Conventional methods of data sampling in agriculture are time consuming, labor intensive, destructive, subject to human error and affected by field conditions. Thus, remote sensing technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) became widely used as an alternative for data collection. Nevertheless, the big data captured by the UAVs is challenging to interpret. Therefore, machine learning algorithms (MLs) are used to interpret this data. However, the operational efficiency of those MLs is yet to be improved due to different sources affecting their modeling certainty. Therefore, this study aims to review different sources affecting the accuracy of MLs regression and classification interventions in precision agriculture. In this regard, 109 articles were identified in the Scopus database. The search was restricted to articles written in English, published during 2013–2020, and used UAVs as in-field data collection tools and ML algorithms for data analysis and interpretation. This systematic review will be the point of review for researchers to recognize the possible sources affecting the certainty of regression and classification results associated with MLs use. The recognition of those sources points out areas for improvement of MLs performance in precision agriculture. In this review, the performance of MLs is still evaluated in general, which opens the road for further detailed research.
{"title":"Uncertainty sources affecting operational efficiency of ML algorithms in UAV-based precision agriculture: A 2013–2020 systematic review","authors":"Radhwane Derraz, F. Muharam, Noraini Ahmad Jaafar","doi":"10.3934/agrfood.2023038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2023038","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional methods of data sampling in agriculture are time consuming, labor intensive, destructive, subject to human error and affected by field conditions. Thus, remote sensing technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) became widely used as an alternative for data collection. Nevertheless, the big data captured by the UAVs is challenging to interpret. Therefore, machine learning algorithms (MLs) are used to interpret this data. However, the operational efficiency of those MLs is yet to be improved due to different sources affecting their modeling certainty. Therefore, this study aims to review different sources affecting the accuracy of MLs regression and classification interventions in precision agriculture. In this regard, 109 articles were identified in the Scopus database. The search was restricted to articles written in English, published during 2013–2020, and used UAVs as in-field data collection tools and ML algorithms for data analysis and interpretation. This systematic review will be the point of review for researchers to recognize the possible sources affecting the certainty of regression and classification results associated with MLs use. The recognition of those sources points out areas for improvement of MLs performance in precision agriculture. In this review, the performance of MLs is still evaluated in general, which opens the road for further detailed research.","PeriodicalId":44793,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Agriculture and Food","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70183477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pliek-u is dried fermented coconut endosperm that has been produced by people in Aceh Province, Indonesia for a long time. It is made by implementing a highly efficient process; thus, we want to conserve this tradition. The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical and sensory quality of pliek-u. A survey was conducted in five local markets in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar District. About 12 samples were collected and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The parameters observed were moisture, ash, fat, protein, fiber and carbohydrate contents, as well as pH-value, color and volatile compounds. Three expert panelists were interviewed to document the information about the sensory quality of pliek-u. Results showed that the quality of pliek-u highly varied among the processors, as indicated by the distribution of those samples in all quadrants of the principal component analysis (PCA) biplot graph. About two principal components (PCs) were determined and two parameters were excluded i.e., fat and fiber content; PC1 contributed to 34.111% of the variance, with pH value as the most important factor; while PC2 contributed to 24.968% of the variance, with protein content as the most important factor. Interestingly, the volatile compounds of the three best samples selected by panelists were unique and different from the others. Therefore, the sensory quality of pliek-u should be supported by the physicochemical quality to guarantee the safety of consuming the product. Further studies on determining certain volatile compounds produced during fermentation are recommended.
