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IF 1.3 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253211052405
Debolina Kundu
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引用次数: 0
Towards New Urban Agenda: A Radical Reorientation of Urban Planning Education in India 迈向新城市议程:印度城市规划教育的根本重新定位
IF 1.3 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253211040193
Darshini Mahadevia, Neha Bhatia
An urbanizing country such as India has its own development challenges given the conditions of dystopias and discontent in the urban areas. In addition, three global agendas, namely the New Urban Agenda, Sustainable Development Goals and the Nationally Determined Contributions towards climate change mitigation also demand actions in the cities. The traditional urban planning approach, based on master/development planning, and stemming from it, urban planning education, is highly technocratic and unable to deal with the reality of development challenges. In addition, urban planning education in India suffers from over-regulation and standardization, which leaves educational institutions devoid of innovation. Thus, for urban planning education to be relevant in India there is a need to revise and broaden the scope of the urban planning profession, non-standardize its contents, pay attention to substantive aspects including issues of equity and sustainability, have a future-facing approach towards dealing with climate change and rethink its pedagogic methods. However, for these changes to occur, urban planning educational institutes must take the lead and initiate radical reforms in country’s higher education regulatory system.
考虑到城市地区的反乌托邦和不满情绪,像印度这样的城市化国家也面临着自身的发展挑战。此外,三项全球议程,即《新城市议程》、《可持续发展目标》和《国家对减缓气候变化的自主贡献》也要求在城市采取行动。传统的城市规划方法以总体/发展规划为基础,并由此产生城市规划教育,是高度技术官僚化的,无法应对发展挑战的现实。此外,印度的城市规划教育存在过度监管和标准化的问题,这使得教育机构缺乏创新。因此,为了使城市规划教育在印度具有相关性,有必要修订和扩大城市规划专业的范围,使其内容不标准化,关注包括公平和可持续性问题在内的实质性方面,对应对气候变化采取面向未来的方法,并重新思考其教学方法。然而,要想实现这些变化,城市规划教育机构必须发挥带头作用,对国家的高等教育监管体系进行彻底改革。
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引用次数: 2
Urban Flood Risk Assessment and Development of Urban Flood Resilient Spatial Plan for Bhubaneswar 布巴内斯瓦尔城市洪水风险评估与城市抗洪空间规划的制定
IF 1.3 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253211042489
Alisa Sahu, Tushar Bose, D. Samal
Urban flooding is growing as a serious development challenge for cities. Urbanization demands the conversion of pervious land to impervious land by pushing the transformation of water bodies, flood plains, wetlands and green spaces into built-up spaces. This affects the hydrological setting of the city’s geographic area. Bhubaneswar, one of the first planned cities of independent India, has expanded rapidly with an increase in the settlement land use cover from 41 km2 to 81 km2 in the last two decades. Non-consideration of disaster risk assessment in the land use plan has placed the city at high disaster risk. Hence, this article explores various avenues for making a flood resilient city through spatial planning. To understand the flood and its consequences, a flood hazard and vulnerability map was prepared by overlaying the existing social and infrastructure networks, and flood risk zones were generated through analytical spatial modelling in GIS. This accounts for the areas in which flood hazards are expected to occur, as well as the area whose socio-economic and infrastructure susceptibility to the disaster is more. The key outcome is to ensure urban development that can work concurrently with nature by integrating disaster risk reduction strategies into land use planning.
