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Introduction to the special issue: Tackling inequality and providing sustainable welfare through eco-social policies 特刊导论:通过生态社会政策解决不平等问题,提供可持续的福利
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1177/13882627231213796
Martin Fritz, Jayeon Lee
We are increasingly witnessing the social and ecological crises of our time becoming entangled and amplifying each other. The current policy responses from national states and international governance bodies remain within the dominant framework of economic growth-centred strategies. In this editorial, we argue that a new paradigm of sustainable welfare is needed, which includes eco-social policies addressing social and ecological sustainability concerns in integrated ways. We first demonstrate how social and ecological problems are interconnected and why green growth approaches fail to tackle them. As an alternative, and as a pointer to a social security system that can help people navigate the dire straits of increasing eco-social risks, we present the foundations and principles of sustainable welfare, and discuss how this, according to Kuhn, can be understood as a new social policy paradigm. In the second part of this editorial, we introduce the papers brought together in this special issue. The cutting-edge research of the contributing authors includes theoretical and conceptual advances, empirical case studies from different European countries, and transnational studies. Each paper discusses the implications of its findings for European social security systems.
我们越来越多地看到,我们这个时代的社会危机和生态危机相互纠缠,相互放大。民族国家和国际治理机构目前的政策反应仍处于以经济增长为中心的战略的主导框架内。在这篇社论中,我们认为需要一种新的可持续福利范式,其中包括以综合方式解决社会和生态可持续性问题的生态社会政策。我们首先展示了社会和生态问题是如何相互关联的,以及为什么绿色增长方法无法解决这些问题。作为一种替代方案,作为一种社会保障体系的指针,它可以帮助人们应对日益增加的生态社会风险的可怕困境,我们提出了可持续福利的基础和原则,并讨论了如何根据库恩的观点,将其理解为一种新的社会政策范式。在这篇社论的第二部分,我们介绍了这期特刊汇集的论文。作者的前沿研究包括理论和概念进展、欧洲不同国家的实证案例研究和跨国研究。每篇论文都讨论了其研究结果对欧洲社会保障体系的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Mapping the social dimension of the European Green Deal 绘制欧洲绿色协议的社会维度
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/13882627231208698
Katharina Zimmermann, Vincent Gengnagel
The European Green Deal calls for various economic reforms that will deeply disrupt the social order of European societies. As the European Commission makes very clear in its communications on the EGD, societal support for the profound changes that will inevitably accompany a ‘green transition’ hinges on social inclusion of stakeholders and social groups. This article aims to identify the social policy instruments proposed by the EGD to address the social implications of its ‘green transition’, and to explore how they relate to societal expectations. Analytically, it distinguishes between protective (redistributive) and productive (economy-oriented) social policy and argues that democratic social inclusion – which the European Commission strives to achieve – requires protective social policy. Empirically, the paper analyzes a) the socio-political instruments set out in the EGD and b) public statements made by a range of European-level actors who participated in the debates on the EGD. Our findings show that productive social policy prevails in the EGD's proposed instruments and in stakeholders’ demands, but that there are also vague indications of a more nuanced concept of social inclusion that acknowledges social conflict.
《欧洲绿色协议》要求进行各种经济改革,这将严重扰乱欧洲社会的社会秩序。正如欧盟委员会在其关于EGD的沟通中明确指出的那样,社会对伴随“绿色转型”而来的深刻变革的支持取决于利益相关者和社会团体的社会包容。本文旨在确定环境保护署提出的社会政策工具,以解决其“绿色转型”的社会影响,并探讨它们如何与社会期望联系起来。分析上,它区分了保护性(再分配)和生产性(以经济为导向)社会政策,并认为欧盟委员会努力实现的民主社会包容需要保护性社会政策。从经验上看,本文分析了a)《可持续发展战略》中规定的社会政治工具和b)参与《可持续发展战略》辩论的一系列欧洲层面行动者的公开声明。我们的研究结果表明,在EGD提出的工具和利益相关者的要求中,富有成效的社会政策占主导地位,但也有模糊的迹象表明,一个更微妙的社会包容概念承认社会冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Support for eco-social policy from a class perspective: Responsibilities, redistribution, regulation and rights 从阶级角度支持生态社会政策:责任、再分配、监管和权利
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1177/13882627231208929
Martin Fritz, Dennis Eversberg
The political agenda of eco-social policy seeks to create synergies between social justice and ecological goals, such as mitigating climate change. While the concept already has a strong theoretical foundation, and many concrete policy instruments have been proposed, support for eco-social policy is still insufficient to mobilize political action. We assume that one cause of this lack of action are the diverging interests and ideologies of different classes. In this article we apply a class perspective and conduct an empirical study to explore class support for and opposition to eco-social policy. We use data from a representative survey in Germany and identify nine class fractions, based on Bourdieu's concept of social space. We first compare the carbon footprints of the classes, to determine their varying degrees of responsibility for supporting political efforts to mitigate climate change. We then compare class support for eco-social policy, considering the dimensions of redistribution, regulation and rights. We find that the economic upper class – a fraction equating closely with the ruling class – and the old working class oppose eco-social policy the most. The cultural upper class are the strongest proponents of eco-social policy. The lower-class fractions showed considerable concern about the costs associated with eco-social policy. We conclude that a stronger focus on the social justice element when designing and advocating for eco-social policy could lead to greater support from the lower classes and help to build eco-social welfare states that offer protection in times of increasing social and ecological risks.
