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Participatory Urban Development in India: A Tale of Two Townships 印度参与式城市发展:两个乡镇的故事
IF 1.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/0975425321990316
Ansari Salamah
This paper intends to offer a critical understanding of citizen engagement in the process of city making using two case studies within the Indian context, namely, Magarpatta City in Maharashtra and Auroville in Tamil Nadu. As an initial foray into the issue, it engages with contemporary discourses on the scope and nature of public participation in urban development within the framework of a neoliberal economy. This is followed by a qualitative analysis based on unstructured interviews, which capture the live experiences of the local landowners and residents in each location. The findings indicate that citizen engagement is instrumental in producing socially equitable urbanization. If harnessed well, it offers the possibility for an effective departure from the traditional state-market dynamics, which presently underlie forms of neoliberal urbanism in developing countries. This paper, therefore, makes the case for mainstreaming citizen participation for urban development as an attempt to create a sustainable built environment that caters to the needs of citizens.
本文旨在通过印度背景下的两个案例研究,即马哈拉施特拉邦的马加尔帕塔市和泰米尔纳德邦的奥罗维尔,对城市制定过程中的公民参与提供批判性的理解。作为对这个问题的初步探索,它与当代关于新自由主义经济框架内公众参与城市发展的范围和性质的论述相结合。随后是基于非结构化访谈的定性分析,这些访谈捕捉了每个地点当地土地所有者和居民的生活经历。研究结果表明,公民参与有助于实现社会公平的城市化。如果利用得好,它提供了有效脱离传统国家-市场动态的可能性,而传统国家-市场动态目前是发展中国家新自由主义城市主义形式的基础。因此,本文将市民参与城市发展的主流化作为一种尝试,以创造一个满足市民需求的可持续建筑环境。
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引用次数: 2
Land Cover Changes and Urban Expansion in Chongqing, China: A Study Based on Remote Sensing Images 重庆土地覆盖变化与城市扩张:基于遥感影像的研究
IF 1.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/0975425321998035
Xuan Sun, Yunxia Liu, T. Sun, Sihang Yu, Chenguang Li, Lie Zhai
China has experienced an unprecedented rate of urbanization in recent decades. As a city with strong political and economic influences in the southwest of China, Chongqing is a typical example of rapidurban development in this period of time. To study the land cover changes and urban expansion of Chongqing, Landsat images from 1999 to 2018 were selected, processed, and quantitatively analysed The results showed that the built-up area of the city had increased tremendously during these years, yet vegetation still accounted for the vast majority of the city’s land area. Restricted by the local topography including mountains and hills and infrastructure constructions, the urbanization process that occurred in central Chongqing actually showed a dominant expansion direction, an obvious spatial clustering tendency, and significant spatio-temporal differences among various regions.
近几十年来,中国经历了前所未有的城市化进程。重庆作为我国西南地区政治、经济影响较大的城市,是这一时期城市快速发展的典型代表。为了研究重庆的土地覆盖变化和城市扩张,选取1999年至2018年的陆地卫星图像进行处理和定量分析。结果表明,这些年来,重庆的建成区面积大幅增加,但植被仍然占城市土地面积的绝大多数。受山地丘陵等局部地形和基础设施建设的制约,重庆中部地区的城市化进程实际上呈现出主导的扩张方向、明显的空间集聚趋势和显著的时空差异。
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引用次数: 1
Editorial 社论
IF 1.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/0975425321997972
S. Hawken
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引用次数: 0
Rural Non-farm Sector: Revisiting the Census Towns 农村非农产业:对人口普查城镇的再认识
IF 1.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-02-25 DOI: 10.1177/0975425321990324
A. Mitra, S. Tripathi
The last decade (2001–2011) has witnessed a surge in the number of census towns (CTs) in India, which account for 30% of the country’s urban growth. Though several studies have tried to understand the spatial patterns and factors determining the emergence of these CTs, the all India level has been neglected. Due to an increase in non-farm activities, villages have been transformed into CTs. By considering 2,328 CTs at the all India level, this article investigates the relevant economic determinants of such transformation. To group similar CTs we use cluster analysis by considering several factors such as the size of the population of CTs, rural specific changes, climatic conditions, the growth dynamics of large cities which may spill over to rural hinterland, economic potential, the availability of infrastructures and job opportunities. The analysis suggests that the availability of infrastructure and the growth dynamics of the large cities are important for the emergence of these CTs, whereas rural poverty and unemployment rates do not seem to matter significantly. Finally, we suggest that for higher economic development, the rural to urban transformation is essential. For this purpose, the new CTs can offer an opportunity for increasing non-farm activities and the overall prospects for India. Hence, the policy directives will have to address the requirements of the CTs to emerge as centres of growth.
