Pub Date : 2007-05-03DOI: 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383634
M. Mueller, H. Polinder, N. Baker
Wave energy is currently an untapped resource, but has the potential to make a significant contribution to the energy mix. In order to use conventional electrical generators mechanical interfaces are used, such as hydraulic systems and air-turbines. With the electrical generator these interfaces are known as the electrical power take-off and the type used depends upon the wave energy device. A brief description of the different power take offs is provided to show how conventional rotary generators are used in wave devices. Both advantages and disadvantages are highlighted in the paper. Direct drive systems can overcome some of the disadvantages, but there are additional engineering challenges to overcome, in particular physical size and mass. Current and more novel direct machine topologies are discussed in the context of these challenges.
{"title":"Current and Novel Electrical Generator Technology for Wave Energy Converters","authors":"M. Mueller, H. Polinder, N. Baker","doi":"10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383634","url":null,"abstract":"Wave energy is currently an untapped resource, but has the potential to make a significant contribution to the energy mix. In order to use conventional electrical generators mechanical interfaces are used, such as hydraulic systems and air-turbines. With the electrical generator these interfaces are known as the electrical power take-off and the type used depends upon the wave energy device. A brief description of the different power take offs is provided to show how conventional rotary generators are used in wave devices. Both advantages and disadvantages are highlighted in the paper. Direct drive systems can overcome some of the disadvantages, but there are additional engineering challenges to overcome, in particular physical size and mass. Current and more novel direct machine topologies are discussed in the context of these challenges.","PeriodicalId":446844,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122867528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-03DOI: 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382763
Xiaoling Wen, Xianggen Yin, Hanxiang Cheng
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) device for generating or absorbing reactive power. In this paper, the general mathematical model for the multi-pulse three-level STATCOM which consists of m three-phase three-level dc-ac converters connected together through a interphase transformer is proposed by use of the switching function concept. With the assumption of constant dc-link voltage, the harmonic voltage amplitude expressions of three types of the STATCOM under the fundamental frequency modulation (FFM) control are presented and employed to analyze the output voltage harmonic characteristics of the STATCOM. Furthermore, the developed model is implemented and the STATCOM output voltage harmonic spectra are simulated with the help of Matlab/Simulink. Meanwhile, taking the dual three-point STATCOM (m=2) for example, the steady-state and dynamic performance of the STATCOM are investigated by the digital simulation method. Both analytical and simulation results show the STATCOM can compensate the reactive power needed by load effectively and increase the power system stability quickly, and the proposed model is feasible and will be helpful to the design and development of the power electronic system with high voltage and large capacity.
{"title":"The General Mathematical Model and Performance Analysis of Multi-pulse Three-level STATCOM","authors":"Xiaoling Wen, Xianggen Yin, Hanxiang Cheng","doi":"10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382763","url":null,"abstract":"Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) device for generating or absorbing reactive power. In this paper, the general mathematical model for the multi-pulse three-level STATCOM which consists of m three-phase three-level dc-ac converters connected together through a interphase transformer is proposed by use of the switching function concept. With the assumption of constant dc-link voltage, the harmonic voltage amplitude expressions of three types of the STATCOM under the fundamental frequency modulation (FFM) control are presented and employed to analyze the output voltage harmonic characteristics of the STATCOM. Furthermore, the developed model is implemented and the STATCOM output voltage harmonic spectra are simulated with the help of Matlab/Simulink. Meanwhile, taking the dual three-point STATCOM (m=2) for example, the steady-state and dynamic performance of the STATCOM are investigated by the digital simulation method. Both analytical and simulation results show the STATCOM can compensate the reactive power needed by load effectively and increase the power system stability quickly, and the proposed model is feasible and will be helpful to the design and development of the power electronic system with high voltage and large capacity.","PeriodicalId":446844,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121447592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-03DOI: 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382686
O. Mohammed, S. Ganu, Z. Liu, N. Abed
In this paper a high frequency model of a complete motor drive is developed using measurements and finite element analysis (FEA). The high frequency inverter and cable model were developed using measurements while the high frequency motor model was developed using FEA. A complete drive involving DC power source, inverter, cable, and motor were implemented in Simulink and the power system block set. The model was extensively used for testing overvoltage and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by ground current. The simulation model was verified by performing experiments using real time hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation. The real permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is used as an example for realistic implementation.
