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Reimagining Urban Infrastructure for G20: India’s Mission LiFE for Sustainable Cities 为G20重塑城市基础设施:印度的可持续城市使命生活
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253231193174
Soumya Bhowmick, Dishari Chatterjee
The rapid increase in urbanization has been accompanied by an increasing population and threats posed by climate change to economic and social well-being. Hence, there is a need to reimagine urban infrastructure; it will need to withstand the effects of climate change and the burgeoning inequality in society. Such cultural and economic factors must be addressed through education and policy interventions that align with Mission Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE), which calls for a mass movement towards an environmentally conscious lifestyle. This article shall explore possibilities for India towards creating and transitioning towards resilient cities that complement the goals of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Agenda 2030 through LiFE-oriented behavioural changes, consumption and production patterns. Additionally, India’s G20 presidency has come at a crucial time when the task falls on the most populous state in the world to underline the need to reimagine city planning and urban expansion in the Global South. The G20 can use the platform offered by Urban20, a city diplomacy initiative instituted in 2017 to provide meaningful support to SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities with the aim of making cities and human settlements more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable.
伴随着城市化的快速发展,人口不断增加,气候变化对经济和社会福祉构成了威胁。因此,有必要重新构想城市基础设施;它需要承受气候变化的影响和社会中日益加剧的不平等。这些文化和经济因素必须通过教育和政策干预加以解决,这些干预应与环境生活方式使命(LiFE)相一致,该使命呼吁大众运动走向具有环境意识的生活方式。本文将探讨印度通过以生命为导向的行为改变、消费和生产模式,创建和过渡到弹性城市的可能性,以补充联合国2030年可持续发展目标(SDG)议程的目标。此外,印度担任G20轮值主席国正值关键时刻,作为世界上人口最多的国家,印度的任务落在了强调重新构想全球南方国家城市规划和城市扩张的必要性上。G20可以利用Urban20这一平台。Urban20是2017年发起的一项城市外交倡议,旨在为可持续发展目标11“可持续城市和社区”提供有意义的支持,使城市和人类住区更具包容性、韧性和可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Is Your City Too Big? Causes of Urban Primacy in India 你的城市太大了吗?印度城市主导地位的成因
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253231193129
Kala Seetharam Sridhar
In this article, we examine the degree of urban primacy and understand what explains urban primacy in the Indian states. We estimated Zipf’s law for Indian states for 2001 and 2011. We then regressed the urban population in the largest city in each state as dependent on various factors. We find Kerala had the least primacy as of 2011, whereby its biggest city contained only 5% of its urban population. Based on the second-stage regression, we find that the state per capita income, population and length of railways have a significantly negative effect on primacy, while MSME employment increases it. We examine the highway network in selected states characterized by severe primacy and find a major problem with national transport priorities. The policy implications are for improving the national highway network and rail routes in the states to increase MSME employment and increase state income to reduce primacy.
在本文中,我们考察了城市首要性的程度,并了解了印度各邦城市首要性的原因。我们估计了2001年和2011年印度各邦的齐夫定律。然后,我们根据各种因素对每个州最大城市的城市人口进行回归。我们发现,截至2011年,喀拉拉邦的首要地位最低,其最大的城市人口仅占其城市人口的5%。基于第二阶段回归,我们发现国家人均收入、人口和铁路长度对首位性有显著的负向影响,而中小微企业就业增加了首位性。我们检查了选定州的公路网,其特点是严重的首要性,并发现了国家运输优先级的主要问题。政策含义是改善各州的国家公路网和铁路线,以增加中小微企业的就业机会,增加国家收入,以减少首要地位。
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引用次数: 0
Local Economy as the Key Driver of Urbanization in the Indian Sundarbans 地方经济是印度孙德尔本斯地区城市化的关键驱动力
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253231193124
Rakes Sarkar, Gopa Samanta
The relationship between local economic development and urbanization is a vital policy concern across the world, especially in the developing countries. The local economy exhibits enormous potential in the process of transformation of a rural area into an urban one. Based on the theoretical discourse of planetary and subaltern urbanization, this article explores the role of the local economy, even in the form of banal activities, in the process of urbanization of the Indian Sundarbans, a highly vulnerable part of the Ganga–Brahmaputra delta. For this study, we have relied on two facets of local economy—that of the local market centres, and the household economy of small towns. In the local market analysis, we have analysed market details such as the growth story of entrepreneurs, the function of shops in providing services and in developing their own profit level for sustenance and further growth. Household economy has been analysed from the perspective of changes in the occupational structure, nature of employment and household income in order to understand the surplus generation and reinvestment of the same as the local capital. This article is based on an intensive field survey that used the stratified random sampling method. A total number of 240 households and 100 shops have been surveyed from four towns. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection have been followed. The article argues that the local economy plays a key role in the urbanization process of the Indian Sundarbans, as the regional economy is gradually shifting from the farm to non-farm activities.