城市洪水日益成为城市发展面临的严峻挑战。城市化要求通过推动水体、洪泛区、湿地和绿地向建成区的转变,将透水土地转变为不透水土地。这会影响城市地理区域的水文环境。布巴内斯瓦尔是印度独立后最早规划的城市之一,在过去20年中,随着定居点土地使用面积从41平方公里增加到81平方公里,该城市迅速扩张。土地利用规划未考虑灾害风险评估,使该市处于高灾害风险之中。因此,本文探索了通过空间规划打造抗洪城市的各种途径。为了了解洪水及其后果,通过覆盖现有的社会和基础设施网络编制了洪水危害和脆弱性地图,并通过GIS中的分析空间建模生成了洪水风险区。这说明了预计会发生洪水灾害的地区,以及社会经济和基础设施更容易受到灾害影响的地区。关键成果是通过将减少灾害风险战略纳入土地利用规划,确保城市发展能够与自然同步进行。
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引用次数: 2
Book review: Adam Michael Auerbach. Demanding development: The Politics of Public Goods Provision in India’s Urban Slums 书评:亚当·迈克尔·奥尔巴赫。迫切的发展:印度城市贫民区的公共产品供给政治
IF 1.3 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253211052397
Debolina Kundu, A. Pandey
Adam Michael Auerbach. Demanding development: The Politics of Public Goods Provision in India’s Urban Slums (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2020. ISBN: 9781108649377
亚当·迈克尔·奥尔巴赫。《迫切的发展:印度城市贫民窟的公共产品供应政治》(剑桥:剑桥大学出版社),2020年。ISBN:9781108649377
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引用次数: 0
An Empirical Model for Assessing the Impact of Air Quality on Urban Residents’ Loyalty to Place of Residence 空气质量对城市居民居住地忠诚度影响的实证模型
IF 1.3 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253211047202
F. Karaca, Ali Turkyilmaz, Alikhan Myrzagali, Aiymgul Kerimray, Phillip Bell
There has been a growing interest in the impact of environmental awareness on ‘green’ or ‘environmentally friendly’ consumption patterns, and this has been the subject of much research by environmental psychologists. However, the effect of environmental awareness on residents and their attachment to their homes and their environment has received little attention and is worthy of closer examination. Outdoor air quality can be considered one of the most critical environmental factors impacting the value of a residential location. This research investigates how air pollution-related environmental factors influence residents’ attachment to the place of residence and their willingness to move. It defines the structural relationship between air pollution awareness parameters, which are later employed in the proposed structural equation model (SEM), to explain ‘district loyalty’. A survey was carried out in Almaty, Kazakhstan, one of the most populated and polluted cities in Central Asia. A total of 550 respondents responded. Based on the overall model’s test results, the factors relating to district loyalty explained the 17.5% variation in the samples, which suggests that the perception of residents to their district air quality has a low-level impact on loyalty to their place of residence. The power of perceived environmental risks appears to have little relation to district loyalty. The most influential factor on the model is environmental behaviour parameter, which is about adopting attitudes and behaviours aimed at minimizing negative impacts on the environment. When the perceived environmental risk increased, their place attachment levels only slightly decreased. However, the obtained results do not confirm that district loyalty significantly correlates with their readiness/unreadiness to move to another residence in order to enjoy improved air quality. To sum up, environmental awareness of local air quality seems not to directly affect residents’ attachment to place. Nevertheless, indirect effects can be presented in research relating to urban residents’ place attachment. Research, policy and sectoral implications of the findings are addressed and discussed in detail.
人们对环境意识对“绿色”或“环保”消费模式的影响越来越感兴趣,这也是环境心理学家进行大量研究的主题。然而,环境意识对居民及其对家园和环境的依恋的影响却很少受到关注,值得进一步研究。室外空气质量可以被认为是影响住宅位置价值的最关键的环境因素之一。本研究探讨空气污染相关环境因素如何影响居民对居住地的依恋和迁移意愿。它定义了空气污染意识参数之间的结构关系,这些参数后来被用于提出的结构方程模型(SEM),以解释“地区忠诚度”。一项调查是在哈萨克斯坦的阿拉木图进行的,这是中亚人口最多、污染最严重的城市之一。共有550名受访者做出了回应。根据整体模型的测试结果,与地区忠诚度相关的因素解释了样本中17.5%的变化,这表明居民对其所在地区空气质量的感知对其居住地忠诚度的影响程度较低。环境风险感知能力与地区忠诚度关系不大。对模型影响最大的因素是环境行为参数,它是关于采取旨在尽量减少对环境的负面影响的态度和行为。当感知环境风险增加时,他们的地方依恋水平仅略有下降。然而,所获得的结果并没有证实地区忠诚度与他们是否愿意为了享受改善的空气质量而搬到另一个住所显著相关。综上所述,当地空气质量的环保意识似乎并不直接影响居民对地方的依恋。然而,在城市居民地方依恋的相关研究中,也存在间接效应。对调查结果的研究、政策和部门影响进行了详细讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Disaster Risk Governance in Bangladesh: How Do NGOs Find Themselves in the Network? 孟加拉国的灾害风险治理:非政府组织如何在网络中找到自己?
IF 1.3 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253211040205
Liam Johnson, M. Swapan, M. Ashikuzzaman
The roles and responsibilities of state-led organizations have remained the primary focus of disaster risk governance (DRG) literature. While integration of NGOs into formal disaster risk reduction (DRR) has been persistently promoted by the recent United Nations’ DRG frameworks to support state interventions, the low uptake of embracing core principles of DRR by NGOs is noted. Tension within network governance of DRG, including state and non-governmental actors, is also reported by several scholars, particularly in developing countries, but has not been investigated empirically with greater details. To contribute to this research agenda, the study aims to explore how NGOs perceive and value their contributions to DRG. Based on a structured questionnaire survey with development activists (DAs) from NGOs in the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh, the study found that reactive interventions (emergency response and post-disaster support) by them was perceived to be the most critical focus of DRG despite changing theoretical and global perspectives towards pre-disaster preparedness and mitigative measures. Vertical network governance was favoured within NGOs’ own networks outside the state’s direct supervision, identifying a critical role played by local NGOs. The capacity of leadership of NGOs was promoted by the respondents who worked in decision-making positions within their organizations, whilst professionals with lack of experience within the NGO sector tended to favour state actors. The findings could be critical in understanding local capacities and in co-creating hazard specific plans using various stakeholders.