{"title":"High Frequency Modeling Of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive","authors":"O. Mohammed, S. Ganu, Z. Liu, N. Abed","doi":"10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382686","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a high frequency model of a complete motor drive is developed using measurements and finite element analysis (FEA). The high frequency inverter and cable model were developed using measurements while the high frequency motor model was developed using FEA. A complete drive involving DC power source, inverter, cable, and motor were implemented in Simulink and the power system block set. The model was extensively used for testing overvoltage and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by ground current. The simulation model was verified by performing experiments using real time hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation. The real permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is used as an example for realistic implementation.","PeriodicalId":446844,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121463050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-03DOI: 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382690
Tim C. O’Connell, P. Krein
The Schwarz-Christoffel method is implemented in a Monte Carlo electric machine slot shape search algorithm attempting to maximize average torque under constrained flux density in a two-dimensional developed machine cross-section. A fixed slot current density is enforced, and the slot shape is varied over a twelve-variable search space. Rotor motion is simulated by changing the position of the machine air gap polygon's rotor vertices while maintaining both a simply-connected polygon and a 90deg shift between stator and rotor q-axis currents. Rotor force is calculated by integrating Maxwell's stress tensor along a closed path enclosing the rotor. A Monte Carlo search with 11,050 points is carried out and a minimum cost horizon curve is deduced from the data. A brief history and context for the Schwarz-Christoffel approach is given with a comparison to the finite element and boundary element methods.
{"title":"The Schwarz-Christoffel Analytical Method Applied to Electric Machine Slot Shape Optimization","authors":"Tim C. O’Connell, P. Krein","doi":"10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382690","url":null,"abstract":"The Schwarz-Christoffel method is implemented in a Monte Carlo electric machine slot shape search algorithm attempting to maximize average torque under constrained flux density in a two-dimensional developed machine cross-section. A fixed slot current density is enforced, and the slot shape is varied over a twelve-variable search space. Rotor motion is simulated by changing the position of the machine air gap polygon's rotor vertices while maintaining both a simply-connected polygon and a 90deg shift between stator and rotor q-axis currents. Rotor force is calculated by integrating Maxwell's stress tensor along a closed path enclosing the rotor. A Monte Carlo search with 11,050 points is carried out and a minimum cost horizon curve is deduced from the data. A brief history and context for the Schwarz-Christoffel approach is given with a comparison to the finite element and boundary element methods.","PeriodicalId":446844,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128426603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-03DOI: 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382795
E. Rakgati, M. Kamper
Abstract-In this paper a per phase equivalent circuit model of the reluctance DC machine is investigated. The equivalent circuit parameters are identified through finite element analysis for both no-load and load conditions. The model is verified by comparing, amongst other things, the torque calculated from the determined equivalent circuit with the torque calculated by the finite element Maxwell stress tensor method and the measured static torque of a 35 kW reluctance DC machine drive. It is shown that the equivalent circuit parameters are severely affected by the phase current commutation under full load and the armature reaction effect.
{"title":"Equivalent Circuit Parameter Identification of Six-Phase Reluctance DC Machine Using Finite Element Method","authors":"E. Rakgati, M. Kamper","doi":"10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382795","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract-In this paper a per phase equivalent circuit model of the reluctance DC machine is investigated. The equivalent circuit parameters are identified through finite element analysis for both no-load and load conditions. The model is verified by comparing, amongst other things, the torque calculated from the determined equivalent circuit with the torque calculated by the finite element Maxwell stress tensor method and the measured static torque of a 35 kW reluctance DC machine drive. It is shown that the equivalent circuit parameters are severely affected by the phase current commutation under full load and the armature reaction effect.","PeriodicalId":446844,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128733943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-03DOI: 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382769
B. Schinnerl, D. Gerling
Knowing the non-linear ψ-i-characteristic is crucial for the design of switched reluctance machines, especially for the aligned position. So far, analytical calculations are based on complex models of the magnetic circuit or on functions needing a fitting procedure (using measured or FEM-calculated data). In this paper, a method is presented that requires only very few input data. In addition, these input data can be deduced easily from the geometry of the machine. Comparisons with measured data show quite a good correlation, qualifying this method to be used in the design procedure of new switched reluctance machines.