生态社会政策的政治议程寻求在社会正义和生态目标(如减缓气候变化)之间创造协同效应。虽然这一概念已经具有强大的理论基础,并提出了许多具体的政策工具,但对生态社会政策的支持仍然不足以动员政治行动。我们认为,造成这种缺乏行动的一个原因是不同阶级的利益和意识形态的分歧。本文运用阶级视角,对生态社会政策的阶级支持与反对进行实证研究。在布迪厄的社会空间概念的基础上,我们使用了德国一项具有代表性的调查数据,并确定了九个阶级分数。我们首先比较了各阶层的碳足迹,以确定他们在支持减缓气候变化的政治努力方面的不同程度的责任。然后,我们比较了阶级对生态社会政策的支持,考虑了再分配、监管和权利的维度。我们发现,经济上层阶级(与统治阶级相当的一小部分)和老工人阶级最反对生态社会政策。文化上层阶级是生态社会政策的最有力支持者。下层阶级对与生态社会政策相关的成本表现出相当大的担忧。我们的结论是,在设计和倡导生态社会政策时,更加关注社会正义因素可能会获得下层阶级的更多支持,并有助于建立生态社会福利国家,在社会和生态风险日益增加的时候提供保护。
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引用次数: 0
The role of work and social protection systems in social-ecological transformations: Insights from deliberative citizen forums in Sweden 工作和社会保护系统在社会生态转型中的作用:来自瑞典协商公民论坛的见解
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.1177/13882627231204989
Jayeon Lee, Max Koch
To avoid catastrophic consequences of impending ecological crises our socio-economic systems need to be transformed in rapid and radical manners. Focusing on working life and Sweden as an example for countries of the Global North with a social-democratic welfare tradition, we ask how social protection systems may be reorganised according to the concept of ‘sustainable welfare’, the satisfaction of basic human needs across space and over time. We combine a literature review with an analysis of qualitative data from deliberative citizen forums following Max-Neef's Human Scale Development methodology. After taking stock of the existing literature that highlights the unsustainable character of current work regimes, we present our application of the methodology used in the citizen forums as well as the data. Our participants generally highlighted the importance of broadening the concept of work beyond ‘employment’ when reflecting on the role of work in addressing and satisfying multiple human needs within planetary limits. The introduction of a universal basic income, a participation income, an expansion of universal basic services, working time reduction and a sabbatical year conditioned on civic participation/education were among the eco-social reform ideas that forum participants highlighted to liberate work from its current unsustainable and capitalist contexts and turn it from a negative into a positive need satisfier.
