Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0975425321998026
Andreas Scheba, I. Turok, J. Visagie
Global policies promote urban compaction to achieve sustainable development. This article highlights the limits of analysing densification at the city scale and advocates for a more granular approach. The case study of Cape Town shows how overall consolidation has been mainly driven by poor households crowding into already dense neighbourhoods on the urban periphery. This has aggravated historic segregation and intensified urban management challenges. Meanwhile, formal private sector driven densification strengthens the social and economic vibrancy of affluent neighbourhoods. This article argues that uneven residential patterns reflect deep-seated social inequalities that are amplified through labour and property markets. Satellite data also illustrates how Cape Town’s built-up area has changed between 1998 and 2019. Based on geo-spatial analyses, the article suggests that taking these drivers seriously is crucial to promoting a denser and more equitable urban form. Aligning housing policies with spatial transformation and economic development objectives offer possibilities for change.
{"title":"Inequality and Urban Density: Socio-economic Drivers of Uneven Densification in Cape Town","authors":"Andreas Scheba, I. Turok, J. Visagie","doi":"10.1177/0975425321998026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425321998026","url":null,"abstract":"Global policies promote urban compaction to achieve sustainable development. This article highlights the limits of analysing densification at the city scale and advocates for a more granular approach. The case study of Cape Town shows how overall consolidation has been mainly driven by poor households crowding into already dense neighbourhoods on the urban periphery. This has aggravated historic segregation and intensified urban management challenges. Meanwhile, formal private sector driven densification strengthens the social and economic vibrancy of affluent neighbourhoods. This article argues that uneven residential patterns reflect deep-seated social inequalities that are amplified through labour and property markets. Satellite data also illustrates how Cape Town’s built-up area has changed between 1998 and 2019. Based on geo-spatial analyses, the article suggests that taking these drivers seriously is crucial to promoting a denser and more equitable urban form. Aligning housing policies with spatial transformation and economic development objectives offer possibilities for change.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"12 1","pages":"S107 - S126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975425321998026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47177730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0975425321990378
Chi Minh Ho, L. T. Nguyen, A. Vo, D. Vo
Fossil energy consumption is considered a source of environmental degradation. While the demand for fossil energy increases during the process of urbanization, different nations rely upon different sources of fossil energy. As such, a one-size-fits-all approach in reducing the consumption of fossil fuels to improve the quality of the environment is neither logical, nor practical. This study investigates the short-term and long-term effects of urbanization in relation to fossil energy consumption from coal, gas and oil. The auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) is employed on the sample of five emerging ASEAN nations in the 1985–2018 period. The findings reveal that that urbanization in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand appears to be associated with an increase in coal consumption in the short run. In Vietnam, gas consumption will increase with urbanization. However, in the long run, urbanization in Thailand and Vietnam is linked to an increase in oil consumption. Urbanization in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines leads to the reduction of coal consumption in the long run. Policy implications have emerged based on the findings of this study.
{"title":"Urbanization and the Consumption of Fossil Energy Sources in the Emerging Southeast Asian Countries","authors":"Chi Minh Ho, L. T. Nguyen, A. Vo, D. Vo","doi":"10.1177/0975425321990378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425321990378","url":null,"abstract":"Fossil energy consumption is considered a source of environmental degradation. While the demand for fossil energy increases during the process of urbanization, different nations rely upon different sources of fossil energy. As such, a one-size-fits-all approach in reducing the consumption of fossil fuels to improve the quality of the environment is neither logical, nor practical. This study investigates the short-term and long-term effects of urbanization in relation to fossil energy consumption from coal, gas and oil. The auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) is employed on the sample of five emerging ASEAN nations in the 1985–2018 period. The findings reveal that that urbanization in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand appears to be associated with an increase in coal consumption in the short run. In Vietnam, gas consumption will increase with urbanization. However, in the long run, urbanization in Thailand and Vietnam is linked to an increase in oil consumption. Urbanization in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines leads to the reduction of coal consumption in the long run. Policy implications have emerged based on the findings of this study.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"12 1","pages":"90 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975425321990378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48354110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0975425321990316
Ansari Salamah
This paper intends to offer a critical understanding of citizen engagement in the process of city making using two case studies within the Indian context, namely, Magarpatta City in Maharashtra and Auroville in Tamil Nadu. As an initial foray into the issue, it engages with contemporary discourses on the scope and nature of public participation in urban development within the framework of a neoliberal economy. This is followed by a qualitative analysis based on unstructured interviews, which capture the live experiences of the local landowners and residents in each location. The findings indicate that citizen engagement is instrumental in producing socially equitable urbanization. If harnessed well, it offers the possibility for an effective departure from the traditional state-market dynamics, which presently underlie forms of neoliberal urbanism in developing countries. This paper, therefore, makes the case for mainstreaming citizen participation for urban development as an attempt to create a sustainable built environment that caters to the needs of citizens.