{"title":"Study on the physicochemical and sensory profile of pliek-u: A traditional dried fermented coconut endosperm from Aceh, Indonesia","authors":"R. Khathir, M. Muzaifa, Yunita, M. Rahmawati","doi":"10.3934/agrfood.2023028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2023028","url":null,"abstract":"<abstract> <p><italic>Pliek</italic>-<italic>u</italic> is dried fermented coconut endosperm that has been produced by people in Aceh Province, Indonesia for a long time. It is made by implementing a highly efficient process; thus, we want to conserve this tradition. The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical and sensory quality of <italic>pliek</italic>-<italic>u</italic>. A survey was conducted in five local markets in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar District. About 12 samples were collected and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The parameters observed were moisture, ash, fat, protein, fiber and carbohydrate contents, as well as pH-value, color and volatile compounds. Three expert panelists were interviewed to document the information about the sensory quality of <italic>pliek</italic>-<italic>u</italic>. Results showed that the quality of <italic>pliek</italic>-<italic>u</italic> highly varied among the processors, as indicated by the distribution of those samples in all quadrants of the principal component analysis (PCA) biplot graph. About two principal components (PCs) were determined and two parameters were excluded i.e., fat and fiber content; PC<sub>1</sub> contributed to 34.111% of the variance, with pH value as the most important factor; while PC<sub>2</sub> contributed to 24.968% of the variance, with protein content as the most important factor. Interestingly, the volatile compounds of the three best samples selected by panelists were unique and different from the others. Therefore, the sensory quality of <italic>pliek</italic>-<italic>u</italic> should be supported by the physicochemical quality to guarantee the safety of consuming the product. Further studies on determining certain volatile compounds produced during fermentation are recommended.</p> </abstract>","PeriodicalId":44793,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Agriculture and Food","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70183662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Fauzi, A. Junaedi, I. Lubis, M. Ghulamahdi, H. Aswidinnoor, J. Sakagami
Direct seeding of rice (DSR) may give benefit in using water and labor more efficient and reduce production costs. This study purposes to investigate the character of the seeds, their early vigor traits, the growth and development of rice plants for developing DSR cultivar. The research was conducted in four stages: the measurement of the size of the seed, endosperm, and embryo; the germination test in the laboratory; seedling test using experimental pots; and testing the agronomic performance on transplanting and direct seeding methods in a plastic house. Seed material used eight breeding lines of IPB University and two released varieties. The results of study showed that each genotype had different characteristics of seed, endosperm, and embryo in both weight and area. Seed weight becomes the most dominant in the emergence of superior EV traits, whereas the more seed weight indicates faster radicle emergence and more weight of seedling. DSR method compared to transplanting showed performance such as taller plant, higher leaf area and photosynthesis rate at early growth stage, earlier heading time, and higher plant dry weight since early growth until 65 days old. The seed characters have positively correlation to dry weight of seedlings, number of leaves, leaf area, and canopy dry weight. We also found that higher area of endosperm and embryo significantly correlated to have faster plumule emergence, higher leaf area and plant height. Candidate genotypes for DSR would be further investigated in the field trial agronomically.
