Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1177/09754253231193125
Jyoti Dash, P. S. N. Rao
The land pooling/readjustment (LP/R) technique has been extensively used for centuries for fostering planned urban development in various developing and developed countries. In the recent past LP/R models have emerged in several Indian states and cities as an alternate to compulsory land acquisition. These include land pooling in Raipur, Chhattisgarh through the Town Development Scheme - 2015, the land pooling policy for Delhi - 2013, land readjustment and land pooling in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra - 2014, and land pooling for Amravati, Andhra Pradesh - 2015. There are several factors that could adversely affect the implementation of LP/R projects and different situations would require different kinds of contextually relevant approaches for effective implementation of LP/R projects. Given the emerging LP/R models in several Indian states as an alternative to compulsory land acquisition, this article analyses the opportunities and constraints as recorded in literature around the world, with a focus on Asian countries, to identify the prerequisites and factors for effective and efficient implementation of the LP/R mechanism.
{"title":"Prerequisites and Factors for Effective and Efficient Implementation of Land Pooling/Reconstitution: Learnings from Asian Countries","authors":"Jyoti Dash, P. S. N. Rao","doi":"10.1177/09754253231193125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09754253231193125","url":null,"abstract":"The land pooling/readjustment (LP/R) technique has been extensively used for centuries for fostering planned urban development in various developing and developed countries. In the recent past LP/R models have emerged in several Indian states and cities as an alternate to compulsory land acquisition. These include land pooling in Raipur, Chhattisgarh through the Town Development Scheme - 2015, the land pooling policy for Delhi - 2013, land readjustment and land pooling in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra - 2014, and land pooling for Amravati, Andhra Pradesh - 2015. There are several factors that could adversely affect the implementation of LP/R projects and different situations would require different kinds of contextually relevant approaches for effective implementation of LP/R projects. Given the emerging LP/R models in several Indian states as an alternative to compulsory land acquisition, this article analyses the opportunities and constraints as recorded in literature around the world, with a focus on Asian countries, to identify the prerequisites and factors for effective and efficient implementation of the LP/R mechanism.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135737293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/09754253231161014
P. Tiwari, J. Shukla, A. Purkayastha
Tiwari and Shukla presented a framework based on a capability approach to understand the determinants of the well-being of affected persons during post-disaster reconstruction in the September 2022 issue of this journal. Using the framework, the present paper examines key challenges with post-disaster reconstruction practices through the experience of resettled colonies in Chennai. Disasters in Chennai have resulted in the relocation of households living in informal settlements to purpose-built resettlement colonies, which the resettlement agencies claim have better housing and built environment. These should contribute to the well-being of households. However, the results from a primary survey of households living in resettlement colonies conducted in 2021 that compare pre- and post-disaster capabilities demonstrate that there are a number of gaps. Fifty-eight per cent of households expressed that their condition is no different than what it was in informal settlements. This paper identifies that in the reconstruction and rehabilitation programme in Chennai, mechanisms for community participation, inclusive responses by involving women and marginalized households, long-term plan for the rehabilitation of affected persons and mechanisms for involving NGOs/CBOs have not been adequately incorporated. A consequence of the lack of a post-disaster reconstruction plan has been that most of the reconstruction activity has been ad hoc and reactive usually through government orders issued after a disaster. Resettlement is a complex issue, and it requires a balance between protecting the lives and livelihoods of those affected as these are tied to a location and protecting them from future disasters, the occurrence of which is also tied to location.
{"title":"Post-disaster Reconstruction and Well-being of Affected Persons in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"P. Tiwari, J. Shukla, A. Purkayastha","doi":"10.1177/09754253231161014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09754253231161014","url":null,"abstract":"Tiwari and Shukla presented a framework based on a capability approach to understand the determinants of the well-being of affected persons during post-disaster reconstruction in the September 2022 issue of this journal. Using the framework, the present paper examines key challenges with post-disaster reconstruction practices through the experience of resettled colonies in Chennai. Disasters in Chennai have resulted in the relocation of households living in informal settlements to purpose-built resettlement colonies, which the resettlement agencies claim have better housing and built environment. These should contribute to the well-being of households. However, the results from a primary survey of households living in resettlement colonies conducted in 2021 that compare pre- and post-disaster capabilities demonstrate that there are a number of gaps. Fifty-eight per cent of households expressed that their condition is no different than what it was in informal settlements. This paper identifies that in the reconstruction and rehabilitation programme in Chennai, mechanisms for community participation, inclusive responses by involving women and marginalized households, long-term plan for the rehabilitation of affected persons and mechanisms for involving NGOs/CBOs have not been adequately incorporated. A consequence of the lack of a post-disaster reconstruction plan has been that most of the reconstruction activity has been ad hoc and reactive usually through government orders issued after a disaster. Resettlement is a complex issue, and it requires a balance between protecting the lives and livelihoods of those affected as these are tied to a location and protecting them from future disasters, the occurrence of which is also tied to location.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"14 1","pages":"104 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45214508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/09754253221151150
A. Pratama
Federico Cugurullo. Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City, 2021, pp. 213, £35.99 (Paperback), £26.99 (e-book), ISBN 9781138101784.
