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SISTEM BANGUNAN RUMAH TRADISIONAL DI KAMPUNG ADAT BADUY LUAR KADU KETUG, KABUPATEN LEBAK, BANTEN
Pub Date : 2019-07-25 DOI: 10.32734/KORIDOR.V10I1.1384
Andi Harapan
Traditional occupancy is something interesting to observe, especially when there are different types of dwellings in the residence, which illustrate the diversity of the culture and local knowledge of the people. Kadu Ketug Outer Baduy Traditional Village is a traditional village that has different residential patterns, where in this village, there are various types of traditional houses that show a wealth of traditions and carpentry technology, which are applied to the system of these houses. This mapping of traditional houses, as a form of intellectual property investment that is expressed in local knowledge, is very necessary to do with research and knowledge that can be applied to the development of technology in architectural technology. This paper will discuss the systems of traditional Baduy Kadu Ketug houses that were elaborated by descriptive analytical methods, from the results of field surveys and measurements in the field. The method of data collection was carried out by field surveys and interviews with traditional leaders and village communities, as well as recording through photographs and sketches of the buildings surveyed. The findings obtained indicate that the traditional house of the Outer Baduy Traditional Village of Kadu Ketug is an integral part of the Baduy Indigenous Village as a whole. This can be seen from the building layout, the building connection system, the use of materials, and the details of the building. The system of traditional houses in Kampung Luar Kadu Ketug implies a traditional Indonesian house hierarchy, which contains 3 parts, namely the lower part as the foot, the middle part as the body and the upper part as the head.
观察传统的居住是一件有趣的事情,特别是当住宅中有不同类型的住宅时,这说明了文化的多样性和人们的地方知识。Kadu Ketug Outer Baduy传统村是一个有着不同居住模式的传统村庄,在这个村庄里,有各种类型的传统房屋,这些房屋展示了丰富的传统和木工技术,这些技术应用于这些房屋的系统中。这种传统房屋的映射,作为一种以当地知识表达的知识产权投资形式,非常有必要与研究和知识有关,这些研究和知识可以应用于建筑技术的技术发展。本文将根据实地调查和实地测量的结果,通过描述性分析方法阐述传统Baduy Kadu Ketug房屋的系统。数据收集的方法是通过实地调查和对传统领导人和村庄社区的访谈,以及通过照片和草图记录所调查的建筑物。所获得的调查结果表明,Kadu Ketug的外Baduy传统村的传统房屋是整个Baduy土著村庄的组成部分。这可以从建筑布局、建筑连接系统、材料的使用以及建筑的细节上看出来。Kampung Luar Kadu Ketug的传统房屋体系暗示了一种传统的印度尼西亚房屋等级制度,它包含三个部分,即下部为脚,中部为身体,上部为头部。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluation Of Evacuation Routes And Fire Prevention Management On High Rise Buildings (Case Study: Millenium ICT Center, Medan) 高层建筑疏散路径与防火管理评价(以棉兰千禧ICT中心为例)
Pub Date : 2019-07-25 DOI: 10.32734/KORIDOR.V10I2.1392
Novrial, G. Ginting
In the form of evacuation routes, safety handling must be prioritized especially in high-rise buildings. When the fire occurs, the most important thing apart from extinguishing the fire is to bring the occupants out of the building as soon as possible to prevent any casualties. It is necessary to take effective, efficient and integrated fire hazard prevention measures in a management system so that its implementation and renewal can follow the needs. This is also regulated in building regulations and is technically regulated in the Indonesian National Standard. Shopping center building is for example. Shopping center should put more attention to the accessibility aspects of evacuation routes for users. The scoping study of Millennium ICT Center includes the existence of facilities and infrastructure for evacuation and fire management of buildings, evacuation time of building residents, using descriptive study methods with quantitative analytical, and simulation methods using Rockwell Arena Simulation Software. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of accessibility to facilities, infrastructure, and building fire management of Millennium ICT Center as well as evacuation route travel time meet the requirements, safety and comfort standards of building users.