{"title":"Evaluation of rice genotypes on seed attributes and agronomic performance for developing direct-seeded cultivar","authors":"A. Fauzi, A. Junaedi, I. Lubis, M. Ghulamahdi, H. Aswidinnoor, J. Sakagami","doi":"10.3934/agrfood.2022001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2022001","url":null,"abstract":"Direct seeding of rice (DSR) may give benefit in using water and labor more efficient and reduce production costs. This study purposes to investigate the character of the seeds, their early vigor traits, the growth and development of rice plants for developing DSR cultivar. The research was conducted in four stages: the measurement of the size of the seed, endosperm, and embryo; the germination test in the laboratory; seedling test using experimental pots; and testing the agronomic performance on transplanting and direct seeding methods in a plastic house. Seed material used eight breeding lines of IPB University and two released varieties. The results of study showed that each genotype had different characteristics of seed, endosperm, and embryo in both weight and area. Seed weight becomes the most dominant in the emergence of superior EV traits, whereas the more seed weight indicates faster radicle emergence and more weight of seedling. DSR method compared to transplanting showed performance such as taller plant, higher leaf area and photosynthesis rate at early growth stage, earlier heading time, and higher plant dry weight since early growth until 65 days old. The seed characters have positively correlation to dry weight of seedlings, number of leaves, leaf area, and canopy dry weight. We also found that higher area of endosperm and embryo significantly correlated to have faster plumule emergence, higher leaf area and plant height. Candidate genotypes for DSR would be further investigated in the field trial agronomically.","PeriodicalId":44793,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Agriculture and Food","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70181673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thamires Monteiro Silva Maués, Rafael Rodrigo da Silva Costa, Marcos Antônio Souza dos Santos, G. B. da Silva
Banana tree cultivation requires high doses of fertilizers to reach the productive potential of improved cultivars. On the other hand, more than 70% of banana plantations are concentrated in family farming, which has low capital availability and technology. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma asperellum to improve the efficiency of nutrient use and economic viability of the banana tree cultivation under nutritional management with native T. asperellum, in a family production system in the Amazon region. Three treatments were tested: 100% of fertilizers (control), 50% of fertilizers + T. asperellum (TA) and 100% of fertilizers + TA. Fertilization consisted of inorganic fertilizers and poultry litter. The first banana cycle production and the economic viability of the practices were evaluated. The inoculation of TA + 100% of fertilizers increased productivity by 23%. The banana productivity was similar for control treatments (100%) and 50% for fertilizers + TA, however, using 50% of fertilizers reduced the production costs by 7.2% in the year of implantation and, in 17, 6% from the 2nd year of planting. In six years, the inoculation with T. asperellum increased revenues by US$$$ 8,944.40 with 100% of fertilizers, and by US$$$ 1,936.35 with 50% of fertilizers. Our results show for the first time that using T. asperellum in the nutritional management of bananas improves the agronomic performance of the crop, being economically viable in a family production system in the Amazon. The use of biostimulants is a promising practice to increase the earnings for farmers and make banana production more sustainable in the region.
香蕉树种植需要高剂量的肥料，以达到改良品种的生产潜力。另一方面，超过70人% of banana plantations are concentrated in family farming, which has low capital availability and technology. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma asperellum to improve the efficiency of nutrient use and economic viability of the banana tree cultivation under nutritional management with native T. asperellum, in a family production system in the Amazon region. Three treatments were tested: 100% of fertilizers (control), 50% of fertilizers + T. asperellum (TA) and 100% of fertilizers + TA. Fertilization consisted of inorganic fertilizers and poultry litter. The first banana cycle production and the economic viability of the practices were evaluated. The inoculation of TA + 100% of fertilizers increased productivity by 23%. The banana productivity was similar for control treatments (100%) and 50% for fertilizers + TA, however, using 50% of fertilizers reduced the production costs by 7.2% in the year of implantation and, in 17, 6% from the 2nd year of planting. In six years, the inoculation with T. asperellum increased revenues by US$$$ 8,944.40 with 100% of fertilizers, and by US$$$ 1,936.35 with 50% of fertilizers. Our results show for the first time that using T. asperellum in the nutritional management of bananas improves the agronomic performance of the crop, being economically viable in a family production system in the Amazon. The use of biostimulants is a promising practice to increase the earnings for farmers and make banana production more sustainable in the region.