过去十年(2001-2011)见证了印度人口普查城镇(CTs)数量的激增,占该国城市增长的30%。虽然有几项研究试图了解这些ct出现的空间模式和因素,但全印度的水平一直被忽视。由于非农业活动的增加,村庄已经变成了社区。通过考虑全印度的2328个ct,本文研究了这种转变的相关经济决定因素。为了对类似的ct进行分组,我们使用了聚类分析,考虑了几个因素,如ct的人口规模、农村的具体变化、气候条件、大城市的增长动态(可能溢出到农村腹地)、经济潜力、基础设施的可用性和就业机会。分析表明,基础设施的可用性和大城市的增长动力对这些技术转移中心的出现很重要,而农村贫困和失业率似乎并不重要。最后,我们提出要实现经济的高速发展,农村向城市的转型是必不可少的。为此目的,新的CTs可以为增加非农业活动和印度的整体前景提供机会。因此,政策指令必须解决新兴市场成为增长中心的要求。
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引用次数: 4
An Evaluation of the Influence of Environmental, Social and Cultural factors on the Socialization of Traditional Urban Spaces (Case Study: Iranian Markets) 环境、社会和文化因素对传统城市空间社会化的影响评价(案例研究:伊朗市场)
IF 1.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/0975425320946004
Jamaloddin Mahdinezhad, B. Sedghpour, Rana Najjari Nabi
The ‘bazaar’, or the marketplace has been one of the most influential bases of the city in terms of social, political and economic development, and is considered as an active public space for initiating fundamental changes in society. Across Islamic cultures and civilizations, as well as their historical precedents, the marketplace has occupied a broad and complex social meaning, especially in Iran. In this research, the marketplace is considered from a socio-commercial point of view. In order to improve the efficiency of public spaces, it is necessary to identify their effective parameters of socialization, and utilize them towards the future design or improvement of built environments. While the socio-cultural influence of a bazaar determines the development of human relationships around it, its environmental components are also effective in responding to ‘physical needs’ of a populace, that is, the provision of necessities such as food and clothing as well as repair services. The relationship between environmental, social and cultural elements is found to be the most influential factor in increasing the sociality of the public space. In order to analyze bazaar socialization, the research methodology employed in this article comprises a descriptive survey that uses Delphi and Q methodology. According to the results, six key factors were identified: activity-behavioural-movement (ABM) components, physical-functional qualities, enviornmental impacts, physical components (PCs), cultural values (CVs), social cohesion and integration, diversity and spatial attraction. Crucially, the study also finds that the socialization of space is formed through the interaction between human experiences in place and the prevailing cultural forms within it, that is, the regional customs, traditions and overall ‘way of life’ of the native populace. Therefore, the cultural features of urban spaces are another important factor in their development. Studying these factors opens the possibility for facilitating greater levels of interaction and participation in public spaces in a manner that also accommodates different groups of people and their varying subcultures.
