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A Review of the Economic Data Emanating from the Development of Central Park and Its Influence on the Construction of Early Urban Parks in the United States 中央公园发展的经济数据及其对美国早期城市公园建设的影响
IF 0.6 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-11 DOI: 10.1177/1538513220971005
J. Crompton
Financing Central Park by general taxation was controversial and precedent setting. It was justified by rationalizing that increases in property values around the Park would generate sufficient annual revenues to cover all the Park’s capital costs. Accordingly, the Central Park Commissioners provided data as “evidence” to support the success of this vehicle in their annual reports. This article shows these data were flawed. Notwithstanding their egregious inaccuracy, these Central Park data were ubiquitously reiterated in arguments to support urban parks in cities throughout the United States for eighty years from the 1860s until World War II.
通过一般税收为中央公园融资是有争议的,也是开创先例的。合理化的理由是,公园周围房地产价值的增加将产生足够的年收入来支付公园的所有资本成本。因此,中央公园专员在其年度报告中提供了数据作为“证据”,以支持该车辆的成功。这篇文章表明这些数据是有缺陷的。尽管这些中央公园的数据极不准确,但从19世纪60年代到第二次世界大战的80年里,这些数据在支持美国城市公园的论点中得到了广泛重申。
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引用次数: 5
Book Review: Race for Profit: How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black Homeownership 书评:利润竞赛:银行和房地产行业如何破坏黑人住房所有权
IF 0.6 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-04 DOI: 10.1177/1538513220974655
Veronica E. Brown, Andrew H. Whittemore
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引用次数: 0
New York’s Tenements: The Untold Story of Immigrant Builders, Architects, and Financiers 纽约的公寓:移民建造者、建筑师和金融家不为人知的故事
IF 0.6 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-26 DOI: 10.1177/1538513220974450
Robin B. Williams
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引用次数: 0
The Bicentennial and the Battle over DC’s Downtown Redevelopment during the 1970s 20世纪70年代,二百周年纪念和华盛顿市中心重建之争
IF 0.6 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/1538513219893356
Lauren Pearlman
Few studies of post–World War II, Washington, DC, focus on the development decisions local black officials made following the passage of limited home rule measures during the 1960s–1970s. This article uses the 1976 Bicentennial as a lens to study the divisions that urban development sowed locally while the city’s government was in transition. It focuses on one of the most deeply divisive projects contested during the Bicentennial, the construction of a convention center in Downtown DC, and argues that a new coalition of stakeholders used the Bicentennial to implement a prodevelopment agenda at the expense of the city’s black residents.
很少有关于二战后华盛顿特区的研究关注当地黑人官员在20世纪60年代至70年代通过有限的自治措施后做出的发展决策。本文以1976年二百周年为视角,研究城市发展在城市政府转型期间在当地造成的分裂。它关注的是二百周年纪念期间争论最激烈的项目之一,即在华盛顿市中心建造一个会议中心,并认为一个新的利益相关者联盟利用二百周年纪念来实施一项以牺牲该市黑人居民为代价的促发议程。
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引用次数: 1
The Long Way from Farm to Table: The Evolution of the United States’ Wholesale Food Business 《从农场到餐桌的漫漫长路:美国食品批发业务的演变》
IF 0.6 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.1177/1538513220959663
Sophie Kelmenson
The development of wholesale markets fundamentally changed food provisioning in the United States. Because of this system, food today may travel around the world before it is eaten, requiring handling by untold numbers of workers and companies as well as technologies to safely store and transport it. Cities are tied up in the story of global food supply chains, as they are the endpoint for the majority of consumption. The transition to food provisioning via wholesale markets was a dramatic shift that is important for understanding food systems today, yet, with few exceptions, the new and growing subfield of food systems planning has not much examined its history. Movable Markets: Food Wholesaling in the Twentieth-Century City, by Helen Tangires, shrinks this gap by documenting the forms and spatial layouts of evolving wholesale markets across the United States over the course of the twentieth century. Tangires’ first book documented a proliferation of food retail stores in nineteenth-century cities as a result of deregulation. This sequel explores the rise of food wholesalers to supply these retail outlets. More specifically, the book investigates how, after food provisioning evolved into an activity that took up ample (and valuable) real estate, cities extricated wholesale markets from their downtowns and reconstructed them as invisible and peripheral to the city’s