned, whether they are neutral (i.e., neither simplifying nor introducing complexity) or whether they introduce a more complex pattern. We find that changes which introduce complexity show significantly less areal signal (according to a metric we devise) than changes which simplify and neutral changes, but we find no significant differences between the latter two groups. This result is compatible with a scenario where certain types of parallel change are more likely to be mediated by advergence and contact between proximate speech communities, while other developments are due purely to drift and are largely independent of intercultural contact.
本文研究了117种印欧语言的类型学特征的演化和空间动态。我们根据它们是否带来必须学习的形态句法模式的简化、它们是否中性(即既不简化也不引入复杂性)或它们是否引入更复杂的模式来划分每个变体的变化类型(即获得或损失)。我们发现引入复杂性的变化比简化和中性变化的变化显示出明显更少的面信号(根据我们设计的度量),但我们发现后两组之间没有显着差异。这一结果与一种情况相一致,即某些类型的平行变化更有可能由邻近语言社区之间的收敛和接触所介导,而其他发展则纯粹是由于漂移,在很大程度上与跨文化接触无关。
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引用次数: 14
Have-progressive in Persian: a case of pattern replication? 波斯语中的Have-progressive:模式复制的一个案例?
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1075/DIA.17023.NEM
Narges Nematollahi
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引用次数: 1
Semantic and cognitive factors of argument marking in ancient Indo-European languages 古代印欧语言论证标记的语义和认知因素
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2017-08-01 DOI: 10.1075/DIA.34.3.03VIT
Carlotta Viti
This paper discusses how the argument structure of experience predicates may be affected by semantic factors in Indo-European. I investigate whether the semantic role of the experiencer is preferably expressed by the nominative or by an oblique case in various predicates of volition, cognition, propositional attitude, psychological experience and physical perception in each Indo-European branch, with particular consideration of Hittite, Old Indic, Ancient Greek, Latin, Classical Armenian and Tocharian. In my data, while the nominative coding of the experiencer tends to be generalized to heterogeneous semantic classes of experience predicates, an oblique experiencer occurs with more specific lexical categories, that is, the predicate like/please on the one hand and predicates of negative experience on the other. Interestingly, negative experiences of being sad, sick or unlucky are syntactically associated with oblique experiencers much more commonly than their correspondent positive experiences of being happy, healthy or lucky. This asymmetrical representation of negative and positive experiences has parallels in other language families and may have a cognitive motivation, whereby bad physical or psychological conditions are conceptualized as external forces attacking unwilling humans who have no control of them. This may be relevant not only for the currently debated issue of Indo-European argument marking, but also for an integration of semantic and cognitive principles into historical linguistics.
本文讨论了印欧语中经验谓词的论证结构如何受到语义因素的影响。我研究了体验者的语义角色在每个印欧分支的意志、认知、命题态度、心理体验和身体感知的各种谓词中是最好用主格还是用斜格来表达,特别考虑了赫梯语、古印度语、古希腊语、拉丁语、古亚美尼亚语和托查里亚语。在我的数据中,虽然体验者的主格编码倾向于推广到体验谓词的异构语义类,但倾斜体验者出现在更具体的词汇类别中,即一方面是类似/请的谓词,另一方面是负面体验的谓词。有趣的是,悲伤、生病或不幸的负面体验在句法上与间接体验者联系在一起,而不是与之相对应的快乐、健康或幸运的正面体验。这种消极和积极体验的不对称表现在其他语系中有相似之处,可能有认知动机,不良的身体或心理状况被概念化为外力攻击无法控制的不情愿的人类。这可能不仅与目前争论的印欧论证标记问题有关,而且与语义和认知原则融入历史语言学有关。
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引用次数: 3
The development and typology of number suppletion in adjectives 形容词数量补充的发展及其类型
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2017-07-14 DOI: 10.1075/DIA.34.2.01NUR
S. Nurmio
This paper looks at the cross-linguistically rare phenomenon of number suppletion in adjectives. I consider how such suppletion arises by looking at six known examples with a special focus on the Brittonic languages (Breton, Cornish and Welsh), which are discussed as an extended case study. Three generalisations are suggested on the basis of the typological study. First, adjectives denoting size (“small” and “big”) are at the centre of this phenomenon. Second, where the etymology of the adjectives is known, the plural member of the suppletive pair for “small” develops from a lexeme denoting something having been divided into or consisting of small parts. These lexemes can also be used with some singular nouns and in such cases they denote the component structure of the referent. Finally, adjectives with number suppletion tend to mark plural number consistently in environments in which plural marking is otherwise optional or rare.
本文对形容词中少见的补数现象进行了研究。我通过观察六个已知的例子来考虑这种补充是如何产生的,这些例子特别关注布里顿语(布列塔尼语、康沃尔语和威尔士语),这是一个扩展的案例研究。在类型学研究的基础上,提出了三种概括。首先,表示大小的形容词(“小”和“大”)是这种现象的核心。其次,在形容词的词源已知的地方,“小”的补充词对的复数成员是从一个表示被分成或由小部分组成的词素发展而来的。这些词也可以与一些单数名词一起使用,在这种情况下,它们表示指称物的组成结构。最后,有数字补充的形容词往往在可选择或很少使用复数标记的环境中始终如一地标记复数。
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引用次数: 3
Competing modal periphrases in Spanish between the 16th and the 18th centuries: A diachronic variationist approach 16世纪至18世纪西班牙语中相互竞争的模态边缘:历时变化主义方法
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2017-04-07 DOI: 10.1075/DIA.34.1.01BLA
J. Arroyo, K. Schulte
The history of Spanish modal constructions has been widely discussed in the literature, focusing primarily on the semantic differences between the available alternatives. This paper offers an innovative analysis of the evolution of these constructions by adopting a diachronic variationist approach that takes into account a wider range of semantic, syntactic, morphological and stylistic factors that influence the choice between the competing modal periphrases during two key stages in the evolution of Spanish. The data is drawn from a diachronic corpus of personal correspondence, reflecting actual language usage during the respective periods as closely as possible. Particular attention is paid to the question of whether the influence of different factor groups remains stable over time or not, and it is shown that the most frequent form – context pairings are particularly resistant to innovation. This can be explained by cognitive entrenchment of the respective variant in specific linguistic environments.
西班牙语语气结构的历史在文献中得到了广泛的讨论,主要集中在可用替代词之间的语义差异上。本文采用历时变化论的方法对这些结构的演变进行了创新性分析,该方法考虑了在西班牙语演变的两个关键阶段影响在相互竞争的模态边缘之间选择的更广泛的语义、句法、形态和文体因素。这些数据来自个人信件的历时语料库,尽可能密切地反映各个时期的实际语言使用情况。特别关注的问题是,不同因素组的影响是否随着时间的推移保持稳定,研究表明,最常见的形式-语境配对尤其难以创新。这可以通过在特定语言环境中对各自变体的认知巩固来解释。
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引用次数: 11
Review of Chapman, Don, Colette Moore & Miranda Wilcox (2016) Studies in the History of the English Language VIII: generalizing vs. particularizing methodologies in historical linguistic analysis 查普曼、唐、科莱特·摩尔和米兰达·威尔科克斯(2016)《英语语言历史研究VIII:历史语言分析中的概括与特殊化方法》综述
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1075/DIA.00001.STE
F. J. Steele
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Diachronica
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