{"title":"Novel Analytical Calculation Method for the Non-Linear ψ-i-Characteristic of Switched-Reluctance-Machines in the Aligned Rotor Position","authors":"B. Schinnerl, D. Gerling","doi":"10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382769","url":null,"abstract":"Knowing the non-linear ψ-i-characteristic is crucial for the design of switched reluctance machines, especially for the aligned position. So far, analytical calculations are based on complex models of the magnetic circuit or on functions needing a fitting procedure (using measured or FEM-calculated data). In this paper, a method is presented that requires only very few input data. In addition, these input data can be deduced easily from the geometry of the machine. Comparisons with measured data show quite a good correlation, qualifying this method to be used in the design procedure of new switched reluctance machines.","PeriodicalId":446844,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129035680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-03DOI: 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383572
J. Steinbrink
This paper presents an analytical method how to calculate electromagnetic forces acting in brushless motors excited by permanent magnets. The analytical method is based on the rotating field theory. The flux density, the electric loading - as a substitution of the magnetisation - and the air gap permeance are considered as infinite sums of spatial harmonics. The spatial harmonics of the flux density in the air gap are calculated by use of the conformal mapping of the air gap geometry from the magnetic scalar potential. Each spatial harmonic is characterised by its amplitude, number of pole pairs, frequency and phase angle. The interaction of two different spatial harmonics opens the possibility to recognise the generation of cogging torques systematically and to assess counter measures how to minimise undesirable effects. Thus, time consuming numerical studies by FE method can be avoided, or their number can at least be reduced. The validity of the analytical calculation method was verified by experimental investigations in several test motors. Special attention was paid to the influence of manufacturing tolerances which play the dominant role in the generation of cogging torques in motors with a design that is already optimised in order to achieve small cogging torques. The correlation between the analytical and the numerical results is outstanding, even though the analytical approach reduces the computation time by a factor more then 1000.
{"title":"Analytical Determination of the Cogging Torque in Brushless Motors Excited by Permanent Magnets","authors":"J. Steinbrink","doi":"10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383572","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an analytical method how to calculate electromagnetic forces acting in brushless motors excited by permanent magnets. The analytical method is based on the rotating field theory. The flux density, the electric loading - as a substitution of the magnetisation - and the air gap permeance are considered as infinite sums of spatial harmonics. The spatial harmonics of the flux density in the air gap are calculated by use of the conformal mapping of the air gap geometry from the magnetic scalar potential. Each spatial harmonic is characterised by its amplitude, number of pole pairs, frequency and phase angle. The interaction of two different spatial harmonics opens the possibility to recognise the generation of cogging torques systematically and to assess counter measures how to minimise undesirable effects. Thus, time consuming numerical studies by FE method can be avoided, or their number can at least be reduced. The validity of the analytical calculation method was verified by experimental investigations in several test motors. Special attention was paid to the influence of manufacturing tolerances which play the dominant role in the generation of cogging torques in motors with a design that is already optimised in order to achieve small cogging torques. The correlation between the analytical and the numerical results is outstanding, even though the analytical approach reduces the computation time by a factor more then 1000.","PeriodicalId":446844,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115913529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-03DOI: 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382722
T. Aho, V. Sihvo, J. Nerg, J. Pyrhonen
The effects of different solid-rotor materials on the motor performance are studied. The performance characteristics of a 180 kW medium-speed induction motor with solid rotor are analyzed using two-dimensional finite element method. A set of fictitious and realistic ferromagnetic materials, the mechanical properties of which satisfy the requirements of high-speed operation, were used in the calculations. It is shown that the highest torque is reached with a material having high saturation magnetic flux density and good electrical conductivity. It is also shown that in order to achieve efficient operation of the motor the rotor resistive losses should be minimized.