地方经济发展与城市化之间的关系是全世界,特别是发展中国家所关注的一个重要政策问题。在农村向城市转变的过程中,地方经济显示出巨大的潜力。本文以全球城市化和次低等城市化的理论论述为基础,探讨了当地经济在印度孙德尔本斯(恒河-雅鲁藏布江三角洲的一个高度脆弱的部分)城市化过程中的作用,即使是以平庸活动的形式。在这项研究中,我们依赖于当地经济的两个方面——当地市场中心和小城镇的家庭经济。在本地市场分析中,我们分析了市场细节,例如企业家的成长故事,商店在提供服务和发展自己的利润水平以维持和进一步增长方面的功能。从职业结构、就业性质和家庭收入变化的角度对家庭经济进行了分析,以了解与地方资本相同的盈余产生和再投资。本文是基于密集的实地调查,采用分层随机抽样的方法。共有240户家庭和100家商店接受了调查。采用了定量和定性两种数据收集方法。本文认为地方经济在印度孙德尔本斯地区的城市化进程中起着关键作用,区域经济正逐渐从农业活动向非农活动转移。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding Flood Vulnerability Using Index-based Approach: A Study of Chilmari Upazila, Kurigram, Bangladesh 利用指数方法了解洪水脆弱性:孟加拉国库里格拉姆Chilmari Upazila的研究
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253231194721
Md Jahidul Islam, Md Kamrul Hasan
The lives and livelihoods of the people of Bangladesh are regularly threatened by natural disasters and climate dangers. Floods are the most common occurrence that puts people and their properties at risk. This study was conducted to assess the flood vulnerability of Chilmari upazila, which is located in Kurigram district of Bangladesh. Using a random sampling technique, primary data was obtained from 395 households in six unions of Chilmari upazila through a structured questionnaire survey. The Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI), an index-based approach, has been used to assess flood vulnerability. A set of 23 indicators has been fixed to assess four components of floods: physical, economic, social and environmental. Following this procedure, an FVI score was calculated for each of the unions (administrative unit of upazila) of Chilmari. Ashtamir Char, Nayerhat and Chilmari were designated as ‘very vulnerable’ based on the FVI study. Since these unions have relatively low levels of adjustability, coping ability and resilience, their sensitivity and vulnerability are high. Two of the unions of Chilamri are found to be highly vulnerable to floods and another to be generally vulnerable to floods. The results of the FVI analysis have been used to produce a flood vulnerability map of Chilmari upazila. As FVI consists of multi-dimensional indicators, the analysis can be used to pursue specific flood-mitigation measures in Chilmari.