infrastructure. Tangires argues that the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) “was the ‘visible hand’ that guaranteed the movable feast” (p. 14) by setting the conditions and orchestrating resources in order to shift the wholesaling food system into developments designed from scratch for the modern era. To tell this story, Tangires focuses on the role that the USDA played in the fight over the future of the urban wholesale market. The depth of research is extensive and often includes fascinating images and illustrations of USDA’s work. Tangires characterizes the development of food wholesale provisioning in terms of three eras, which also make up the three parts of the book. Each chapter provides examples from various cities, with the arcs of New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Baltimore wholesale markets described in bits and pieces throughout. A wide range of terms are used to refer to actors in the wholesale sector, reflecting the diversity of people involved in the industry and the dramatic shifts it underwent. The terms are primarily undefined, in part, because they were inconsistently used historically and because they evolved over time. Nonetheless, it can add confusion. The story primarily features white men, and Tangires notes their xenophobic Journal of Planning History
批发市场的发展从根本上改变了美国的食品供应。由于这个系统,今天的食物在被食用之前可能会在世界各地旅行,需要无数的工人和公司处理,以及安全储存和运输的技术。城市与全球食品供应链紧密相连,因为它们是大多数消费的终点。通过批发市场向食品供应的过渡是一个戏剧性的转变,这对于理解今天的食品系统很重要,然而,除了少数例外,食品系统规划的新兴和不断增长的子领域并没有对其历史进行太多的研究。Helen Tangires的《流动市场:二十世纪城市的食品批发》通过记录整个二十世纪美国批发市场的形式和空间布局,缩小了这一差距。Tangires的第一本书记录了19世纪城市中食品零售店的激增,这是放松管制的结果。这个续集探讨了食品批发商的崛起,以供应这些零售网点。更具体地说,这本书调查了在食品供应演变成一种占用大量(且有价值的)房地产的活动后,城市如何将批发市场从市中心抽离出来,并将其重建为城市基础设施的隐形和外围。Tangires认为,美国农业部(USDA)“是保证移动盛宴的‘看得见的手’”(第14页),通过设定条件和协调资源,将批发食品系统转变为为现代时代从零开始设计的发展。为了讲述这个故事,Tangires着重于美国农业部在城市批发市场未来的斗争中所扮演的角色。研究的深度是广泛的,通常包括美国农业部工作的迷人图像和插图。Tangires从三个时代的角度描述了食品批发供应的发展,这也构成了本书的三个部分。每一章都提供了来自不同城市的例子,纽约、费城、芝加哥和巴尔的摩批发市场的弧线在整个过程中都有零星的描述。广泛的术语用于指代批发行业的参与者,反映了该行业参与者的多样性以及它所经历的巨大变化。这些术语基本上没有定义,部分原因是它们在历史上的使用不一致,而且随着时间的推移而演变。然而,它可能会增加混乱。这个故事主要以白人男性为主角,Tangires注意到他们排外的计划史杂志
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Shantytown, USA: Forgotten Landscapes of the Working Poor 书评:《美国的棚户区:工作的穷人被遗忘的风景》
IF 0.6 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.1177/1538513220959666
E. Goetz
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Modern Coliseum: Stadiums and American CultureCity of Dreams: Dodger Stadium and the Birth of Modern Los Angeles 书评:《现代体育馆:体育场馆与美国文化》《梦想之城:道奇体育场与现代洛杉矶的诞生》
IF 0.6 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-13 DOI: 10.1177/1538513220946034
M. Galinsky
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引用次数: 0
Makers Mark: New Works Deepen the Field of Suburban History 创客印记:新作品深化郊区历史领域
IF 0.6 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-06 DOI: 10.1177/1538513220946035
Meredith Drake Reitan
In the Afterword of Making Suburbia: New Histories of Everyday America, Margaret Crawford identifies three areas of research that expand our understanding of suburban landscapes in the United States. The first is a focus on individual voices. Through oral histories, biographical and ethnographic work, Crawford encourages us to “zoom in for close-ups” of our subjects’ lives (p. 383). She also argues that research centered on habitation—the interaction between the places that people occupy and the people who occupy those places—is more valuable than a focus on either of these aspects separately. In the context of suburbia, a study of habitation blends the analysis of housing production and consumption. In doing so, it offers insights into a domestic arena that is often assumed to be disconnected from the public realm. Finally, Crawford recommends that we study suburban imaginaries, where tangible and intangible experiences of the built environment coalesce into collective representations. Investigations that uncover the ingredients of these imaginaries enable us to know suburbia more deeply and to appreciate the complexities of specific places. The contributors to Making Suburbia address each of these themes individually and as a group. In Tastemaker: Elizabeth Gordon, House Beautiful and the Postwar American Home, Monica Penick deftly weaves together all three themes. TasteMaker is at once a biography, a history of domestic architecture, and a study in taste formation. The book’s principal subject is Elizabeth Gordon, the post–World War II editor of House Beautiful magazine. Born in Indiana in 1906, Gordon