{"title":"Participatory Urban Development in India: A Tale of Two Townships","authors":"Ansari Salamah","doi":"10.1177/0975425321990316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425321990316","url":null,"abstract":"This paper intends to offer a critical understanding of citizen engagement in the process of city making using two case studies within the Indian context, namely, Magarpatta City in Maharashtra and Auroville in Tamil Nadu. As an initial foray into the issue, it engages with contemporary discourses on the scope and nature of public participation in urban development within the framework of a neoliberal economy. This is followed by a qualitative analysis based on unstructured interviews, which capture the live experiences of the local landowners and residents in each location. The findings indicate that citizen engagement is instrumental in producing socially equitable urbanization. If harnessed well, it offers the possibility for an effective departure from the traditional state-market dynamics, which presently underlie forms of neoliberal urbanism in developing countries. This paper, therefore, makes the case for mainstreaming citizen participation for urban development as an attempt to create a sustainable built environment that caters to the needs of citizens.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"12 1","pages":"136 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975425321990316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48736647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0975425321998035
Xuan Sun, Yunxia Liu, T. Sun, Sihang Yu, Chenguang Li, Lie Zhai
China has experienced an unprecedented rate of urbanization in recent decades. As a city with strong political and economic influences in the southwest of China, Chongqing is a typical example of rapidurban development in this period of time. To study the land cover changes and urban expansion of Chongqing, Landsat images from 1999 to 2018 were selected, processed, and quantitatively analysed The results showed that the built-up area of the city had increased tremendously during these years, yet vegetation still accounted for the vast majority of the city’s land area. Restricted by the local topography including mountains and hills and infrastructure constructions, the urbanization process that occurred in central Chongqing actually showed a dominant expansion direction, an obvious spatial clustering tendency, and significant spatio-temporal differences among various regions.
{"title":"Land Cover Changes and Urban Expansion in Chongqing, China: A Study Based on Remote Sensing Images","authors":"Xuan Sun, Yunxia Liu, T. Sun, Sihang Yu, Chenguang Li, Lie Zhai","doi":"10.1177/0975425321998035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425321998035","url":null,"abstract":"China has experienced an unprecedented rate of urbanization in recent decades. As a city with strong political and economic influences in the southwest of China, Chongqing is a typical example of rapidurban development in this period of time. To study the land cover changes and urban expansion of Chongqing, Landsat images from 1999 to 2018 were selected, processed, and quantitatively analysed The results showed that the built-up area of the city had increased tremendously during these years, yet vegetation still accounted for the vast majority of the city’s land area. Restricted by the local topography including mountains and hills and infrastructure constructions, the urbanization process that occurred in central Chongqing actually showed a dominant expansion direction, an obvious spatial clustering tendency, and significant spatio-temporal differences among various regions.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"12 1","pages":"S39 - S58"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975425321998035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44694330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-25DOI: 10.1177/0975425321990324
A. Mitra, S. Tripathi
The last decade (2001–2011) has witnessed a surge in the number of census towns (CTs) in India, which account for 30% of the country’s urban growth. Though several studies have tried to understand the spatial patterns and factors determining the emergence of these CTs, the all India level has been neglected. Due to an increase in non-farm activities, villages have been transformed into CTs. By considering 2,328 CTs at the all India level, this article investigates the relevant economic determinants of such transformation. To group similar CTs we use cluster analysis by considering several factors such as the size of the population of CTs, rural specific changes, climatic conditions, the growth dynamics of large cities which may spill over to rural hinterland, economic potential, the availability of infrastructures and job opportunities. The analysis suggests that the availability of infrastructure and the growth dynamics of the large cities are important for the emergence of these CTs, whereas rural poverty and unemployment rates do not seem to matter significantly. Finally, we suggest that for higher economic development, the rural to urban transformation is essential. For this purpose, the new CTs can offer an opportunity for increasing non-farm activities and the overall prospects for India. Hence, the policy directives will have to address the requirements of the CTs to emerge as centres of growth.