孟加拉国人民的生命和生计经常受到自然灾害和气候危险的威胁。洪水是最常见的灾害,使人们及其财产处于危险之中。本研究旨在评估位于孟加拉国Kurigram区的Chilmari upazila的洪水脆弱性。采用随机抽样的方法,通过结构化的问卷调查,对Chilmari地区6个工会的395户家庭进行了初步调查。洪水脆弱性指数(FVI)是一种基于指数的洪水脆弱性评估方法。已经确定了一套23个指标来评估洪水的四个组成部分:物理、经济、社会和环境。按照这一程序,计算了Chilmari的每个工会(upazila的行政单位)的FVI分数。根据FVI的研究,Ashtamir Char、Nayerhat和Chilmari被指定为“非常脆弱”。由于这些结合的可调节性、应对能力和恢复力相对较低,因此它们的敏感性和脆弱性较高。Chilamri的两个联盟被发现极易受到洪水的影响,另一个联盟则普遍容易受到洪水的影响。FVI分析的结果已被用于制作Chilmari upazila的洪水脆弱性地图。由于植被覆盖度由多维指标组成,该分析可用于寻求Chilmari的具体防洪措施。
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引用次数: 0
Urban Households’ Investment Behaviour Towards Home Appliances in India: Do Gender and Neighbourhood Effect Matter? 印度城市家庭对家电的投资行为:性别和邻里影响是否重要?
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253231193108
Monalisa Singh, Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati
This study assesses the influence of women’s bargaining power and the peer or neighbourhood effect on urban households’ investment behaviour towards home appliances, specifically refrigerators and air conditioners. The impact of women’s bargaining power has been demonstrated in different domains, including household expenditure/investment decisions, technology and clean fuel adoption, children’s education, and so on. Since women primarily operate household appliances, for example, refrigerators, we argue that the former could impact investment decisions related to appliances. Additionally, we study the neighbourhood effect as the acquisition and choice of appliances, vehicles, and new technologies and the reduction of household energy consumption heavily rely on information from the neighbours. This communication dynamic reduces perceived social and technological uncertainties related to the product. Therefore, we hypothesise that household appliance ownership accelerates when there is increased use in the neighbourhood. Analysis based on data from the Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS, 2005 & 2012) shows that women’s education and property ownership are positively related to refrigerator and air conditioner ownership. The neighbourhood effects on the same have also been found to be positive and significant. This study, in sum, provides new insights into the factors that influence urban households’ investment behaviour towards appliances, and in terms of policy implications, these findings could be useful in the promotion of energy-efficient home appliances as we are aiming for net zero emission in the decades to come.
本研究评估了女性议价能力和同伴或邻里效应对城市家庭家电投资行为的影响,特别是冰箱和空调。妇女议价能力的影响已在不同领域得到证明,包括家庭支出/投资决定、技术和清洁燃料的采用、儿童教育等等。由于女性主要操作家用电器,例如冰箱,我们认为前者可能会影响与家电相关的投资决策。此外,我们还研究了邻居效应,因为家用电器、车辆和新技术的获取和选择以及家庭能源消耗的减少严重依赖于邻居的信息。这种交流动态减少了与产品相关的社会和技术的不确定性。因此,我们假设,当社区中家用电器的使用增加时,家用电器的拥有率会加快。基于印度人类发展调查数据的分析(IHDS, 2005 &2012)表明,女性的受教育程度和财产所有权与冰箱和空调所有权呈正相关。邻里效应也被发现是积极和显著的。总而言之,这项研究为影响城市家庭对家电投资行为的因素提供了新的见解,就政策含义而言,这些发现可能有助于推广节能家电,因为我们的目标是在未来几十年实现净零排放。
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引用次数: 0
Land Redevelopment, Real Estate and Capital in Urban Place-making: A Case Study of Siliguri, India 城市场所营造中的土地再开发、房地产与资本——以印度西里古里为例
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253231193109
Dhiraj Barman
The geographies of real estate, land redevelopment and capital play crucial roles in India’s contemporary urban place-making. There is a significant knowledge gap in understanding the role of real estate development and the linkages with capital, the pre-existing propertied business class, emerging markets, and associated aspects in the rapidly changing non-metropolitan, medium-sized cities’ (MSC) context. This study analyses urban transition in Siliguri, a fast-growing MSC in eastern India. Unlike the large megacities, real estate development here has witnessed a considerable capital shift in a speculative property market. Real estate growth is primarily led by the local business and propertied class that eventually emerged as developers. The efforts have resulted in urban place-making of newly built environments, consumption spaces and gated condos through the land redevelopment process.
