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The evolution of consonant mutation and noun class marking in Wolof 沃洛夫语辅音变异与名词类标记的演变
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2021-01-05 DOI: 10.1075/dia.18046.mer
J. Merrill
Abstract This paper analyzes the origins and evolution of the Wolof (Atlantic: Senegal) consonant mutation and noun class marking systems. I attribute Wolof mutation to the earlier presence of CV(C)- class prefixes on nouns, the (usually final) consonants of which fused with the following root-initial consonant to yield the modern mutation alternations. I reconstruct these original class prefixes using newly-proposed internal and comparative evidence, drawing on early documentary sources dating from the late 17th century. An understanding of the history of Wolof mutation allows for a better account of the synchronic system, in which mutation is triggered by specific noun classes rather than sporadically marking deverbal derivation. This study contributes to the broader understanding of how consonant mutation systems emerge and evolve, and of phonological considerations in noun class assignment.
摘要本文分析了沃洛夫语(大西洋:塞内加尔)辅音变异和名词类标记系统的起源和演变。我将Wolof突变归因于名词上较早出现的CV(C)类前缀,它的(通常是最后的)辅音与后面的词根初始辅音融合,产生了现代突变的变化。我利用新提出的内部和比较证据,利用可追溯到17世纪晚期的早期文献资料,重建了这些原始的类前缀。对Wolof突变历史的理解可以更好地解释共时系统,在共时系统中,突变是由特定的名词类触发的,而不是零星地标记词性派生。这项研究有助于更广泛地理解辅音突变系统是如何出现和进化的,以及名词类分配中的音系考虑。
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引用次数: 2
Phylogenies based on lexical innovations refute the Rung hypothesis 基于词汇创新的系统发育驳斥了Rung假说
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-12-21 DOI: 10.1075/dia.19058.jac
Guillaume Jacques, Thomas Pellard
Sino-Tibetan (Trans-Himalayan) is one of the typologically most diverse language families in the world, one of the few comprising all gradients of morphological complexity, from isolating to polysynthetic. No consensus exists as yet on whether the rich morphology found in some languages, in particular person indexation, should be reconstructed in the common Sino-Tibetan ancestor or whether it is a later innovation confined to and defining a particular “Rung” subgroup. In this article, we argue that this question is fundamentally a problem of phylogeny, and that the results of recent works on the phylogeny of Sino-Tibetan, supplemented by a more refined investigation of shared lexical innovations, provide support for the idea that person indexation morphology is not a recent innovation and that the languages lacking such a feature are thus innovative.
汉藏语系(跨喜马拉雅)是世界上在类型学上最多样化的语系之一,是少数几个包含从孤立到多合成的所有形态复杂性梯度的语系之一。在某些语言中发现的丰富形态,特别是人称索引,是否应该在汉藏共同祖先中重建,或者这是否是后来的创新,局限于并定义了一个特定的“Rung”子群,目前还没有达成共识。在这篇文章中,我们认为这个问题从根本上是一个系统发育问题,最近关于汉藏系统发育的研究结果,加上对共有的词汇创新的更精细的研究,为这样一种观点提供了支持,即人称索引形态不是最近的创新,因此缺乏这种特征的语言是创新的。
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引用次数: 4
A long birth 漫长的出生
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.1075/dia.18057.nes
T. Nesset
in English This article investigates the diachronic development of Russian numeral constructions consisting of a paucal numeral (dva ‘two’, tri ‘three’, četyre ‘four’) followed by an adjective and a noun. Based on statistical analysis of more than 6,000 corpus examples, it is shown that a split took place in the second half of the twentieth century when feminine nouns developed a different agreement pattern from that of masculine and neuter nouns. This split is argued to represent the final step in a long “birth process” of gender-specific paucal constructions that started with the loss of the dual in the Middle Ages. It is suggested that we are witnessing a cascading effect, whereby the feminine pattern develops when the pattern for masculine and neuter nouns are approaching stabilization. The article furthermore includes a discussion of the hypothesis that “S-curves” represent a template for language change. While the documented changes resemble S-curves, the proposed analysis also addresses some general problems with testing the S-curve hypothesis empirically.