{"title":"Agroeconomic performance of banana tree under nutritional management with Trichoderma asperellum, in a family production system","authors":"Thamires Monteiro Silva Maués, Rafael Rodrigo da Silva Costa, Marcos Antônio Souza dos Santos, G. B. da Silva","doi":"10.3934/agrfood.2022019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2022019","url":null,"abstract":"Banana tree cultivation requires high doses of fertilizers to reach the productive potential of improved cultivars. On the other hand, more than 70% of banana plantations are concentrated in family farming, which has low capital availability and technology. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma asperellum to improve the efficiency of nutrient use and economic viability of the banana tree cultivation under nutritional management with native T. asperellum, in a family production system in the Amazon region. Three treatments were tested: 100% of fertilizers (control), 50% of fertilizers + T. asperellum (TA) and 100% of fertilizers + TA. Fertilization consisted of inorganic fertilizers and poultry litter. The first banana cycle production and the economic viability of the practices were evaluated. The inoculation of TA + 100% of fertilizers increased productivity by 23%. The banana productivity was similar for control treatments (100%) and 50% for fertilizers + TA, however, using 50% of fertilizers reduced the production costs by 7.2% in the year of implantation and, in 17, 6% from the 2nd year of planting. In six years, the inoculation with T. asperellum increased revenues by US$$$ 8,944.40 with 100% of fertilizers, and by US$$$ 1,936.35 with 50% of fertilizers. Our results show for the first time that using T. asperellum in the nutritional management of bananas improves the agronomic performance of the crop, being economically viable in a family production system in the Amazon. The use of biostimulants is a promising practice to increase the earnings for farmers and make banana production more sustainable in the region.","PeriodicalId":44793,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Agriculture and Food","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70182093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Rizal, M. E. Kustyawati, Murhadi, U. Hasanudin, Subeki
The aim of the research was to study the effect of inoculum type and fermentation time on microbial growth patterns (yeast, fungi and bacteria), β-glucan formation and antioxidant activity during soybean fermentation into tempe. The research was conducted using factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. The first factor was the types of inoculum: commercial inoculum of tempe, Raprima (3%), a single inoculum of S. cerevisiae (3%), a single inoculum of R.oligosporus (3%), and mixed inoculum of 1.5% S. cerevisiae and 1.5% R. oligosporus. The second factor was the length of fermentation which consisted of 0, 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 hours at room temperature. Regarding the number of fungi, yeasts and bacteria, the observational data were presented descriptively in the form of graphs, while for the data from the analysis of β-glucan and antioxidant activity, the data obtained were analyzed for variance with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and then analyzed further by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at the 5% significance level. The results showed that the type of inoculum and duration of fermentation had an effect on increasing the growth of fungi, yeasts and bacteria, as well as increasing β-glucan content and the antioxidant activity of tempe. Yeast growth had a more dominant effect on increasing β-glucan content and antioxidant activity compared to fungi and bacteria. Tempe inoculated with a mixed inoculum of 1.5% R.oligosporus + 1.5% S. cerevisiae, resulted in the highest β-glucan content of 0.58% and the highest antioxidant activity at 82.42%. In conclusion, a mixed inoculum of 1.5% R. oligosporus + 1.5% S.cerevisiae with 36−40 hours of fermentation produced tempe with the highest β-glucan content and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the β-glucan content causes tempe to have better potential health benefits than tempe without the addition of S. cerevisiae.
{"title":"The effect of inoculum types on microbial growth, β-glucan formation and antioxidant activity during tempe fermentation","authors":"S. Rizal, M. E. Kustyawati, Murhadi, U. Hasanudin, Subeki","doi":"10.3934/agrfood.2022024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2022024","url":null,"abstract":"<abstract> <p>The aim of the research was to study the effect of inoculum type and fermentation time on microbial growth patterns (yeast, fungi and bacteria), β-glucan formation and antioxidant activity during soybean fermentation into tempe. The research was conducted using factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. The first factor was the types of inoculum: commercial inoculum of tempe, Raprima (3%), a single inoculum of <italic>S. cerevisiae</italic> (3%), a single inoculum of <italic>R.</italic> <italic>oligosporus</italic> (3%), and mixed inoculum of 1.5% <italic>S. cerevisiae</italic> and 1.5% <italic>R. oligosporus</italic>. The second factor was the length of fermentation which consisted of 0, 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 hours at room temperature. Regarding the number of fungi, yeasts and bacteria, the observational data were presented descriptively in the form of graphs, while for the data from the analysis of β-glucan and antioxidant activity, the data obtained were analyzed for variance with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and then analyzed further by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at the 5% significance level. The results showed that the type of inoculum and duration of fermentation had an effect on increasing the growth of fungi, yeasts and bacteria, as well as increasing β-glucan content and the antioxidant activity of tempe<italic>.