房地产、土地再开发和资本的地理位置在印度当代城市场所建设中起着至关重要的作用。在快速变化的非大都市、中等城市(MSC)背景下,在理解房地产开发的作用以及与资本、已有的房地产商业阶层、新兴市场和相关方面的联系方面,存在着重大的知识差距。本研究分析了印度东部快速发展的大都市西里古里的城市转型。与大型特大城市不同,这里的房地产开发见证了投机性房地产市场中相当大的资本转移。房地产的增长主要是由最终成为开发商的本地商业和有产阶层带动的。通过土地再开发过程,这些努力导致了新建环境、消费空间和封闭式公寓的城市场所制作。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring Sustainable Urban Development: The Case of India, Europe and Germany 衡量可持续城市发展:以印度、欧洲和德国为例
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253231202397
Debolina Kundu, Pragya Sharma, Devarupa Gupta, André Mueller, Philipp Gareis
Sustainable development has become a global agenda that was institutionalized through the United Nations’ Millennium Declaration in 2000 and was later promoted by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in 2015. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as part of the 2030 Agenda emerged as a comprehensive global framework for fostering universal development, with a vision of ‘leaving no one behind’. Both India and Germany are committed towards the 2030 Agenda. In light of this commitment, this article attempts to understand the initiatives taken by both the countries and by Europe to monitor the progress towards the achievement of the targets at the local/city level. It tries to understand the challenges in an urban data ecosystem for monitoring the progress (or regress) of the SDGs within the geographies. Lastly, the article puts forward recommendations for the timely assessment of sustainability measures and it advocates for the generation of granular data on a regular basis.
可持续发展已成为一项全球议程,2000年联合国《千年宣言》将其制度化,并于2015年通过《2030年可持续发展议程》加以推动。作为《2030年议程》的一部分,可持续发展目标是促进普遍发展的全面全球框架,其愿景是“不让任何一个人掉队”。印度和德国都致力于实现2030年可持续发展议程。鉴于这一承诺,本文试图了解两国和欧洲为监测在地方/城市一级实现目标的进展情况而采取的主动行动。它试图了解城市数据生态系统在监测各地区可持续发展目标进展(或倒退)方面所面临的挑战。最后,文章提出了及时评估可持续性措施的建议,并主张定期生成细粒度数据。
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引用次数: 0
Will a Plant-based Approach Be Sufficient to Address Food Security, Nutritional Adequacy and Sustainability in the Future? 以植物为基础的方法是否足以解决未来的粮食安全、营养充足和可持续性问题?
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253231193130
Shoba Suri, Subhasree Ray
Food and nutrition insecurity threatens the long-term sustainability of our planet and is a significant socio-environmental disruptor. The growing world population is placing an increasing demand for environment-friendly, nutritious, safe food. Alongside this, diet-related diseases are also becoming increasingly prevalent. The food and agriculture system of our time emits 17.3 billion metric tonnes of carbon dioxide every year, with animal-based food production generating 57% of the total. Looking at these numbers, a growing conscience calls for a holistic food system that emphasizes saving the planet, preventing non-communicable diseases, offering food safety, ensuring nutritional adequacy, and developing sustainable food production practices. Plant-based diets are believed to solve all these problems and there is too much hype surrounding plant-based eating patterns on social media with the recent endorsement of influencers. It is undeniable that plant-based foods have tremendous future potential since they require fewer natural resources and are not detrimental to the environment. In addition, plant diets are reported to prevent and control non-communicable diseases. We propose three research questions in this context: (a) Are all plant-based foods equal in terms of health and environmental benefits? (b) Do these products meet acceptance, accessibility, and affordability requirements? (c) Does this process omit the immense nutritional benefit of other well-documented healthful dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet? We anticipate that the answers will supply valuable information to a broad range of stakeholders, including the public, global food production institutes, global nutrition bodies and researchers. Consequently, a well-rounded, economical, whole food-centred dietary approach can be formulated that will benefit us, our planet, and future generations.