在疏散路线的形式上,必须优先考虑安全处理,特别是高层建筑。当火灾发生时,除了灭火外,最重要的是将住户尽快带出建筑物,以防止人员伤亡。有必要在管理体系中采取有效、高效和综合的火灾危害预防措施,使其实施和更新能够跟上需要。这在建筑法规中也有规定,在印尼国家标准中也有规定。比如购物中心大楼。购物中心应更加注重用户疏散路线的可达性。千禧ICT中心的范围研究包括建筑物疏散和消防管理的设施和基础设施的存在,建筑物居民的疏散时间,使用定量分析的描述性研究方法,以及使用罗克韦尔Arena仿真软件的模拟方法。本研究旨在评估千禧ICT中心设施、基础设施的可达性、建筑物消防管理的有效性,以及疏散路线行程时间是否符合建筑物使用者的要求、安全和舒适标准。
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引用次数: 0
TRANSFORMASI RUANG AKIBAT KONFLIK 冲突产生的空间变化
Pub Date : 2019-07-25 DOI: 10.32734/KORIDOR.V10I1.1381
Agung Wahyudi, Imam Buchori, Joesron Alie Sjahbana
The transformation of space in architecture due to conflicts of interest, has not been studied much, so that architecture is used as a benchmark for understanding quality, marking the ownership or power of a group towards space. With a case study of conflicts of interest in the Kuta Bali tourist area, and by applying the land reconstruction method, it was found a process of changing space and its impact on the people of Kuta in particular and for Bali tourism in general, because Kuta is a major tourist destination. In this study will refine the theory of the description of architectural processes of space change due to conflicts of interest. Findings about inter-disciplinary research methods, bridging architectural science with its supporting sciences (sociology, psychology, anthropology). The role of architecture will support an alternative concept in the process of changing space due to conflicts of interest, as well as spatial planning that experiences dynamic and multi-dimensionalchanges.
由于利益冲突,建筑中空间的转变并没有得到太多的研究,因此建筑被用作理解质量的基准,标志着一个群体对空间的所有权或权力。通过对库塔巴厘岛旅游区利益冲突的案例研究,并通过应用土地重建方法,发现了空间变化的过程及其对库塔人民的影响,特别是对巴厘岛旅游业的影响,因为库塔是一个主要的旅游目的地。在本研究中,将细化的理论描述空间变化的建筑过程中,由于利益冲突。关于跨学科研究方法的发现,将建筑科学与其支持科学(社会学,心理学,人类学)联系起来。建筑的角色将在由于利益冲突而改变空间的过程中支持另一种概念,以及经历动态和多维变化的空间规划。
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引用次数: 0
Application Of Neo Vernacular Architecture In Tongging Agrotourism Planning 新乡土建筑在铜庆农业旅游规划中的应用
Pub Date : 2019-07-25 DOI: 10.32734/KORIDOR.V10I2.1351
D. Lindarto, P. Joel
Tongging is a village in the Lake Toba region that located in the District of Merek, Karo Regency. Tongging Village is famous for its panoramic beauty and the local potential of agriculture and fisheries. With various potentials owned by Tongging Village, a place is needed that can accommodate this potential. Tongging Agrotourism is a place to carry local potential in Tongging Village. Agrotourism is designed to attract more tourists while developing the local potential in Tongging Village. Design with Neo Vernacular Architecture approach to re-apply local cultural elements to optimize their potential. The neo vernacular architectural approach process uses transformation and modifications methods to the physical and non-physical aspects. The architectural aspect adopted as neo vernacular approach is the Karo settlement pattern, circulation, mass, and space program. Tongging Agrotourism has various facilities that support tourism activities at Tongging Village, including rice fields and fish cages, main buildings, cottages, restaurants, processing plants, and research and development areas.