attended the University of Chicago in the 1920s. After a brief period teaching high school, she moved to New York City where she worked in an advertising agency and wrote freelance for magazines. Gordon focused her writing on housing and was eventually hired by Good Housekeeping where she became a “recognized authority” on the topic (p. 7). In 1941, Gordon was appointed editor in chief of House Beautiful, a role she held until 1964. Under Gordon’s leadership, the magazine’s circulation grew from less than 250,000 to close to a million, making it one of the most popular shelter magazines in the United States. The biographical focus on Gordon is somewhat complicated by how little we know about her life. Gordon left no diary, and despite significant professional accomplishments, she remains an elusive individual. The woman can only be understood through her work, and so, Penick sets out to find Elizabeth Gordon in the pages of House Beautiful. Journal of Planning History
Margaret Crawford在《创造郊区:美国日常新历史》的后记中指出了三个研究领域,这些领域扩大了我们对美国郊区景观的理解。第一个是关注个人声音。通过口述历史、传记和民族志工作,克劳福德鼓励我们“放大特写”我们的受试者的生活(第383页)。她还认为,以居住为中心的研究——人们居住的地方和居住这些地方的人之间的互动——比单独关注这两个方面更有价值。在郊区的背景下,居住研究融合了对住房生产和消费的分析。在这样做的过程中,它提供了对一个经常被认为与公共领域脱节的国内舞台的见解。最后,克劳福德建议我们研究郊区的想象,在那里,建筑环境的有形和无形体验结合成集体表征。调查揭示了这些想象的成分,使我们能够更深入地了解郊区,并了解特定地方的复杂性。《Making Suburbia》的撰稿人分别和作为一个小组讨论了这些主题中的每一个。在《品味制造者:伊丽莎白·戈登》、《美丽之家》和《战后美国之家》中,莫妮卡·佩尼克巧妙地将这三个主题交织在一起。《品味制造者》既是一本传记,也是一部国内建筑史,也是一本关于品味形成的研究。这本书的主题是伊丽莎白·戈登,二战后《美丽之家》杂志的编辑。戈登1906年出生于印第安纳州,20世纪20年代就读于芝加哥大学。在短暂的高中教学后,她搬到了纽约市,在那里她在一家广告公司工作,并为杂志撰写自由撰稿。戈登的写作重点是住房,最终被Good housing聘用,成为该主题的“公认权威”(第7页)。1941年,戈登被任命为《美丽之家》的主编,直到1964年。在戈登的领导下,该杂志的发行量从不足25万份增长到近100万份,成为美国最受欢迎的收容所杂志之一。对戈登的传记关注有点复杂,因为我们对她的生活知之甚少。戈登没有留下日记,尽管她在职业上取得了重大成就,但她仍然是一个难以捉摸的人。这个女人只能通过她的作品来理解,因此,佩尼克开始在《美丽的房子》中寻找伊丽莎白·戈登。规划史杂志
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引用次数: 0
Vienna’s Ringstrasse: A Spatial Manifestation of Sociopolitical Values 维也纳的Ringstrasse:社会批判价值观的空间表现
IF 0.6 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.1177/1538513220943146
T. Winkler
If we agree with Ananya Roy’s claim that planning’s epistemic roots are grounded in liberalism—which is riddled with inherent ethicopolitical tensions—then it might be worth our while to explore some of the spatial consequences of this grounding. The implementation of Vienna’s Ringstrasse serves as an excellent case example for such an exploration. On the one hand, it consists of an array of monumental public buildings that resemble material expressions of freedom and individuality. Yet, for this development to be realized in the first place, some form of intervention was necessary despite liberalism’s subscription to noninterventionism. Lessons learned from revisiting the Ringstrasse project might then prove illuminating for our contemporary era of “hyperliberalism.”
如果我们同意Ananya Roy的主张,即规划的认知根源是建立在自由主义的基础上的——自由主义充满了内在的伦理政治紧张——那么我们可能值得花时间去探索这种基础的一些空间后果。维也纳环城大街的实施是这种探索的一个很好的例子。一方面,它由一系列纪念性的公共建筑组成,这些建筑类似于自由和个性的物质表达。然而,为了首先实现这一发展,尽管自由主义支持不干涉主义,但某种形式的干预是必要的。从重新审视Ringstrasse项目中获得的经验教训可能会对我们当代的“超自由主义”时代有所启发。
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引用次数: 1
Will Kyiv’s Soviet Industrial Districts Survive? A Study of Transformation, Preservation, and Demolition of Industrial Heritage in Ukraine’s Capital 基辅的苏联工业区能否幸存?乌克兰首都工业遗产的改造、保护和拆除研究
IF 0.6 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-27 DOI: 10.1177/1538513220939092
A. Ponomaryova, Brent D. Ryan
In the 1930s and 1940s, multiple five-year Soviet plans for national industrialization transformed Ukraine’s capital Kyiv (Russian Kiev) into a dramatic industrial metropolis. By 1960, Kyiv was a core industrial city with renovated prerevolutionary factories and massive new industrial enterprises. Ukraine’s 1991 independence threatened industrial complexes with demolition for retail, residential, and office uses. We examine Kyiv’s Soviet industrial legacy as prescribed in master plans of 1936 and 1947, and successive five-year plans. We profile five significant industrial complexes and their divergent fates today. We call for future transformations of Kyiv’s monumental Soviet industrial enterprises with enhanced awareness of heritage value.
在20世纪30年代和40年代,苏联的多个国家工业化五年计划将乌克兰首都基辅(俄罗斯基辅)转变为一个引人注目的工业大都市。到1960年,基辅已成为一个核心工业城市,拥有经过翻新的进化前工厂和大量新的工业企业。乌克兰1991年的独立威胁到工业综合体的零售、住宅和办公用途的拆除。我们按照1936年和1947年的总体规划以及连续的五年计划的规定,研究基辅的苏联工业遗产。我们介绍了五个重要的工业综合体及其今天不同的命运。我们呼吁未来对基辅具有里程碑意义的苏联工业企业进行改造,提高对遗产价值的认识。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Journal of Planning History
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