为了避免迫在眉睫的生态危机带来的灾难性后果,我们的社会经济系统需要以迅速和彻底的方式进行改革。关注工作生活和瑞典作为具有社会民主福利传统的全球北方国家的一个例子,我们询问如何根据“可持续福利”的概念重组社会保护制度,满足人类跨越空间和时间的基本需求。我们结合文献综述和定性数据分析,从审议公民论坛遵循马克斯-尼夫的人类尺度发展方法。在评估了强调当前工作制度不可持续特征的现有文献之后,我们介绍了我们在公民论坛中使用的方法以及数据的应用。与会者普遍强调,在考虑工作在解决和满足地球范围内的多种人类需求方面的作用时,应扩大工作概念,超越“就业”的重要性。引入普遍基本收入、参与收入、扩大普遍基本服务、减少工作时间和以公民参与/教育为条件的休假年,是论坛参与者强调的生态社会改革思想之一,旨在将工作从当前不可持续的资本主义背景中解放出来,并将其从消极的需求满足者转变为积极的需求满足者。
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引用次数: 0
Eco-social policy in the global political economy: Analysing shifting discourses on agricultural subsidies 全球政治经济中的生态社会政策:分析农业补贴的变迁话语
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1177/13882627231206002
Robin Schulze Waltrup, Madelaine Moore, Tim Paulsen
While critical political economy (CPE) has yet to play a prominent role in eco-social policy research, this paper argues that a deeper engagement with CPE and a better understanding of the global political economy can enhance eco-social policy debates. CPE can help us to see the contradictions in and impediments to integrating environmental and social policies, and particularly why both of these categories continue to be mediated and shaped by economic logics. In order to develop these arguments, we analyse recent international discourses on agricultural subsidies promoted by key policy actors such as the Food and Agricultural Organisation, the World Bank, and the International Fund for Agricultural Development. By examining agriculture as a nodal point between diverse scales and domains such as the local, global, environmental, social, and economic spheres, we explore how certain positions are prioritised over others. We argue that the discourse on ‘repurposing subsidies’ in global agricultural policy expresses a ‘new critical orthodoxy’ that recognises the need for transformation but fails to address the structural conditions of the global political economy responsible for environmental and social crises. Instead, the proposed solutions rely on existing institutions and capitalist logics to resolve current crises, even if the latter are underpinned by these logics. Our analysis underlines the need for eco-social policy scholarship to be cognizant of how environmental and social policy integration is always embedded within a particular global political economy that reproduces certain inequalities and is not a neutral policy terrain.
尽管批判政治经济学(CPE)尚未在生态社会政策研究中发挥突出作用,但本文认为,更深入地参与CPE和更好地理解全球政治经济学可以加强生态社会政策的辩论。CPE可以帮助我们看到环境和社会政策整合中的矛盾和障碍,特别是为什么这两个类别继续受到经济逻辑的调解和塑造。为了发展这些论点,我们分析了最近由粮食及农业组织、世界银行和国际农业发展基金等主要政策参与者推动的关于农业补贴的国际话语。通过研究农业作为不同规模和领域(如地方、全球、环境、社会和经济领域)之间的节点,我们探索了某些位置如何优先于其他位置。我们认为,关于全球农业政策中“重新利用补贴”的论述表达了一种“新的批判性正统”,这种正统认识到需要进行转型,但未能解决造成环境和社会危机的全球政治经济的结构性条件。相反,拟议的解决方案依赖于现有的制度和资本主义逻辑来解决当前的危机,即使后者是由这些逻辑支撑的。我们的分析强调了生态社会政策学术需要认识到环境和社会政策整合如何始终嵌入特定的全球政治经济中,这种政治经济再现了某些不平等,而不是中立的政策领域。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Structural Injustice and Workers’ Rights by Virginia Mantouvalou 书评:《结构性不公正与工人权利》,作者:弗吉尼亚·曼图瓦卢
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1177/13882627231204825
Luca Ratti
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引用次数: 0
Harnessing welfare state theories to explain the emergence of eco-social policies 利用福利国家理论来解释生态社会政策的出现
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/13882627231205759
Matteo Mandelli
As complex challenges such as climate change and social inequality become more and more politically salient, eco-social policies are emerging as suitable public policy tools to pursue integrated environmental and social objectives. In spite of this, the sustainable welfare literature has been, at least until now, dominated by prescriptive studies, paying little attention to the politico-institutional conditions required for these policies to emerge. Against this background, this article aims to help filling this gap, by proposing a set of four theoretical expectations pointing to possible causal drivers and mechanisms behind the adoption of this particular kind of policies. It does so by harnessing the most established welfare state theories and reflecting on their potential and limitations when applied to the study of eco-social policies. Selected theoretical strands – functionalism, historical institutionalism, interest-based and ideas-based theories – are first reviewed and then applied to the specific object of the study, with a view to deriving the four expectations by deduction. The ultimate aim is to generate a politico-institutional theory of eco-social policies, which can guide future empirical research. The article argues that eco-social policies can be expected to emerge in strong environmental states and/or in weak welfare states, in which equally powerful labour and green interests engage in political exchanges, or where advocacy coalitions form around ambiguous ideas, such as ‘just transition’. The article concludes by arguing that only an actor-centred approach based on empirically observable policy preferences can help us to craft minimally sufficient causal inferences about the emergence of eco-social policies.