铜锣村是多巴湖地区的一个村庄,位于卡罗摄政的Merek区。铜锣村以其全景美景和当地农业和渔业的潜力而闻名。铜锣村拥有各种潜力,需要一个能够容纳这些潜力的地方。铜庆农业旅游是铜庆村发挥地方潜力的地方。农业旅游旨在吸引更多的游客,同时开发铜锣村的当地潜力。采用新乡土建筑的设计方法,重新运用当地文化元素,优化其潜力。新乡土建筑的方法过程对物质和非物质方面使用转换和修改的方法。建筑方面采用的新乡土方法是卡罗聚落模式、交通、体量和空间计划。铜庆农业旅游在铜庆村有多种配套设施,包括稻田和鱼笼、主体建筑、村舍、餐厅、加工厂、研发区等。
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引用次数: 0
Study Of Vernacular Spaces (Case Study: Contemporary Javanese House) 乡土空间研究(以当代爪哇民居为例)
Pub Date : 2019-07-25 DOI: 10.32734/KORIDOR.V10I2.1393
M. N. Loebis, Sarika Nuraini
As the development era, vernacular architecture in a traditional Javanese house transformed into a contemporary Javanese village of Meranti Aek Nabara. Physical changes occur in spatial patterns beyond is the management of the front page, back, and sides, while the spatial pattern in is the type and quantity of space, an organization of space, orientation, and patterns of circulation. The purpose of this research is to find out the changes and the causes of such changes, aspects influenced. The research was carried out with the observation in the field, and in-depth interviews with respondents. Research methods a descriptive qualitative approach. On the management front page, the side and rear and spatial patterns in, almost all occurring changes.
随着时代的发展,传统爪哇房屋中的乡土建筑变成了当代爪哇村庄Meranti Aek Nabara。物理变化发生在空间格局上,超越了对首页、背面和侧面的管理,而空间格局则是空间的类型和数量,空间的组织、方向和流通模式。本研究的目的是找出这些变化以及这些变化的原因,受影响的方面。本研究采用实地观察和深度访谈的方式进行。研究方法采用描述性定性方法。在管理首页、侧面和背面以及空间格局中,几乎都发生了变化。
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引用次数: 0
The Implementation Of Green Architecture In Music Center Building 绿色建筑在音乐中心建筑中的实施
Pub Date : 2019-07-25 DOI: 10.32734/KORIDOR.V10I2.1353
D. D. Harisdani, W. Tantri
Green architecture can be implemented on the design of a music center building in Medan, Indonesia. The effectiveness of the studying process is related to the environment of the study places created through the implementation of green architecture into a natural, comfortable and tranquil environment both in and outside of the building. With this implementation, an energy-efficient building is designed which supports the development of the city’s green area. To design the building itself, the architectural and non –architectural design stages are carried out by analyzing through various libraries and media as a consideration in solving design problems. The design of this building is related to the orientation of the building itself which utilizes natural lightning, attention to the direction of wind to create natural air circulation, provision of parking spaces and open spaces for convenience and the reuse of water resources which is a green architectural concept that is implemented in urban area’s buildings.
绿色建筑可以在印尼棉兰市的音乐中心建筑设计中实施。学习过程的有效性与学习场所的环境有关,通过将绿色建筑实施到建筑内外自然,舒适和宁静的环境中。通过这种实施,节能建筑被设计出来,支持城市绿地的发展。为了设计建筑本身,通过各种图书馆和媒体进行分析,进行建筑和非建筑设计阶段,作为解决设计问题的考虑因素。该建筑的设计与建筑本身的朝向有关,利用自然闪电,关注风的方向以创造自然的空气流通,提供停车位和开放空间以方便,水资源的再利用,这是在城市地区建筑中实施的绿色建筑理念。
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引用次数: 0
MODEL PENGEMBANGAN KAMPUS TEMATIK DALAM KAWASAN AGROTEKNO PARK
Pub Date : 2019-07-25 DOI: 10.32734/KORIDOR.V10I1.1387
BambangSoemardiono, Iwan Adi Indrawan, Nurfahmi Muchlis
The Agro Techno Park area in North Gresik is a proposal developed by the local government with master plan design concepts with a theme that combines industry and campus based on education and research (Erica Campus). With strong potential supported by infrastructure plans for the development of north Gresik, this area has the potential to be developed. Research problems that arise are aspects of what aspects need to be considered in structuring these thematic clusters and how the criteria that help strengthen campus development planning concepts in the long term. Hanyang University is one example of the Erica campus cluster in south Korea that applies new standards and is recognized as a school that actively collaborates with industry. This cluster must have a strong and specific peculiarity because it is in the agro-industrial region so that in its footprint other than the mass, circulation and open space. There are special needs that need to be studied in depth so that the concept of merging is achieved to develop conceptual directives in the form of thematic campus development models