本文研究了俄语数词结构的历时发展,该结构由一个双数词(dva ' two ', tri ' three ', etyre ' four ')后接形容词和名词组成。通过对6000多个语料库样本的统计分析,发现20世纪下半叶出现了一种分裂,女性名词与男性和中性名词形成了不同的一致模式。这种分裂被认为代表了从中世纪双元制的消失开始的性别特异性paucal结构的漫长“诞生过程”的最后一步。有人认为,我们正在目睹一种级联效应,即当男性和中性名词的模式趋于稳定时,女性模式就会发展。文章还讨论了“s曲线”代表语言变化模板的假设。虽然记录的变化类似于s曲线,但提出的分析也解决了经验检验s曲线假设的一些一般问题。
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引用次数: 2
Claire’s Corner 克莱尔的角落
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.1075/dia.20064.bow
Claire Bowern
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引用次数: 1
On the nature of inverse systems 关于逆系统的性质
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-12-04 DOI: 10.1075/dia.18055.kon
L. Konnerth
Abstract Previous theoretical discussion about inverse systems has largely revolved around the synchronic and diachronic relationship between the inverse and the passive. In contrast, this study argues for the antipassive origins of two inverse constructions in Monsang (Trans-Himalayan), which are used for 3→SAP and 2→1 scenarios. This questions central assumptions from previous accounts about the functional motivation underlying inverse systems, and suggests that strategies of avoiding overt reference may be at play. The diachronic pathway proposed here connects the traditional inverse with other special marking patterns that involve speech act participant objects, in particular the “pseudo-inverse” construction of innovative first person object indexation.
摘要以往关于逆系统的理论讨论主要围绕着逆与被动之间的共时关系和历时关系展开。相反,本研究论证了孟桑(跨喜马拉雅)两个逆构造的反质量起源,这两个逆结构用于3→SAP和2→1个场景。这质疑了以前关于逆向系统背后的功能动机的核心假设,并表明避免公开引用的策略可能在起作用。这里提出的历时路径将传统的逆与其他涉及言语行为参与者对象的特殊标记模式联系起来,特别是创新的第一人称对象索引的“伪逆”结构。
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引用次数: 0
The loss of inflection as grammar complication 词形变化的丧失作为语法的复杂性
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-12-04 DOI: 10.1075/dia.19050.sim
H. Sims-Williams, Hans-Olav Enger
Abstract The loss of inflectional categories is often thought of as a type of simplification. In this paper we present a survey of phenomena involving the reduction of adjective agreement in Scandinavian, using examples from Norwegian, and discuss their diachronic origins, including a new account of the development of indeclinability in adjectives such as kry ‘proud’. These examples each involve lexically restricted non-canonical inflection – syncretism, defectiveness, overdifferentiation and periphrasis – in particular paradigm cells or syntactic environments. They show that the loss of inflection does not necessarily simplify grammar, and in some cases, can increase grammatical complexity by adding lexical exceptions to general rules. This excludes simplification as the motivation, even if it is the eventual result. We argue from these historical developments that speakers are liable to analyse idiosyncratic patterns of inflection as lexically specified, even where more general (but perhaps more abstract) alternatives are possible. Thus speakers do not always operate with a maximally elegant, reductionist approach to inflection classes.