</italic> Yeast growth had a more dominant effect on increasing β-glucan content and antioxidant activity compared to fungi and bacteria. Tempe inoculated with a mixed inoculum of 1.5% <italic>R.</italic> <italic>oligosporus</italic> + 1.5% <italic>S. cerevisiae</italic>, resulted in the highest β-glucan content of 0.58% and the highest antioxidant activity at 82.42%. In conclusion, a mixed inoculum of 1.5% <italic>R. oligosporus</italic> + 1.5% <italic>S.</italic> <italic>cerevisiae</italic> with 36−40 hours of fermentation produced tempe with the highest β-glucan content and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the β-glucan content causes tempe to have better potential health benefits than tempe without the addition of <italic>S. cerevisiae</italic>.</p> </abstract>","PeriodicalId":44793,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Agriculture and Food","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70182228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research has linked increased fertilizer usage in the past twenty years to large zones of hypoxia and algal blooms in Lake Erie, the northern Gulf of Mexico and other water bodies across the U.S. Given the nature and the scale of these impacts, researchers and policymakers benefit by understanding the drivers behind the increased demand for fertilizer and fertilizer management to help develop strategies to reduce nonpoint source pollution associated with excessive fertilizer applications. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of crop price, specifically for corn, on expected demand for nitrogen fertilizer at the farm level. Using survey data, we examine the impact that an increase in expected corn prices could have on potential demand for nitrogen fertilizer given farm characteristics, farm demographics, and farmer behavior, holding land area and fertilizer price fixed. Results indicate that the marginal probability of a farmer increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates when crop prices increase is positive and statistically significant. In addition, we find that this marginal probability increases at a decreasing rate with moderate increases in corn price (up to around 20%) and then decreases at an increasing rate afterwards, while remaining positive. Thus, farmers are likely to increase nitrogen fertilizer applications to corn with future corn price increases.
{"title":"Corn price fluctuations on potential nitrogen application by farmers in the Midwestern U.S.: A survey approach","authors":"J. Bergtold, N. Miller, Samuel M. Funk","doi":"10.3934/agrfood.2022034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2022034","url":null,"abstract":"Research has linked increased fertilizer usage in the past twenty years to large zones of hypoxia and algal blooms in Lake Erie, the northern Gulf of Mexico and other water bodies across the U.S. Given the nature and the scale of these impacts, researchers and policymakers benefit by understanding the drivers behind the increased demand for fertilizer and fertilizer management to help develop strategies to reduce nonpoint source pollution associated with excessive fertilizer applications. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of crop price, specifically for corn, on expected demand for nitrogen fertilizer at the farm level. Using survey data, we examine the impact that an increase in expected corn prices could have on potential demand for nitrogen fertilizer given farm characteristics, farm demographics, and farmer behavior, holding land area and fertilizer price fixed. Results indicate that the marginal probability of a farmer increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates when crop prices increase is positive and statistically significant. In addition, we find that this marginal probability increases at a decreasing rate with moderate increases in corn price (up to around 20%) and then decreases at an increasing rate afterwards, while remaining positive. Thus, farmers are likely to increase nitrogen fertilizer applications to corn with future corn price increases.","PeriodicalId":44793,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Agriculture and Food","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70183015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) on Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua in carrot juice was evaluated just after pressurization and during refrigerated storage for 14 days. Samples were processed with different variants of pressure (300,400,500) and time (1 min, 5 min, and 10 min). The number of bacteria in the populations was analyzed using plating count methods. Required 5 log reduction was achieved only for L. innocua strains starting from 400 MPa for 5 min. E. coli strains displayed resistance to pressure, and the maximum reduction achieved was 2 log CFU/mL for the harshest process parameters. Sublethal injuries in the bacterial population were observed for all tested strains. According to two standardized ISO methods, selective conventional agars, TBX, and ALOA were used in the storage test. Additionally, the Thin Agar Layer (TAL) method was applied. In both used methods, the possibilities of recovery were provided. The regeneration was observed exclusively for L. innocua strains. The recovery of sublethally injured cells on ALOA and TAL did not differ statistically in every strain. In turn, results obtained for E. coli suggest that TBX may underestimate the number of HHP-injured bacteria.