{"title":"Book review: Federico Cugurullo. Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City","authors":"A. Pratama","doi":"10.1177/09754253221151150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09754253221151150","url":null,"abstract":"Federico Cugurullo. Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City, 2021, pp. 213, £35.99 (Paperback), £26.99 (e-book), ISBN 9781138101784.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"14 1","pages":"158 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42778558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/09754253221151143
N. Dahlan, Mainur Kurmanbekova, W. F. M. Yusoff, S. Elias
The changing nature of technology has influenced the physical activity behaviour of working adults in tropical-built environments. Existing physical activity interventions show a lack of diversity in delivery strategies and limited local context community assimilation measures. This study aims to provide a perspective on the interventions implemented to promote physical activity in urban and rural neighbourhoods in tropical regions. Three analytical themes were synthesised from 29 screened qualitative and quantitative literature: the social context, the environmental factors and the mechanisms to promote physical activity in the built environment. The findings recognise the importance of spatial heterogeneity in physical activity promotion at midstream and downstream intervention levels in a tropical built environment. A multifaceted intervention model for positive physical activity behaviour change (MIPA) consisting of built environment variables, micro-climate conscious design, health awareness and self-efficacy factors according to the tropical built environments context is proposed.
{"title":"Physical Activity as a Health Determinant in Tropical Built Environments: A Multifaceted Intervention","authors":"N. Dahlan, Mainur Kurmanbekova, W. F. M. Yusoff, S. Elias","doi":"10.1177/09754253221151143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09754253221151143","url":null,"abstract":"The changing nature of technology has influenced the physical activity behaviour of working adults in tropical-built environments. Existing physical activity interventions show a lack of diversity in delivery strategies and limited local context community assimilation measures. This study aims to provide a perspective on the interventions implemented to promote physical activity in urban and rural neighbourhoods in tropical regions. Three analytical themes were synthesised from 29 screened qualitative and quantitative literature: the social context, the environmental factors and the mechanisms to promote physical activity in the built environment. The findings recognise the importance of spatial heterogeneity in physical activity promotion at midstream and downstream intervention levels in a tropical built environment. A multifaceted intervention model for positive physical activity behaviour change (MIPA) consisting of built environment variables, micro-climate conscious design, health awareness and self-efficacy factors according to the tropical built environments context is proposed.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"483 1","pages":"39 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65419597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/09754253221151101
Faezeh Abadi, N. Hosseinian
Located in Khorasan Razavi province, Torghabeh city is a year-round tourist attraction in the north–east of Iran because of its natural and environmental beauty and semi-rural ecosystems. The aim of this article is to describe the challenges Torghabeh faces regarding rapid urbanisation with an environmental and biophilic approach. This article uses the qualitative–quantitative research method, and the results are analyzed in SPSS software and with the linear regression method to identify the most important factors. Based on the results, the most influential components in improving the urban environment of the city are as follows: the extent and severity of soil contamination; amount and severity of acoustic pollution; conservation, restoration and enhancement of biodiversity of the city; low-impact development; innovative and new urban green spaces and considerations and provision of water resources.
{"title":"Determining Factors to Improve Urban Environment with the Biophilic Urbanism Approach: A Case Study of Torghabeh City","authors":"Faezeh Abadi, N. Hosseinian","doi":"10.1177/09754253221151101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09754253221151101","url":null,"abstract":"Located in Khorasan Razavi province, Torghabeh city is a year-round tourist attraction in the north–east of Iran because of its natural and environmental beauty and semi-rural ecosystems. The aim of this article is to describe the challenges Torghabeh faces regarding rapid urbanisation with an environmental and biophilic approach. This article uses the qualitative–quantitative research method, and the results are analyzed in SPSS software and with the linear regression method to identify the most important factors. Based on the results, the most influential components in improving the urban environment of the city are as follows: the extent and severity of soil contamination; amount and severity of acoustic pollution; conservation, restoration and enhancement of biodiversity of the city; low-impact development; innovative and new urban green spaces and considerations and provision of water resources.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"14 1","pages":"24 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46875389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/09754253221150991
Gitali Mandal, G. Subbaiyan
Anthropogenic heat intensity arises from levels of population, buildings and vehicle densities. Population and built-up densities are very high in the cities of developing countries, which may have an impact on heat generated from metabolism and buildings differently compared to developed countries. Hence, this study investigated the magnitude of anthropogenic heat in different land uses and areas with different built-up densities pertaining to Indian metropolises; Bengaluru metropolitan area was selected for this study. The maximum metabolic heat (22.8 W/m2), vehicular heat (87.2 W/m2) and building heat (443.0 W/m2) were found in the high-density residential grids and the mixed-use grids in the city centre area during 2017. The lowest value (0.1 W/m2) was found in the low-density residential areas, public and semi-public areas, restricted areas and agricultural areas. A high positive correlation value (0.8 in 2011 and 0.72 in 2017) was found between non-residential building surface fractions and anthropogenic heat.