屈折词类的丢失通常被认为是一种简化。在本文中,我们用挪威语中的例子,对斯堪的纳维亚语中形容词一致性的减少现象进行了调查,并讨论了它们的历时起源,包括对形容词中不可退行性发展的新描述,如kry ' proud '。这些例子都涉及词汇限制的非规范屈折-融合,缺陷,过度分化和绕行-特别是范式细胞或句法环境。他们表明,减少屈折变化不一定会简化语法,在某些情况下,通过在一般规则中添加词汇例外,可能会增加语法的复杂性。这就排除了简化的动机,即使它是最终的结果。我们认为,从这些历史发展来看,说话者倾向于根据词汇来分析特殊的屈折模式,即使在更一般(但可能更抽象)的选择是可能的情况下。因此,演讲者并不总是以一种最优雅的、还原主义的方式来操作屈折变化类。
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引用次数: 4
Interrogatives as relativization markers in Indo-European 疑问句在印欧语中的相对化标记
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-10-27 DOI: 10.1075/dia.19030.aud
Sandra Auderset
Abstract The use of interrogative pronouns as relative clause markers is often mentioned as a typical feature of European languages. This study presents an empirical approach to the distribution of interrogative pronouns as relative clause markers in time and space in the Indo-European language family. Based on a comprehensive sample of ancient and modern Indo-European languages, it is shown that interrogative-marked relative clauses are present in all stages of Indo-European within and outside of Europe. An analysis by branch suggests that this constitutes a case of parallel innovations subsequently spreading via language contact. The study also shows that interrogatives are used as relative clause markers independently of whether they are inflected pronouns or invariable markers.
疑问代词作为关系从句的标记语是欧洲语言的一个典型特征。本文对印欧语系疑问代词作为关系从句标记语在时间和空间上的分布进行了实证研究。通过对古印欧语和现代印欧语的综合分析,我们发现疑问式定语从句存在于欧洲内外印欧语的各个阶段。分支的一项分析表明,这构成了一个平行创新随后通过语言接触传播的案例。研究还表明,无论疑问句是屈折代词还是不变标记,它都可以作为关系从句的标记。
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引用次数: 2
Verbal borrowability and turnover rates 口头借款和流动率
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-09-07 DOI: 10.1075/dia.19032.ark
Timofey Arkhangelskiy
Abstract Conventional wisdom holds that verbs are more difficult to borrow than nouns. Recent studies have supported this claim, inferring it from the fact that synchronically almost every language studied contains a larger proportion of identifiable borrowings among nouns than among verbs. In this paper, I demonstrate that, while true, there is a logical fallacy in this inference. Using a large diachronic corpus of Russian texts, I show that verbs have lower turnover rates and, consequently, longer life expectancies than nouns, i.e., they are generally more difficult to replace. I argue that this fact alone could theoretically result in the synchronically observed disparities. The hypothesis of cross-linguistically lower verbal turnover rates, which I propose based on these findings, is difficult to verify directly on a large sample of languages. However, it makes a non-trivial prediction, which can be tested more easily. It predicts that if a contact situation lasted for a while, but ceased to exist several centuries ago, the proportion of verbs borrowed during that period and surviving to the present day may equal or exceed the proportion of such borrowings among nouns. The data found in the World Loanword Database ( Haspelmath & Tadmor 2009 ) are consistent with this prediction, thus providing evidence in favor of the hypothesis.