{"title":"Rural Non-farm Sector: Revisiting the Census Towns","authors":"A. Mitra, S. Tripathi","doi":"10.1177/0975425321990324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425321990324","url":null,"abstract":"The last decade (2001–2011) has witnessed a surge in the number of census towns (CTs) in India, which account for 30% of the country’s urban growth. Though several studies have tried to understand the spatial patterns and factors determining the emergence of these CTs, the all India level has been neglected. Due to an increase in non-farm activities, villages have been transformed into CTs. By considering 2,328 CTs at the all India level, this article investigates the relevant economic determinants of such transformation. To group similar CTs we use cluster analysis by considering several factors such as the size of the population of CTs, rural specific changes, climatic conditions, the growth dynamics of large cities which may spill over to rural hinterland, economic potential, the availability of infrastructures and job opportunities. The analysis suggests that the availability of infrastructure and the growth dynamics of the large cities are important for the emergence of these CTs, whereas rural poverty and unemployment rates do not seem to matter significantly. Finally, we suggest that for higher economic development, the rural to urban transformation is essential. For this purpose, the new CTs can offer an opportunity for increasing non-farm activities and the overall prospects for India. Hence, the policy directives will have to address the requirements of the CTs to emerge as centres of growth.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"12 1","pages":"148 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975425321990324","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44835384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0975425320946004
Jamaloddin Mahdinezhad, B. Sedghpour, Rana Najjari Nabi
The ‘bazaar’, or the marketplace has been one of the most influential bases of the city in terms of social, political and economic development, and is considered as an active public space for initiating fundamental changes in society. Across Islamic cultures and civilizations, as well as their historical precedents, the marketplace has occupied a broad and complex social meaning, especially in Iran. In this research, the marketplace is considered from a socio-commercial point of view. In order to improve the efficiency of public spaces, it is necessary to identify their effective parameters of socialization, and utilize them towards the future design or improvement of built environments. While the socio-cultural influence of a bazaar determines the development of human relationships around it, its environmental components are also effective in responding to ‘physical needs’ of a populace, that is, the provision of necessities such as food and clothing as well as repair services. The relationship between environmental, social and cultural elements is found to be the most influential factor in increasing the sociality of the public space. In order to analyze bazaar socialization, the research methodology employed in this article comprises a descriptive survey that uses Delphi and Q methodology. According to the results, six key factors were identified: activity-behavioural-movement (ABM) components, physical-functional qualities, enviornmental impacts, physical components (PCs), cultural values (CVs), social cohesion and integration, diversity and spatial attraction. Crucially, the study also finds that the socialization of space is formed through the interaction between human experiences in place and the prevailing cultural forms within it, that is, the regional customs, traditions and overall ‘way of life’ of the native populace. Therefore, the cultural features of urban spaces are another important factor in their development. Studying these factors opens the possibility for facilitating greater levels of interaction and participation in public spaces in a manner that also accommodates different groups of people and their varying subcultures.