随着气候变化和社会不平等等复杂挑战在政治上变得越来越突出,生态社会政策正成为追求综合环境和社会目标的合适公共政策工具。尽管如此,至少到目前为止,可持续福利的文献一直以规范性研究为主,很少注意这些政策出现所需的政治制度条件。在这种背景下,本文旨在通过提出一套四种理论期望,指出采用这种特殊政策背后可能的因果驱动因素和机制,来帮助填补这一空白。它通过利用最成熟的福利国家理论,并反思它们在应用于生态社会政策研究时的潜力和局限性来做到这一点。首先对选定的理论流派——功能主义理论、历史制度主义理论、利益基础理论和理念基础理论——进行了回顾,然后将其应用于具体的研究对象,以期通过推演得出这四种期望。最终目的是建立一个生态社会政策的政治制度理论,以指导未来的实证研究。这篇文章认为,生态社会政策可以在强大的环境国家和/或弱势的福利国家出现,在这些国家中,同样强大的劳工和绿色利益参与政治交流,或者围绕“公正过渡”等模糊的想法形成倡导联盟。文章的结论是,只有基于经验观察到的政策偏好的以行为者为中心的方法,才能帮助我们对生态社会政策的出现做出充分的因果推论。
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引用次数: 0
Doughnuts for strategies: A tool for an emerging sustainable welfare paradigm 甜甜圈策略:新兴可持续福利范式的工具
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1177/13882627231206246
Mladen Domazet, Máté Fischer, Alexandra Köves
The Degrowth Doughnut (a modification of the original Doughnut visualization of boundaries and foundations created by economist Kate Raworth) can be considered a visualization tool for assessing the current environmental and social capacity of a country to transform into an ecologically and socially sustainable modus operandi. Its sufficiently rich set of criteria, including cultural, socio-economic and biophysical indicators, gives us an overall picture of the problems to be dealt with and the strengths to build on in the immediate future. Its simple boundary-threshold structure presents limiting and aspirational targets in a single image. As such, it is also a tool that can aid eco-social policymaking to prioritize decisions and seek synergies between choices made. This research will present the Hungarian Degrowth Doughnut and use it as a case study when applied to the aims and expected impacts of Hungary’s operational National Clean Development Strategy. We will illustrate the degrowth-relevant priorities and assess the adequacy of the responses proposed by the Strategy, providing a critical analysis of the national policy options. Behind such climate and sustainability strategies are always a wealth of important value choices and moral considerations. Is there a safe and just operating space in the minds of the Hungarian policymakers? To what extent, if at all, are the fundamental principles of post-growth theories incorporated into a Hungarian sustainability strategy? We believe that a case study like this can also provide inspiration for further practical application of the Degrowth Doughnut elsewhere.
“去增长甜甜圈”(Degrowth Doughnut)是对经济学家凯特·拉沃斯(Kate Raworth)创建的最初的边界和基础可视化甜甜圈的改进,可以被认为是一种可视化工具,用于评估一个国家当前的环境和社会能力,以转变为生态和社会可持续的运作方式。它的一套足够丰富的标准,包括文化、社会经济和生物物理指标,使我们对要处理的问题和在不久的将来要利用的力量有了全面的了解。其简单的边界-阈值结构在单幅图像中表现出限制和期望目标。因此,它也是一种工具,可以帮助生态社会政策制定优先考虑决策,并在所做的选择之间寻求协同效应。本研究将介绍匈牙利去生长甜甜圈,并将其作为案例研究,应用于匈牙利国家清洁发展战略的目标和预期影响。我们将说明与减少增长有关的优先事项,评估《战略》提出的应对措施是否适当,并对国家政策备选方案进行批判性分析。在这些气候和可持续发展战略的背后,总是有大量重要的价值选择和道德考虑。在匈牙利政策制定者的心目中,是否存在一个安全、公正的操作空间?后增长理论的基本原则在多大程度上(如果有的话)被纳入了匈牙利的可持续发展战略?我们相信,这样的案例研究也可以为Degrowth Doughnut在其他地方的进一步实际应用提供灵感。
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引用次数: 0
The conflicts of ecological transition on the ground and the role of eco-social policies: Lessons from Italian case studies 生态转型的冲突与生态社会政策的作用:来自意大利案例研究的教训
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1177/13882627231205995
Marta Bonetti, Matteo Villa
This paper analyzes the complexity of social-ecological transition policies and processes, focusing on trade-offs and emerging conflicts engendered by combined environmental-social-technological programmes and innovations. To date, there has been only limited focus in the literature on empirical cases, analyzing the ecological transition, distributive effects, social risks and policies to counter them. To help fill this gap, the paper discusses three qualitative case studies as part of a research project on social cohesion in ecological transitions in Tuscany, Italy. In particular, it examines the ongoing transition strategies and practices, bringing out several aspects that highlight the sources of controversies among actors and the contextual variability and complexity of their ‘playgrounds’, namely: (1) the role of time, space and relational patterns, and ensuing problems of governance, coordination and synchronization; (2) the way in which institutional and technological transformations are embedded in trans-contextual relations and conflicts; (3) the role of different sources and kinds of knowledge in supporting or hampering the ecological transitions; and (4) the shifting balances between top-down strategies and regulation, and bottom-up processes of civic associations and social movements. The paper then analyzes the attempts to provide social security by means of more or less explicitly designed eco-social policies and practices, highlighting some relevant lessons learned and methodological recommendations for future sustainable welfare design.