{"title":"Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua stability in carrot juice preserved by high hydrostatic pressure","authors":"J. Nasiłowska, B. Sokołowska, M. Fonberg-Broczek","doi":"10.3934/agrfood.2022039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2022039","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) on Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua in carrot juice was evaluated just after pressurization and during refrigerated storage for 14 days. Samples were processed with different variants of pressure (300,400,500) and time (1 min, 5 min, and 10 min). The number of bacteria in the populations was analyzed using plating count methods. Required 5 log reduction was achieved only for L. innocua strains starting from 400 MPa for 5 min. E. coli strains displayed resistance to pressure, and the maximum reduction achieved was 2 log CFU/mL for the harshest process parameters. Sublethal injuries in the bacterial population were observed for all tested strains. According to two standardized ISO methods, selective conventional agars, TBX, and ALOA were used in the storage test. Additionally, the Thin Agar Layer (TAL) method was applied. In both used methods, the possibilities of recovery were provided. The regeneration was observed exclusively for L. innocua strains. The recovery of sublethally injured cells on ALOA and TAL did not differ statistically in every strain. In turn, results obtained for E. coli suggest that TBX may underestimate the number of HHP-injured bacteria.","PeriodicalId":44793,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Agriculture and Food","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70183133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The evolution of Cheddar cheese flavor and texture is highly dependent on its proteolytic state however, Cheddar cheese is marketed based on its chronological age. Information about the proteolytic age of commercial Cheddar cheese of a given age almost does not exist. The present research challenged the merit of marketing Cheddar cheese according to its chronological age. Full-fat (FF) and Reduced-fat (RF) Cheddar cheeses, of identical chronological age, were aged for 180 days at 5 ℃ and the progression of the proteolytic cascade was investigated and quantified. The accumulation of the cheese N fractions that are soluble at pH 4.6 (4.6SN), soluble in 12% tri-chloroacetic acid (12TCASN), and soluble in 5% phospho-tungstic acid (5PTASN) was quantified along with the accumulation of free L-Glutamic acid (L-Glu). Results indicated that both FF and RF cheeses exhibited very significant among-cheeses differences in accumulation of the investigated fractions (p < 0.05). These significant differences were related to both the concentration of the fractions and the rate at which they accumulated. The results thus reflected significant among-cheeses differences in the inherent proteolytic potential of the cheeses as well as in its manifestation during aging. Results clearly indicated that the chronological age of the investigated cheeses did not reflect their proteolytic age. The results highlighted the need to market Cheddar cheese based on some proteolysis-related quantitative parameters.