“集市”或市场一直是城市在社会、政治和经济发展方面最具影响力的基础之一,被认为是发起社会根本性变革的活跃公共空间。在伊斯兰文化和文明中,以及它们的历史先例中,市场占据了广泛而复杂的社会意义,尤其是在伊朗。在这项研究中,市场是从社会商业的角度来考虑的。为了提高公共空间的效率,有必要确定其有效的社会化参数,并将其用于未来的设计或改善建筑环境。虽然集市的社会文化影响决定了它周围人际关系的发展,但它的环境成分也有效地响应了民众的“物质需求”,即提供食品和衣服等必需品以及维修服务。环境因素、社会因素和文化因素之间的关系是增加公共空间社会性的最重要因素。为了分析市集社会化,本文采用的研究方法包括使用德尔菲法和Q法的描述性调查。根据结果,确定了六个关键因素:活动-行为-运动(ABM)成分、物理-功能质量、环境影响、物理成分(pc)、文化价值(cv)、社会凝聚力和整合、多样性和空间吸引力。至关重要的是,该研究还发现,空间的社会化是通过当地的人类经验与其中的主流文化形式(即当地民众的地区习俗、传统和整体“生活方式”)之间的相互作用形成的。因此,城市空间的文化特征是其发展的另一个重要因素。研究这些因素为促进公共空间中更高层次的互动和参与提供了可能性,同时也适应了不同群体及其不同的亚文化。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial Structures and Trends of Cities in Europe and Asia:  A Joint Methodological Approach Based on the Global Human Settlement Layer 欧洲和亚洲城市的空间结构和趋势:基于全球人类住区层的联合方法研究
IF 1.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/0975425320958850
Debolina Kundu, A. Mueller, Volker Schmidt-Seiwert, Regine Binot, Lukas Kiel, A. Pandey
Human civilization reached a milestone in the first decade of the 21st century, when the global urban population became higher than rural for the first time. However, the process of urbanisation is not uniform across the globe, and striking differences exist in the spatial structure and trends of urbanisation in developed and developing regions because of varying rates of demographic and economic growth. The success of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) depends on addressing urbanisation challenges with comparative knowledge of the spatial structure and growth pattern of the cities across regions. In this context, the present study examines the spatial structures and urbanisation trends of cities in Asia and Europe through standardised data and visualisation, with particular reference to India and Germany. The results show that ‘shrinking cities’ are more common in Europe and particularly in Germany. In contrast, Indian cities have registered an overall increase in population of cities, although at a slower growth rate. Also, the rate of growth of the built-up areas is relatively higher in India than Europe. However, both these geographies are experiencing higher growth of built-up areas as compared to population. A detailed analysis of the built-up areas in select cities of Europe and India in different time-periods reveals the cities’ growth pattern to be aligned with transport routes. The study concludes that developing a common methodological approach to study the spatial structures and trends of different geographies is a crucial prerequisite for achieving the goals set under SDGs and the New Urban Agenda.
人类文明在21世纪的第一个十年达到了一个里程碑,当时全球城市人口首次超过农村人口。然而,全球的城市化进程并不一致,由于人口和经济增长率不同,发达地区和发展中地区的城市化空间结构和趋势存在显著差异。可持续发展目标的成功取决于通过对各地区城市空间结构和增长模式的比较知识来应对城市化挑战。在此背景下,本研究通过标准化数据和可视化,特别是印度和德国,考察了亚洲和欧洲城市的空间结构和城市化趋势。结果显示,“收缩城市”在欧洲更为普遍,尤其是在德国。相比之下,印度城市的人口总体增长,尽管增长速度较慢。此外,印度建成区的增长率相对高于欧洲。然而,与人口相比,这两个地区的建成区都在经历更高的增长。对欧洲和印度不同时期选定城市的建成区进行详细分析,揭示了城市的增长模式与交通路线相一致。该研究得出结论,制定一种共同的方法来研究不同地理区域的空间结构和趋势,是实现可持续发展目标和《新城市议程》设定的目标的关键先决条件。
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引用次数: 2
Book review: Surajit Chakravarty and Rohit Negi. Space, Planning and Everyday Contestations in Delhi 书评:苏拉吉·查克拉瓦蒂和罗希特·内吉。德里的空间、规划和日常竞赛
IF 1.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/0975425320946003
Darshini Mahadevia
Surajit Chakravarty and Rohit Negi. Space, Planning and Everyday Contestations in Delhi (New Delhi: Springer India), 2016. DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2154-8. ISBN 978-81-322-2153-1; ISBN 978-81-322-2154-8 (eBook).