本文分析了社会-生态转型政策和过程的复杂性,重点关注环境-社会-技术联合方案和创新所产生的权衡和新出现的冲突。迄今为止,文献对生态转型、分配效应、社会风险和应对政策的实证案例分析有限。为了帮助填补这一空白,本文讨论了三个定性案例研究,作为意大利托斯卡纳生态转型中的社会凝聚力研究项目的一部分。特别是,它研究了正在进行的过渡战略和实践,提出了几个方面,突出了行动者之间争议的来源以及他们的“游乐场”的背景可变性和复杂性,即:(1)时间、空间和关系模式的作用,以及随之而来的治理、协调和同步问题;(2)制度和技术变革如何嵌入跨背景关系和冲突中;(3)不同来源和种类的知识在支持或阻碍生态转型中的作用;(4)自上而下的战略和监管与自下而上的公民协会和社会运动过程之间的平衡转变。然后,本文分析了通过或多或少明确设计的生态社会政策和实践来提供社会保障的尝试,强调了一些相关的经验教训和对未来可持续福利设计的方法论建议。
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引用次数: 0
An eco-social solution to energy poverty? Substance and symbolism in the England's use of domestic energy efficiency policy to achieve social and environmental synergies, 1997–2023 能源贫困的生态社会解决方案?1997-2023年,英国利用国内能源效率政策实现社会和环境协同效应的实质和象征意义
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1177/13882627231195722
Paul Bridgen
Domestic energy efficiency policy is potentially a means for reducing residential energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and expenses for households in energy poverty. It has often been presented as an eco-social exemplar, for example in the European Union's Green Deal. The European Commission regards domestic energy efficiency improvements as the primary means for addressing energy poverty notwithstanding the 2022/23 energy crisis. However, the case for domestic energy efficiency improvement as a tool for achieving simultaneously social and environmental goals is often assumed rather than demonstrated. This article uses Mandelli's eco-social trilemma heuristic and the symbolic politics literature to surface the tensions involved in such processes, focusing on policy efforts in the England between 1997 and 2023 as a case study. England is a good case to consider because it has been regarded as a leader of energy poverty mitigation and its policy approach is similar to the European Commission's. The article details the main policy instruments used in England, assesses outputs and outcomes using official statistics, government and independent policy evaluations and the secondary literature, and details the main problems encountered in achieving environmental/social synergies. Based on this analysis, the article argues that English domestic energy efficiency policy has generally constituted a symbolic eco-social policy, particularly on the social side and since 2010. Highlighted by the 2022/23 energy crisis, domestic energy efficiency policy is best regarded as one component of a policy toolkit for reducing energy poverty, which at the least should also include targeted social protection.
国内能源效率政策是减少住宅能源相关温室气体(GHG)排放和能源贫困家庭费用的潜在手段。它经常被视为生态社会的典范,例如在欧盟的绿色协议中。欧盟委员会将提高国内能源效率视为解决能源贫困问题的主要手段,尽管2022/23年存在能源危机。然而,将提高国内能源效率作为同时实现社会和环境目标的一种工具的理由往往是假设而不是证明。本文使用曼德利的生态社会三难困境启发式和象征政治文献来揭示这一过程中涉及的紧张关系,并以1997年至2023年英国的政策努力为例进行研究。英国是一个值得考虑的好例子,因为它一直被视为缓解能源贫困的领导者,其政策方法与欧盟委员会类似。本文详细介绍了英国使用的主要政策工具,使用官方统计数据、政府和独立政策评估以及二手文献来评估产出和结果,并详细介绍了在实现环境/社会协同效应时遇到的主要问题。基于此分析,本文认为英国国内能效政策总体上构成了一种象征性的生态社会政策,特别是在社会方面,自2010年以来。国内能源效率政策最好被视为减少能源贫困的政策工具包的一个组成部分,这至少应该包括有针对性的社会保护。
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引用次数: 0
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European Journal of Social Security
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