{"title":"Spatial Patterns of Anthropogenic Heat and Urban Density of an Indian Metropolitan City","authors":"Gitali Mandal, G. Subbaiyan","doi":"10.1177/09754253221150991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09754253221150991","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic heat intensity arises from levels of population, buildings and vehicle densities. Population and built-up densities are very high in the cities of developing countries, which may have an impact on heat generated from metabolism and buildings differently compared to developed countries. Hence, this study investigated the magnitude of anthropogenic heat in different land uses and areas with different built-up densities pertaining to Indian metropolises; Bengaluru metropolitan area was selected for this study. The maximum metabolic heat (22.8 W/m2), vehicular heat (87.2 W/m2) and building heat (443.0 W/m2) were found in the high-density residential grids and the mixed-use grids in the city centre area during 2017. The lowest value (0.1 W/m2) was found in the low-density residential areas, public and semi-public areas, restricted areas and agricultural areas. A high positive correlation value (0.8 in 2011 and 0.72 in 2017) was found between non-residential building surface fractions and anthropogenic heat.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"14 1","pages":"55 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45644656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/09754253221151103
Md. Zakir Hossain, Md. Ashiq-ur- Rahman, K. R. Rahaman, N. M. Ha-Mim, Salman F. Haque
This article investigates the reasons behind the non-migration of fishermen communities living adjacent to the Sundarbans in Bangladesh. In addition to the livelihood strategies of these communities living in the southern districts of the country, this article explores a symbiotic relationship among livelihoods, risks and natural resources in understanding the fishermen’s choice of locations in these vulnerable areas. We have adopted a mixed scientific approach method in collecting, analysing and summarizing obtained information. We have employed a triangulation schema in the study, that is, collected data from multiple sources to compare and use relevant methods to check consistencies. On analysing the data collected from field investigation, it can be concluded that a critical relationship exists among livelihoods, risks and the immobility of the fishermen community in the Sundarbans. Their non-migration can be explained between voluntary and non-voluntary movements depending on livelihoods, vulnerability and available resources. The findings reveal that households seek to mobilize resources and opportunities to combine them into a livelihood strategy which includes the following: (a) natural resource extraction; (b) diversified income generation; (c) borrowing and investment; (d) labour and asset pooling; and (e) social networking. Finally, this study concludes that this process of combining and transforming different assets for livelihood strategies can be explained as an autonomous adaptation process.
{"title":"Nexus Between Vulnerability, Livelihoods and Non-Migration Strategies Among the Fishermen Communities of Sundarbans, Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Zakir Hossain, Md. Ashiq-ur- Rahman, K. R. Rahaman, N. M. Ha-Mim, Salman F. Haque","doi":"10.1177/09754253221151103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09754253221151103","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the reasons behind the non-migration of fishermen communities living adjacent to the Sundarbans in Bangladesh. In addition to the livelihood strategies of these communities living in the southern districts of the country, this article explores a symbiotic relationship among livelihoods, risks and natural resources in understanding the fishermen’s choice of locations in these vulnerable areas. We have adopted a mixed scientific approach method in collecting, analysing and summarizing obtained information. We have employed a triangulation schema in the study, that is, collected data from multiple sources to compare and use relevant methods to check consistencies. On analysing the data collected from field investigation, it can be concluded that a critical relationship exists among livelihoods, risks and the immobility of the fishermen community in the Sundarbans. Their non-migration can be explained between voluntary and non-voluntary movements depending on livelihoods, vulnerability and available resources. The findings reveal that households seek to mobilize resources and opportunities to combine them into a livelihood strategy which includes the following: (a) natural resource extraction; (b) diversified income generation; (c) borrowing and investment; (d) labour and asset pooling; and (e) social networking. Finally, this study concludes that this process of combining and transforming different assets for livelihood strategies can be explained as an autonomous adaptation process.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"14 1","pages":"72 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44870001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/09754253231168693
Hong Kim Tran, N. Downes
Urban people and places in the Global South suffer greatly from persistent and extreme climatic events. Within the disadvantaged groups adversely affected by climate risks, women are disproportionately exposed, have higher levels of vulnerability and typically suffer the impacts because of cultural norms and their reproductive and productive roles. Although women play an important role in their family and community, they are generally ignored in climate change planning. This paper examines floods and flood-related impacts on urban women in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, to demonstrate how women are vulnerable, as well as their responses and resilience to shocks and stress caused by current flood risks within their communities. Data were collected through in-depth case studies applying qualitative methods (observation and semi-structured interviews). The results illustrate that women are less resilient as they have less access to resources and limited support for incremental livelihood improvement. The opportunities to participate in adaptation planning are limited for women. The findings demonstrate that gender inequality still remains, although women could play an active and critical role in adaptation programmes. In order to enhance women’s resilience to climatic hazards, the paper argues that urban policy planning should empower women too in the decision-making process and promote diversified resources to strengthen their resilience to climatic hazards.