{"title":"An Evaluation of the Influence of Environmental, Social and Cultural factors on the Socialization of Traditional Urban Spaces (Case Study: Iranian Markets)","authors":"Jamaloddin Mahdinezhad, B. Sedghpour, Rana Najjari Nabi","doi":"10.1177/0975425320946004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425320946004","url":null,"abstract":"The ‘bazaar’, or the marketplace has been one of the most influential bases of the city in terms of social, political and economic development, and is considered as an active public space for initiating fundamental changes in society. Across Islamic cultures and civilizations, as well as their historical precedents, the marketplace has occupied a broad and complex social meaning, especially in Iran. In this research, the marketplace is considered from a socio-commercial point of view. In order to improve the efficiency of public spaces, it is necessary to identify their effective parameters of socialization, and utilize them towards the future design or improvement of built environments. While the socio-cultural influence of a bazaar determines the development of human relationships around it, its environmental components are also effective in responding to ‘physical needs’ of a populace, that is, the provision of necessities such as food and clothing as well as repair services. The relationship between environmental, social and cultural elements is found to be the most influential factor in increasing the sociality of the public space. In order to analyze bazaar socialization, the research methodology employed in this article comprises a descriptive survey that uses Delphi and Q methodology. According to the results, six key factors were identified: activity-behavioural-movement (ABM) components, physical-functional qualities, enviornmental impacts, physical components (PCs), cultural values (CVs), social cohesion and integration, diversity and spatial attraction. Crucially, the study also finds that the socialization of space is formed through the interaction between human experiences in place and the prevailing cultural forms within it, that is, the regional customs, traditions and overall ‘way of life’ of the native populace. Therefore, the cultural features of urban spaces are another important factor in their development. Studying these factors opens the possibility for facilitating greater levels of interaction and participation in public spaces in a manner that also accommodates different groups of people and their varying subcultures.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"11 1","pages":"281 - 296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975425320946004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45066109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0975425320958850
Debolina Kundu, A. Mueller, Volker Schmidt-Seiwert, Regine Binot, Lukas Kiel, A. Pandey
Human civilization reached a milestone in the first decade of the 21st century, when the global urban population became higher than rural for the first time. However, the process of urbanisation is not uniform across the globe, and striking differences exist in the spatial structure and trends of urbanisation in developed and developing regions because of varying rates of demographic and economic growth. The success of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) depends on addressing urbanisation challenges with comparative knowledge of the spatial structure and growth pattern of the cities across regions. In this context, the present study examines the spatial structures and urbanisation trends of cities in Asia and Europe through standardised data and visualisation, with particular reference to India and Germany. The results show that ‘shrinking cities’ are more common in Europe and particularly in Germany. In contrast, Indian cities have registered an overall increase in population of cities, although at a slower growth rate. Also, the rate of growth of the built-up areas is relatively higher in India than Europe. However, both these geographies are experiencing higher growth of built-up areas as compared to population. A detailed analysis of the built-up areas in select cities of Europe and India in different time-periods reveals the cities’ growth pattern to be aligned with transport routes. The study concludes that developing a common methodological approach to study the spatial structures and trends of different geographies is a crucial prerequisite for achieving the goals set under SDGs and the New Urban Agenda.
{"title":"Spatial Structures and Trends of Cities in Europe and Asia: A Joint Methodological Approach Based on the Global Human Settlement Layer","authors":"Debolina Kundu, A. Mueller, Volker Schmidt-Seiwert, Regine Binot, Lukas Kiel, A. Pandey","doi":"10.1177/0975425320958850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425320958850","url":null,"abstract":"Human civilization reached a milestone in the first decade of the 21st century, when the global urban population became higher than rural for the first time. However, the process of urbanisation is not uniform across the globe, and striking differences exist in the spatial structure and trends of urbanisation in developed and developing regions because of varying rates of demographic and economic growth. The success of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) depends on addressing urbanisation challenges with comparative knowledge of the spatial structure and growth pattern of the cities across regions. In this context, the present study examines the spatial structures and urbanisation trends of cities in Asia and Europe through standardised data and visualisation, with particular reference to India and Germany. The results show that ‘shrinking cities’ are more common in Europe and particularly in Germany. In contrast, Indian cities have registered an overall increase in population of cities, although at a slower growth rate. Also, the rate of growth of the built-up areas is relatively higher in India than Europe. However, both these geographies are experiencing higher growth of built-up areas as compared to population. A detailed analysis of the built-up areas in select cities of Europe and India in different time-periods reveals the cities’ growth pattern to be aligned with transport routes. The study concludes that developing a common methodological approach to study the spatial structures and trends of different geographies is a crucial prerequisite for achieving the goals set under SDGs and the New Urban Agenda.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"11 1","pages":"195 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975425320958850","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42496335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0975425320946003
Darshini Mahadevia
Surajit Chakravarty and Rohit Negi. Space, Planning and Everyday Contestations in Delhi (New Delhi: Springer India), 2016. DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2154-8. ISBN 978-81-322-2153-1; ISBN 978-81-322-2154-8 (eBook).
{"title":"Book review: Surajit Chakravarty and Rohit Negi. Space, Planning and Everyday Contestations in Delhi","authors":"Darshini Mahadevia","doi":"10.1177/0975425320946003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425320946003","url":null,"abstract":"Surajit Chakravarty and Rohit Negi. Space, Planning and Everyday Contestations in Delhi (New Delhi: Springer India), 2016. DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2154-8. ISBN 978-81-322-2153-1; ISBN 978-81-322-2154-8 (eBook).","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"11 1","pages":"342 - 345"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975425320946003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49152747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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