粮食和营养不安全威胁着地球的长期可持续性,是一个严重的社会环境干扰因素。随着世界人口的不断增长,人们对环境友好、营养丰富、安全的食品提出了越来越大的需求。除此之外,与饮食有关的疾病也变得越来越普遍。我们这个时代的粮食和农业系统每年排放173亿吨二氧化碳,其中以动物为基础的粮食生产产生了57%的二氧化碳。看到这些数字,越来越多的良知呼吁建立一个整体的粮食系统,强调拯救地球、预防非传染性疾病、提供食品安全、确保营养充足和发展可持续的粮食生产做法。植物性饮食被认为可以解决所有这些问题,最近在社交媒体上有太多关于植物性饮食模式的炒作,还有一些有影响力的人的支持。不可否认的是,植物性食品具有巨大的未来潜力,因为它们需要较少的自然资源,而且对环境无害。此外,据报道,植物性饮食可预防和控制非传染性疾病。在这方面,我们提出三个研究问题:(a)所有植物性食品在健康和环境效益方面都是平等的吗?(b)这些产品是否符合可接受性、可获得性和可负担性要求?(c)这一过程是否忽略了其他有充分记录的健康饮食模式如地中海饮食的巨大营养价值?我们预计这些答案将为广泛的利益相关者提供有价值的信息,包括公众、全球食品生产机构、全球营养机构和研究人员。因此,一个全面的、经济的、以食物为中心的饮食方法可以被制定出来,这将有利于我们、我们的星球和子孙后代。
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引用次数: 0
Prerequisites and Factors for Effective and Efficient Implementation of Land Pooling/Reconstitution: Learnings from Asian Countries 有效和高效实施土地集中/重组的先决条件和因素:来自亚洲国家的经验
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253231193125
Jyoti Dash, P. S. N. Rao
The land pooling/readjustment (LP/R) technique has been extensively used for centuries for fostering planned urban development in various developing and developed countries. In the recent past LP/R models have emerged in several Indian states and cities as an alternate to compulsory land acquisition. These include land pooling in Raipur, Chhattisgarh through the Town Development Scheme - 2015, the land pooling policy for Delhi - 2013, land readjustment and land pooling in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra - 2014, and land pooling for Amravati, Andhra Pradesh - 2015. There are several factors that could adversely affect the implementation of LP/R projects and different situations would require different kinds of contextually relevant approaches for effective implementation of LP/R projects. Given the emerging LP/R models in several Indian states as an alternative to compulsory land acquisition, this article analyses the opportunities and constraints as recorded in literature around the world, with a focus on Asian countries, to identify the prerequisites and factors for effective and efficient implementation of the LP/R mechanism.
几个世纪以来,土地集中/再调整(LP/R)技术在许多发展中国家和发达国家被广泛用于促进有计划的城市发展。最近,LP/R模式在印度的几个邦和城市出现,作为强制征地的替代方案。其中包括通过城镇发展计划(2015年)在恰蒂斯加尔邦赖布尔进行土地集中,在德里实施土地集中政策(2013年),在马哈拉施特拉邦新孟买实施土地调整和土地集中(2014年),在安得拉邦阿姆拉瓦蒂实施土地集中(2015年)。有几个因素可能对LP/R项目的实施产生不利影响,不同的情况需要不同类型的上下文相关方法来有效实施LP/R项目。鉴于印度几个邦正在兴起的LP/R模式作为强制征地的替代方案,本文分析了世界各地文献中记录的机会和制约因素,重点是亚洲国家,以确定有效和高效实施LP/R机制的先决条件和因素。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 编辑
IF 1.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/09754253231167762
Debolina Kundu
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Environment and Urbanization ASIA
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