国家领导的组织的作用和责任仍然是灾害风险治理文献的主要关注点。尽管最近联合国支持国家干预的灾害风险减少框架一直在推动非政府组织融入正式的灾害风险降低,但非政府组织对纳入灾害风险减少核心原则的接受率很低。一些学者,特别是发展中国家的学者,也报告了DRG网络治理内部的紧张关系,包括国家和非政府行为者,但尚未进行更详细的实证调查。为了促进这一研究议程,本研究旨在探讨非政府组织如何看待和重视其对DRG的贡献。根据对孟加拉国西南沿海地区非政府组织发展活动家的结构化问卷调查,该研究发现,尽管对灾前准备和缓解措施的理论和全球视角发生了变化,但他们的反应性干预措施(应急响应和灾后支持)被认为是DRG最关键的重点。垂直网络治理在国家直接监督之外的非政府组织自己的网络中受到青睐,这表明地方非政府组织发挥了关键作用。在非政府组织中担任决策职位的受访者提高了非政府组织的领导能力,而在非政府部门缺乏经验的专业人士则倾向于支持国家行为者。这些发现对于了解当地能力和利用各种利益攸关方共同制定针对特定危险的计划至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainable Financing for Urban Karnataka: Viable Options 卡纳塔克邦城市可持续融资:可行的选择
IF 1.3 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253211040194
Vishal R., Kala Seetharam Sridhar, S. Manasi
The objectives of the current paper are to suggest measures to improve the taxation and tax collection mechanisms in selected cities of Karnataka. We review and reform (where necessary) bases of assessments of revenue streams and suggest enhancement of revenue sources by suitable mechanisms that can be implemented in all the selected cities. Finally, we estimate revenue capacities of the cities and recommend expansion capabilities. The methodology of the study involved visits to each of the selected 12 cities, examination of their audited financial statements, analysis of their major revenue sources and estimation of revenue capacities for each of the cities. We recommended measures to fix relevant policies to improve the system of tax collection and revenue generation mechanisms. Summarizing our findings, increasing revenue compliance from non-paying and unassessed properties and taxation of government properties of a commercial nature, increases the property tax base for all cities across the board. The next step is to increase values of properties, in accordance with market values in an economic sense, in a gradual manner. Water connections must be metered, given that water is a scarce resource, we find its revenue potential to be nearly the same as that from property tax.
本论文的目的是提出改善卡纳塔克邦选定城市税收和税收机制的措施。我们审查和改革(必要时)收入流评估基础,并建议通过在所有选定城市实施的适当机制来增加收入来源。最后,我们估计了城市的收入能力,并推荐了扩张能力。研究方法包括访问选定的12个城市中的每一个,审查其经审计的财务报表,分析其主要收入来源,并估计每个城市的收入能力。我们建议采取措施,制定相关政策,完善税收征收制度和创收机制。总结我们的调查结果,提高非付费和未评估房产的收入合规性,以及对商业性质的政府房产征税,全面提高了所有城市的房产税基础。下一步是根据经济意义上的市场价值,逐步增加房地产的价值。供水必须计量,因为水是一种稀缺资源,我们发现它的收入潜力与财产税几乎相同。
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引用次数: 0
Relationship Between Population Urbanization and Urban Sprawl Across Different City Sizes in China 中国不同城市规模人口城市化与城市蔓延的关系
IF 1.3 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253211040196
Xing Wang
In this study, a coordination model based on the data of urban population and built-up areas from 2006 to 2015 is used to assess the relationship between population urbanization and urban sprawl across 654 cities in Mainland China. For analysis, 654 cities are divided into five categories (small city, medium city, large city, super city and mega city) and the relationship between population urbanization and urban sprawl is divided into four types (rapid growth of population, rapid expansion of land, shrinkage of population and land and coordinated development between population and land). The results show that 60.6% of cities are rapid expansion of land, 18.5% are rapid growth of population, 14.1% are shrinkage of population and land and only 6.9% of cities are coordinated development between population and land. Small, medium, large and super cities were characterized by rapid expansion of land, while mega cities featured rapid growth of population. The size of the cities decreased mainly because of the shrinkage of people and land while it increased because of the rapid expansion of land. The cities with shrinkage of population and land, and rapid growth of population are mostly distributed in the east of the Hu Line.