北Gresik的农业科技园区域是由当地政府提出的总体规划设计概念,其主题是结合基于教育和研究的工业和校园(Erica campus)。北格列西克的基础设施发展计划支持了该地区的强大潜力,该地区具有开发潜力。由此产生的研究问题是,在构建这些专题集群时需要考虑哪些方面,以及如何制定有助于加强长期校园发展规划概念的标准。汉阳大学是应用新标准的韩国Erica校园集群的一个例子,被公认为是积极与产业合作的学校。这个集群必须有一个强大的和特定的特性,因为它是在农业工业区域,所以在它的足迹,除了群众,流通和开放空间。有特殊的需要,需要深入研究,以实现融合的概念,以主题校园发展模式的形式制定概念指令
{"title":"MODEL PENGEMBANGAN KAMPUS TEMATIK DALAM KAWASAN AGROTEKNO PARK","authors":"BambangSoemardiono, Iwan Adi Indrawan, Nurfahmi Muchlis","doi":"10.32734/KORIDOR.V10I1.1387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/KORIDOR.V10I1.1387","url":null,"abstract":"The Agro Techno Park area in North Gresik is a proposal developed by the local government with master plan design concepts with a theme that combines industry and campus based on education and research (Erica Campus). With strong potential supported by infrastructure plans for the development of north Gresik, this area has the potential to be developed. Research problems that arise are aspects of what aspects need to be considered in structuring these thematic clusters and how the criteria that help strengthen campus development planning concepts in the long term. Hanyang University is one example of the Erica campus cluster in south Korea that applies new standards and is recognized as a school that actively collaborates with industry. This cluster must have a strong and specific peculiarity because it is in the agro-industrial region so that in its footprint other than the mass, circulation and open space. There are special needs that need to be studied in depth so that the concept of merging is achieved to develop conceptual directives in the form of thematic campus development models","PeriodicalId":447776,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Koridor","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116344142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
DESIGNING BEACHSIDE RESORT AT PANTAI INDAH KALANGAN, CENTRAL TAPANULI WITH VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE APPROACHMENT 设计海滨度假胜地潘泰indah kalangan,中央塔帕努里与乡土建筑的方法
Pub Date : 2019-01-30 DOI: 10.32734/KORIDOR.V10I1.1379
I. F. Pane, Maria Isabella Zebua
Central Tapanuli is known for many stunning tourist locations, mainly its stretch of beach so that it becomes a great potential as an area of tourism with adequate accommodation as well as resorts. Some problems in the design resort that attract the attention and interest of tourist to come, how to design space programs according to human needs in it, and how to design buildings that are responsive to local climate, cultural and social conditions. From these problems, it is intended to create resorts with a variety of recreational facilities, design inner spaces and outdoor spaces according to resorts needs and local wisdom, and can introduce local culture to foreign tourists through resort design. Therefore, the research conducted by collecting existing location information, literature studies, comparative studies, and field surveys. After doing each step above, the result obtained, namely the design of the Beachside Resort using vernacular architecture, which is applied to each form of resort building, ranging from hotel, restaurant, cottages, spa and sauna, and other supporting facilities, using the types of the Central Tapanuli household, combined with the application of “Dalihan Natolu”. By obtaining these result, it is expected to become tourism locations and become a positive response in bringing back the traditional architecture of Central Tapanuli.