{"title":"Narratives of Women’s Resilience to Flood Risks in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","authors":"Hong Kim Tran, N. Downes","doi":"10.1177/09754253231168693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09754253231168693","url":null,"abstract":"Urban people and places in the Global South suffer greatly from persistent and extreme climatic events. Within the disadvantaged groups adversely affected by climate risks, women are disproportionately exposed, have higher levels of vulnerability and typically suffer the impacts because of cultural norms and their reproductive and productive roles. Although women play an important role in their family and community, they are generally ignored in climate change planning. This paper examines floods and flood-related impacts on urban women in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, to demonstrate how women are vulnerable, as well as their responses and resilience to shocks and stress caused by current flood risks within their communities. Data were collected through in-depth case studies applying qualitative methods (observation and semi-structured interviews). The results illustrate that women are less resilient as they have less access to resources and limited support for incremental livelihood improvement. The opportunities to participate in adaptation planning are limited for women. The findings demonstrate that gender inequality still remains, although women could play an active and critical role in adaptation programmes. In order to enhance women’s resilience to climatic hazards, the paper argues that urban policy planning should empower women too in the decision-making process and promote diversified resources to strengthen their resilience to climatic hazards.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"14 1","pages":"90 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46913698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/09754253221151104
Meghna Mohandas, Vivek Puthan Purayil
In the aftermath of the Kerala floods of 2018, a model village project was proposed in the Kannankund area of Malappuram, Kerala to rehabilitate 34 families who had lost their houses. The project was awarded to a group of technical experts who proposed housing designs that prioritized the aesthetic language of the model village (Roy, 2003). While they engaged in participatory models to establish frameworks for design, the authors of this article observe that the process of participation was largely a smokescreen exercise to ‘manipulate’ beneficiaries into choosing options that were reflective of the aesthetic values central to the project (Arnstein, 1969; Burawoy, 1979). By situating community participation within analytical frameworks of public participation, this article seeks to analyse how skewed power dynamics in beneficiary engagement resulted in circumvention of community needs in the Kannankund model village project. The findings of this article hold significance in informing housing and urban planning practices in projects where participatory processes are being invoked to engage with marginalized communities.
{"title":"‘Aestheticization of Poverty’ and ‘Manufactured Consent’: How Power Imbalances Between Stakeholders Led to the Failure of the Kannankund ‘Model Village’ Housing Rehabilitation Project","authors":"Meghna Mohandas, Vivek Puthan Purayil","doi":"10.1177/09754253221151104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09754253221151104","url":null,"abstract":"In the aftermath of the Kerala floods of 2018, a model village project was proposed in the Kannankund area of Malappuram, Kerala to rehabilitate 34 families who had lost their houses. The project was awarded to a group of technical experts who proposed housing designs that prioritized the aesthetic language of the model village (Roy, 2003). While they engaged in participatory models to establish frameworks for design, the authors of this article observe that the process of participation was largely a smokescreen exercise to ‘manipulate’ beneficiaries into choosing options that were reflective of the aesthetic values central to the project (Arnstein, 1969; Burawoy, 1979). By situating community participation within analytical frameworks of public participation, this article seeks to analyse how skewed power dynamics in beneficiary engagement resulted in circumvention of community needs in the Kannankund model village project. The findings of this article hold significance in informing housing and urban planning practices in projects where participatory processes are being invoked to engage with marginalized communities.","PeriodicalId":44690,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization ASIA","volume":"14 1","pages":"142 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48842278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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