在本研究中,基于2006-2015年城市人口和建成区数据的协调模型,评估了中国大陆654个城市的人口城市化与城市蔓延之间的关系。分析将654个城市分为五类(小城市、中城市、大城市、特大城市),人口城镇化与城市蔓延的关系分为四类(人口快速增长、土地快速扩张、人口与土地萎缩、人口与陆地协调发展)。结果表明,60.6%的城市是土地的快速扩张,18.5%是人口的快速增长,14.1%是人口和土地的萎缩,只有6.9%的城市是人口与土地的协调发展。小、中、大、特大城市土地扩张较快,特大城市人口增长较快。城市规模的减少主要是因为人口和土地的减少,而城市规模的增加则是因为土地的快速扩张。人口和土地萎缩、人口快速增长的城市大多分布在胡线以东。
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引用次数: 8
Environmental Flow Estimation of Brunei River Based on Climate Change 基于气候变化的文莱河环境流量估算
IF 1.3 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253211047201
S. Shams, M. S. Reza, A. Azad, R.H.M. Juani, M. Fazal
The concept of environmental flows and its application and enforcement is a main challenge in several developing countries. The services and benefits derived from the ecosystem are indispensable for sustaining the livelihood of people particularly living in coastal areas. Decision-makers often ignore ecosystems when referring to water allocation, as the supporters of ecosystems are less vocal as compared to other stakeholders. This study focuses on establishing guidelines for maintaining the minimum amount of flow known as environmental flow of Brunei River in Brunei Darussalam for the sustainability of its rich ecosystem. In this study, the flow of the river was simulated based on land use, climate change, and potential growth of industries using a Water Evaluation and Planning System as a computing tool. The study finds that the months of March and June (1.48 and 3.92 m3/s) are more vulnerable to low flow. It recommends a threshold value of 2.7 m3/s for the environmental flow of Brunei River essential to preserve its rich and diversified ecosystem.
环境流动的概念及其应用和执行是一些发展中国家面临的主要挑战。生态系统提供的服务和效益对于维持人民的生计,特别是生活在沿海地区的人民的生计是必不可少的。决策者在提及水资源分配时往往忽视生态系统,因为与其他利益相关者相比,生态系统的支持者声音较小。本研究的重点是为保持文莱达鲁萨兰国丰富生态系统的可持续性,制定维持文莱河环境流量的最低流量指南。在这项研究中,使用水资源评估和规划系统作为计算工具,根据土地利用、气候变化和工业潜在增长对河流流量进行了模拟。研究发现,3月和6月(1.48和3.92 m3/s)更容易受到低流量的影响。它建议文莱河的环境流量阈值为2.7 m3/s,这对保护其丰富多样的生态系统至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19: Urban Vulnerability and the Need for Transformations 新冠肺炎:城市脆弱性和转型的必要性
IF 1.3 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253211040195
S. Rajan, Anand P. Cherian
The urban–rural divide in India has been the cause of labour flow to Indian cities, which have historically witnessed an insufficiency in planning. Moreover, widening social inequalities exacerbate the living conditions in Indian cities, pushing the migrant labourers from rural areas to the margins of urban spaces. Public policymakers have long turned a blind-eye to migrants, denying them essential social security. This study attempts to review how these factors have made urban space unwelcome to migrants from rural areas, edging them to a state of inability to sustain themselves, especially amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also an attempt to re-evaluate the status of urbanization. The government imposed a sudden lockdown in 2020 to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak, leading to a massive exodus of migrants from cities back to their homes. The study also seeks to account for the significance of economic planning and social security with regard to migrant labour.
印度的城乡差距一直是劳动力流向印度城市的原因,而印度城市在历史上一直存在规划不足的问题。此外,不断扩大的社会不平等加剧了印度城市的生活条件,将农村地区的移民劳工推向了城市空间的边缘。长期以来,公共政策制定者对移民视而不见,剥夺了他们基本的社会保障。这项研究试图回顾这些因素如何使城市空间不受农村地区移民的欢迎,使他们陷入无法维持生活的状态,尤其是在新冠肺炎大流行期间。这也是重新评估城市化状况的一种尝试。2020年,政府突然实施封锁,以减轻新冠肺炎疫情的影响,导致大量移民从城市返回家园。该研究还试图说明经济规划和社会保障对移徙劳动力的重要性。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Environment and Urbanization ASIA
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