塔帕努里中央以许多令人惊叹的旅游景点而闻名,主要是它的海滩延伸,因此它成为一个具有足够住宿和度假胜地的旅游地区的巨大潜力。度假区设计中一些吸引游客关注和兴趣的问题,如何根据度假区的人的需求设计空间方案,如何设计适应当地气候、文化和社会条件的建筑。从这些问题出发,旨在打造具有多种娱乐设施的度假村,根据度假村需求和当地智慧设计内部空间和室外空间,并通过度假村设计向外国游客介绍当地文化。因此,本研究通过收集现有的地理位置信息、文献研究、比较研究和实地调查等方法进行。在做了以上每一步之后,得到的结果是,海滨度假酒店的设计使用了乡土建筑,并将其应用于度假村建筑的每一种形式,从酒店、餐厅、别墅、水疗和桑拿,以及其他配套设施,使用了中央塔帕努里的家庭类型,并结合了“达利汉Natolu”的应用。通过获得这些成果,它有望成为旅游景点,并成为恢复中央塔帕努里传统建筑的积极回应。
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引用次数: 0
BERASTAGI HOTEL RESORT DESIGN (NEO-VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DESIGN APPROACH) Berastagi酒店度假设计(新乡土建筑设计方法)
Pub Date : 2019-01-30 DOI: 10.32734/KORIDOR.V10I1.1380
Andre Sebayang, M. Siagian
Berastagi is one of the tourist destinations in North Sumatera. The increasing number of tourists visiting and lodging is lacking. Therefore adequate it is required for the convenience of tourists. Hotel Resort Berastagi can accommodate so that the tourists who stay in Berastagi can feel and enjoy the beauty of Berastagi. The methodology used is collecting data by field survey, interview, literature, and comparative study. The results of the analysis will be processed into design and planning concepts in measurable working drawings. With a three-star hotel classification, the number of rooms is 100, and five different types of them can accommodate the visitors. The hotel also allows recreational facilities that are comfortable and appealing for them such as, swimming pool, meeting areas, and sports Centre areas. Addition, to enjoying the beauty of Berastagi, this hotel is also allowed to introduce the charm Karo Tribe culture. To keep the cultural tour, the hotel applies the theme of Neo-Vernacular Architecture. The concept used is from the Siwaluh Jabu Traditional House, namely the Karo House which is designed to keep up with the modernization of the current era so that it is not considered outdated. By applying the theme, This Hotel is expected to preserve local culture. Other than that the hotel can provide a special attraction for the tourists who visit Berastagi.
Berastagi是北苏门答腊的旅游胜地之一。越来越多的游客来旅游和住宿是缺乏的。因此,为了方便游客,需要足够的交通工具。酒店度假村Berastagi可以容纳,让游客谁留在Berastagi可以感受到和享受美丽的Berastagi。采用实地调查法、访谈法、文献法和比较研究法收集资料。分析的结果将在可测量的工作图纸中被处理成设计和规划概念。酒店为三星级,客房数量为100间,有5种不同类型的客房可供游客住宿。酒店还允许娱乐设施,舒适和吸引他们,如游泳池,会议区,和体育中心区域。除此之外,在享受Berastagi美景的同时,酒店还可以介绍迷人的Karo部落文化。为了保持文化旅游,酒店采用了新乡土建筑的主题。所使用的概念来自Siwaluh Jabu传统住宅,即Karo住宅,旨在跟上当前时代的现代化,因此它不会被认为是过时的。通过运用主题,本酒店希望保留当地文化。除此之外,酒店还可以为参观贝拉斯塔吉的游客提供特别的吸引力。
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引用次数: 0
BANGUNAN BERSEJARAH DI KAWASAN KESAWAN DAN LAPANGAN MERDEKA MENDUKUNG AKTIVITAS PENGEMBANGAN WILAYAH DI KOTA MEDAN 世界各地的历史建筑和自由区支持棉田地区的发展活动
Pub Date : 2018-07-15 DOI: 10.32734/KORIDOR.V9I2.1376
Yuanita F. D. Sidabutar, Sirojuzilam, Suwardi, Rujiman