传统观点认为,动词比名词更难借用。最近的研究支持了这一说法,根据以下事实推断:在共时性上,几乎每一种研究的语言都包含名词间比动词间更大比例的可识别借词。在这篇论文中,我证明了,虽然这是真的,但在这个推论中存在一个逻辑谬误。使用大量俄语文本的历时语料库,我发现动词的更替率比名词低,因此预期寿命更长,也就是说,它们通常更难替换。我认为,仅凭这一事实,理论上就可能导致同步观察到的差异。基于这些发现,我提出了跨语言的较低语言转换率的假设,但很难在大量语言样本上直接验证。然而,它做出了一个不平凡的预测,可以更容易地进行测试。它预测,如果一种接触情况持续了一段时间,但在几个世纪前就不存在了,那么在这一时期借用并存活到今天的动词的比例可能等于或超过名词中此类借用的比例。在世界Loanword数据库(Haspelmath&Tadmor,2009)中发现的数据与这一预测一致,从而为支持这一假设提供了证据。
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引用次数: 1
On the polymorphemic genesis of some Proto-Quechuan roots 部分原确川根的多态性发生
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-08-05 DOI: 10.1075/dia.16041.eml
Nicholas Q. Emlen, Johannes Dellert
In the Proto-Quechuan lexicon, many two-segment phonetic substrings recur in semantically related roots, even though they are not independent morphemes. Such elements may have been morphemes before the Proto-Quechuan stage (i.e., in Pre-Proto-Quechuan). On the other hand, this may simply be due to chance, or to phonesthesia. In this paper, we introduce the Crosslinguistic Colexification Network Clustering (CCNC) algorithm, as well as an accompanying test statistic, which allow us to evaluate our claims against a neutral standard of semantic relatedness (the CLICS2 database; List et al. 2018). We obtain very strong statistical evidence that there are hitherto unexplained recurrent elements within Proto-Quechuan roots, but not within roots reconstructed for Proto-Aymaran, the proto-language of a neighboring language family whose members are otherwise structurally very similar to Proto-Quechuan, and which has therefore long been considered an obvious candidate for deep shared ancestry. Some of these elements are explainable as phonesthemes, but most appear to reflect archaic Quechuan morphology. These findings are consistent with an emerging picture of the early Quechuan-Aymaran contact relationship in which Quechuan structure was reformatted on the Aymaran template.
在原确川词典中,许多两段语音子串在语义相关的词根中重复出现,尽管它们不是独立的词素。这些元素可能是在原确川阶段之前(即在前原确川)的语素。另一方面,这可能只是由于偶然性,或者是由于语音感觉。在本文中,我们介绍了跨语言协同网络聚类(CCNC)算法,以及附带的测试统计数据,使我们能够根据语义相关性的中立标准来评估我们的主张(CLICS2数据库;List等人2018)。我们获得了非常有力的统计证据,证明在原奎川语词根中存在迄今为止无法解释的重复元素,但在为原艾马兰语重建的词根中却没有。原艾马兰语是一个相邻语系的原语言,其成员在结构上与原奎川语言非常相似,因此长期以来一直被认为是深度共有祖先的明显候选者。其中一些元素可以解释为语音,但大多数似乎反映了古老的确川形态。这些发现与早期奎川-艾马兰接触关系的新图像一致,其中奎川结构在艾马兰模板上被重新格式化。
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引用次数: 2
The distribution, reconstruction and varied fates of topographical deixis in Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan) 跨喜马拉雅(汉藏)地区地形标志的分布、重建及其变化命运
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-08-03 DOI: 10.1075/dia.19018.pos
M. Post
Abstract Topographical deixis refers to a variety of spatial-environmental deixis, in which typically distal reference to entities is made in terms of a set of topographically-anchored referential planes: most often, upward, downward, or on the same level. This article reviews the genealogical and geographic distribution of topographical deixis in Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan) languages, reviews the conditions in which topographical deixis in Trans-Himalayan languages may be gained or lost, and concludes that (a) topographical deixis is overwhelmingly found in languages spoken in montane environments, and (b) topographical deixis most likely reconstructs to a deep level within Trans-Himalayan. The language spoken at that level – whose precise phylogenetic status cannot yet be specified – was overwhelmingly likely to have been spoken in a montane environment.
地形指示指的是各种空间环境指示,其中对实体的远端指示通常是根据一组地形锚定的参考平面进行的:最常见的是向上、向下或在同一水平面上。本文回顾了跨喜马拉雅(汉藏)语言地形指示语的谱系和地理分布,回顾了跨喜马拉雅语言地形指示语获得或丢失的条件,并得出结论:(a)地形指示语绝大多数存在于山地环境的语言中;(b)地形指示语最有可能在跨喜马拉雅地区深层重建。在那个层次上使用的语言——其确切的系统发育状况尚不能确定——极有可能是在山区环境中使用的。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Diachronica
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