{"title":"Rotor Materials for Medium-Speed Solid-Rotor Induction MotorS","authors":"T. Aho, V. Sihvo, J. Nerg, J. Pyrhonen","doi":"10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382722","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of different solid-rotor materials on the motor performance are studied. The performance characteristics of a 180 kW medium-speed induction motor with solid rotor are analyzed using two-dimensional finite element method. A set of fictitious and realistic ferromagnetic materials, the mechanical properties of which satisfy the requirements of high-speed operation, were used in the calculations. It is shown that the highest torque is reached with a material having high saturation magnetic flux density and good electrical conductivity. It is also shown that in order to achieve efficient operation of the motor the rotor resistive losses should be minimized.","PeriodicalId":446844,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116340659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-03DOI: 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382748
M. Cirrincione, M. Pucci, G. Cirrincione, A. Miraoui
This paper develops a new space-vector dynamic model of the induction machine including stator and rotor slotting effects. With the proposed approach, the slotting effect is considered only in the stator and rotor leakage variation, as proposed in literature. The model has been rearranged into a space-state form useful for control applications, since it contains the information of the rotor position. This model works both with a low and a high frequency supply, differently from most models in literature including slotting effects for control applications which usually model only the high frequency behaviour of the machine. The model has been implemented in numerical simulation and verified experimentally on three motors with the same stator and three different rotor configurations. Experimental results confirm the model, and are consistent with the results in literature.
{"title":"Space-Vector State Model of Induction Machines Including Rotor and Stator Slotting Effects","authors":"M. Cirrincione, M. Pucci, G. Cirrincione, A. Miraoui","doi":"10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382748","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops a new space-vector dynamic model of the induction machine including stator and rotor slotting effects. With the proposed approach, the slotting effect is considered only in the stator and rotor leakage variation, as proposed in literature. The model has been rearranged into a space-state form useful for control applications, since it contains the information of the rotor position. This model works both with a low and a high frequency supply, differently from most models in literature including slotting effects for control applications which usually model only the high frequency behaviour of the machine. The model has been implemented in numerical simulation and verified experimentally on three motors with the same stator and three different rotor configurations. Experimental results confirm the model, and are consistent with the results in literature.","PeriodicalId":446844,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116815878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-03DOI: 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383680
Jun Liu, Haoyu Wang, Yunbo Shi, Binzhen Zhang, F. Ma
According to the design demand of high overloading, quick response and micro-volume of attitude control system based on intelligent munitions, the micro control system based on warhead deflection angle control method is researched systematically. This paper describes detailedly the method of warhead attitude control and fabrication of piezoceramics actuator with signal detection and control circuit. The experiment testifies that this system has better ability of anti-overloading and maneuverability, and is easy to be integrated. It can't only satisfy the technical request of intelligent munitions, but also apply to micro-nano-actuating field of control system in military defense, aviation and spaceflight etc.
{"title":"Research for High Overloading Micro Control System Based on Piezoceramics Actuator","authors":"Jun Liu, Haoyu Wang, Yunbo Shi, Binzhen Zhang, F. Ma","doi":"10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383680","url":null,"abstract":"According to the design demand of high overloading, quick response and micro-volume of attitude control system based on intelligent munitions, the micro control system based on warhead deflection angle control method is researched systematically. This paper describes detailedly the method of warhead attitude control and fabrication of piezoceramics actuator with signal detection and control circuit. The experiment testifies that this system has better ability of anti-overloading and maneuverability, and is easy to be integrated. It can't only satisfy the technical request of intelligent munitions, but also apply to micro-nano-actuating field of control system in military defense, aviation and spaceflight etc.","PeriodicalId":446844,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116919660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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