Medan merupakan salah satu kota di Indonesia yang kaya dengan potensi peninggalan bangunan bersejarah baik warisan kolonial Belanda maupun kerajaan yang berjaya pada masa lalu. Untuk menghindari semakin merosotnya fisik, fungsi dan karakter visual kawasan pusat kota lama ini, diperlukan upaya inovatif yaitu dengan cara menghidupkan kembali suasana lingkungan agar tidak semakin pudar. Kawasan Kesawan dan Lapangan Merdeka dianggap keberadaannya dapat mewakili bangunan bersejarah di Kota Medan, dengan memiliki potensi dari segi arsitektur pada bangunannya dan di kawasan inilah munculnya aktivitas baru dalam menghidupkan kembali suasana lingkungan dan sekitarnya seperti aktivitas bisnis, sarana hiburan dan wisata bagi masyarakat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik Kawasan Kesawan dan Kawasan Lapangan Merdeka dalam pemanfaatan/pelestarian bangunan bersejarah sehingga keberadaannya berpotensi terhadap aktivitas bisnis serta untuk mengkaji sejauhmana faktor tenaga kerja, jumlah jenis dagangan, jumlah pengunjung dan pelayanan pengunjung berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan pedagang di ” Kawasan Kesawan dan Merdeka Walk”. Metoda analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda.Obyek dalam penelitian ini adalah bangunan bersejarah yang dilestarikan berdasarkan Perda No. 6 Tahun 1988, berada di sepanjang Kawasan Kesawan dan bangunan di sekitar Lapangan Merdeka. Sedangkan yang menjadi populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh masyarakat yang terdiri dari pemilik bangunan, pedagang/pengusaha dan pengunjung yang beraktivitas bisnis di ” Kawasan Kesawan dan Merdeka Walk”.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) pemanfaatan keberadaan bangunan bersejarah di “Kawasan Kesawan” dan “Kawasan Lapangan Merdeka” berfungsi sebagai “Museum Terbuka” untuk masyarakat yang ingin menambah pengetahuannya tentang warisan sejarah di kota Medan dan memiliki nilai jual dari sudut visualisasinya dalam memperkenalkan nilai-nilai sejarah perkembangan arsitektur bangunannya, (2) perkembangan pembangunan yang pesat di “Kawasan Kesawan” dan “Kawasan Lapangan Merdeka” menuntut adanya suatu pelestarian baik preservasi maupun konservasi, sehingga hal ini dapat dijadikan suatu aset komersial bagi kegiatan pariwisata, (3) tenaga kerja, jumlah jenis dagangan, jumlah pengunjung, dan pelayanan pengunjung berpengaruh secara signifikan dalam meningkatkan pendapatan pedagang di “Kawasan Kesawan” dan “Merdeka Walk”, (4) Kawasan Kesawan dan Lapangan Merdeka saat ini dapat dijadikan alternatif untuk peningkatan pendapatan asli daerah (PAD) melalui berbagai pungutan, retribusi yang diperoleh karena kawasan ini dijadikan salah satu pusat kuliner di kota Medan.
棉兰是印度尼西亚为数众多的城市之一,其历史遗迹既有荷兰殖民遗产,也有昔日繁荣的帝国。为了避免旧城区区域的身体、功能和视觉特征的恶化,需要创新的努力来恢复环境气氛,以避免衰退。开放的土地和自由的广场被认为是棉兰市历史建筑的标志,具有建筑建筑的建筑潜力,正是在这些地区,新的活动重新活跃了环境环境,如商业活动、公共娱乐和旅游设施。这项研究执行的目的是了解自由球场进了地区和地区特点的历史建筑保护利用-所以存在潜在的商业活动,并回顾sejauhmana劳动力因素时,商品种类,游客的数量和服务游客“进了地区的商人影响收入和独立走路”。使用的分析方法是多元线性回归。这项研究的目标是一个历史遗迹,根据1988年第6条法令保存下来,该条例围绕着阅览区和莫德卡广场。在这项研究中,所有的人口都是由建筑所有者、商人和游客组成的社区,他们在“旅行者和自由人步行区”做生意。研究表明,(1)在“科元区”和“自由港区”中使用历史建筑是一个“开放博物馆”,供那些希望增加棉兰市历史遗产知识,并从可视化的角度展示其建筑价值的历史价值的人使用。(2)建设的快速发展“进”和“自由广场”地区地区环保要求有保护既保有商业资产,这可以作为一个旅游的活动,(3)劳动力、商品种类,游客的数量和服务游客有影响力的商人中显著增加收入“进”和“自由地区”,走4)今天,非营利区和非营利区可以用各种税收(PAD)取代原本的土地收入(PAD),因为该地区是棉兰市的一个烹饪中心。
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Jurnal Koridor
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