Surajit Chakravarty和Rohit Negi。德里的空间、规划和日常竞赛(新德里:施普林格印度),2016年。DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2154-8。ISBN 978-81-322-2153-1;ISBN 978-81-322-2154-8(电子书)。
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引用次数: 0
A Pilot Test to Analyse the Differences of Pedestrian Thermal Comfort Between Locals and Internationals in Malacca Heritage Site 马六甲文化遗产地本地与国际行人热舒适差异的初步分析
IF 1.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/0975425320946311
G. Manteghi, Tasneem Mostofa, H. Lamit
The present study aims to establish a correlation between the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and subjective thermal sensation in the Tropics, assessing their impact on local as well as international pedestrians. The pilot test was conducted in six scenarios in the Malacca region of Malaysia. The RayMan model calculated the PET, which is further used to synthetically evaluate the thermal environment for six scenarios, each with a different river width and pavement material. The independent t-test and regression analysis determined the correlation between human thermal comfort acceptability and the thermal environment indices of outdoor spaces. Most of the outdoor thermal comfort assessments have been carried out focusing on local urban residents, while the same assessments on tourists are limited. This research provides necessary insight into the perception of outdoor microclimatic conditions in the Malacca heritage area and also identifies the perception on a few important psychological factors of these two demographic groups. An awareness of such issues would be fruitful for architects, planners and urban designers engaged in the process of designing and planning tourist destinations.
本研究旨在建立热带地区生理等效温度(PET)和主观热感之间的相关性,评估它们对当地和国际行人的影响。试点测试在马来西亚马六甲地区的六个场景中进行。RayMan模型计算了PET,并进一步用于综合评估六种情况下的热环境,每种情况下都有不同的河流宽度和路面材料。独立t检验和回归分析确定了人类热舒适可接受性与室外空间热环境指标之间的相关性。大多数户外热舒适性评估都是针对当地城市居民进行的,而对游客的评估则有限。这项研究为了解马六甲遗产区的户外小气候条件提供了必要的见解,并确定了这两个人口群体对一些重要心理因素的看法。对于参与旅游目的地设计和规划过程的建筑师、规划师和城市设计师来说,认识到这些问题将是富有成效的。
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引用次数: 3
Editorial 编辑
IF 1.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/0975425320946002
Debolina Kundu
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引用次数: 0
Role of Psychosocial Factors in Effective Design of Solid Waste Management Programmes: Evidence from India 心理社会因素在有效设计固体废物管理方案中的作用:来自印度的证据
IF 1.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-23 DOI: 10.1177/0975425320938518
Vidya Pratap, Maurya Dayashankar, S. Biju
The critical need for behavioural change for effective solid waste management is well known. However, policies and programmes continue to underemphasize this crucial component in their design, especially in developing countries such as India. Further, empirical research on the psychosocial factors in solid waste management in developing countries is limited, including within India, where a large national programme for solid waste management is currently being implemented. Using a household survey based on the theory of planned behavioural change, we examine the psychosocial factors towards household waste segregation. We find that more than knowledge and attitude, consequences to behaviour play a critical role in intention as well as actual behaviour towards household waste segregation. Based on our findings, we draw implications for redesigning the national programme and contribute to empirical evidence on the role of psychosocial factors in solid waste management in the context of developing countries.
众所周知,迫切需要改变行为,以便有效地管理固体废物。然而,政策和方案在设计中仍然没有充分重视这一关键组成部分,特别是在印度等发展中国家。此外,对发展中国家固体废物管理中的社会心理因素的实证研究有限,包括在印度,印度目前正在实施一项大型国家固体废物管理方案。利用一项基于计划行为改变理论的家庭调查,我们考察了家庭垃圾分类的心理社会因素。我们发现,除了知识和态度之外,行为后果在家庭垃圾分类的意图和实际行为中发挥着关键作用。根据我们的研究结果,我们得出了重新设计国家方案的启示,并为发展中国家固体废物管理中社会心理因素的作用提供了经验证据。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Environment and Urbanization ASIA
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