{"title":"Proteolysis during aging of commercial full-fat and reduced-fat Cheddar cheeses of identical chronological age","authors":"M. Rosenberg, Y. Rosenberg","doi":"10.3934/agrfood.2022052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2022052","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of Cheddar cheese flavor and texture is highly dependent on its proteolytic state however, Cheddar cheese is marketed based on its chronological age. Information about the proteolytic age of commercial Cheddar cheese of a given age almost does not exist. The present research challenged the merit of marketing Cheddar cheese according to its chronological age. Full-fat (FF) and Reduced-fat (RF) Cheddar cheeses, of identical chronological age, were aged for 180 days at 5 ℃ and the progression of the proteolytic cascade was investigated and quantified. The accumulation of the cheese N fractions that are soluble at pH 4.6 (4.6SN), soluble in 12% tri-chloroacetic acid (12TCASN), and soluble in 5% phospho-tungstic acid (5PTASN) was quantified along with the accumulation of free L-Glutamic acid (L-Glu). Results indicated that both FF and RF cheeses exhibited very significant among-cheeses differences in accumulation of the investigated fractions (p < 0.05). These significant differences were related to both the concentration of the fractions and the rate at which they accumulated. The results thus reflected significant among-cheeses differences in the inherent proteolytic potential of the cheeses as well as in its manifestation during aging. Results clearly indicated that the chronological age of the investigated cheeses did not reflect their proteolytic age. The results highlighted the need to market Cheddar cheese based on some proteolysis-related quantitative parameters.","PeriodicalId":44793,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Agriculture and Food","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70183156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research was undertaken in the agropastoral regions of Maradi, Tahoua and Tillabéri in Niger. The first study covered 900 households and assessed farmers production methods, income, household expenditure, gender issues and food security using four different indicators. The second study assessed causes for child malnutrition by combining a household survey (450 households) with measurement of the upper arm circumference of 1618 children aged 6 to 59 months from these households. A logistic regression analysis was used to identify the causes for malnutrition. The number of food-insecure months in the households were on average 3.54 months per year and 11.4% of the children belonged to the group defined as suffering from 'global acute malnutrition'. Cereal yields were below 250 kg ha-1 and only 33% of the households were able to sell any of their cereal harvest. The households spent 66% of their total expenditure on the purchase of food. Money spent on diversifying their nutrition was very limited and horticulture production focused on temperate crops. The indicators for nutrition diversity, food quality and household perception of food security were low. The major causes identified for food insecurity and child malnutrition were low agricultural production, low nutritional diversity, women's autonomy in agriculture (control over income) and poor sanitation. To address these challenges, we propose a mix of incremental and transformative changes, including strengthening the role of women, promotion of precision farming, nutrient-sensitive agriculture, eco-sanitation, and training on improved nutrition and childcare.
{"title":"Food security and child malnutrition in the regions of Maradi, Tahoua and Tillabéri in Niger: The status, the causes, and transformative change","authors":"G. Ibro, I. M. Abdoulaye, G. Synnevåg, J. Aune","doi":"10.3934/agrfood.2022043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2022043","url":null,"abstract":"This research was undertaken in the agropastoral regions of Maradi, Tahoua and Tillabéri in Niger. The first study covered 900 households and assessed farmers production methods, income, household expenditure, gender issues and food security using four different indicators. The second study assessed causes for child malnutrition by combining a household survey (450 households) with measurement of the upper arm circumference of 1618 children aged 6 to 59 months from these households. A logistic regression analysis was used to identify the causes for malnutrition. The number of food-insecure months in the households were on average 3.54 months per year and 11.4% of the children belonged to the group defined as suffering from 'global acute malnutrition'. Cereal yields were below 250 kg ha-1 and only 33% of the households were able to sell any of their cereal harvest. The households spent 66% of their total expenditure on the purchase of food. Money spent on diversifying their nutrition was very limited and horticulture production focused on temperate crops. The indicators for nutrition diversity, food quality and household perception of food security were low. The major causes identified for food insecurity and child malnutrition were low agricultural production, low nutritional diversity, women's autonomy in agriculture (control over income) and poor sanitation. To address these challenges, we propose a mix of incremental and transformative changes, including strengthening the role of women, promotion of precision farming, nutrient-sensitive agriculture, eco-sanitation, and training on improved nutrition and childcare.","PeriodicalId":44793,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Agriculture and Food","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70183295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdul Basit M. Gaba, Mohamed A. Hassan, A. A. El-Tawab, M. Abdelmonem, Mohamed K. Morsy
Low energy electron beam (e-beam) has the ability to decontaminate or reduce bioburden and enhance the food product's safety with minimal quality loss. The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of e-beam on natural microbiota and quality changes in black peppercorns. The black pepper was exposed to e-beam at doses from 6–18 kGy. The microbial quality, physicochemical attributes, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Results demonstrated the microbial population in black pepper decreased with increasing e-beam treatment doses. Significant inactivation of Total Plate Count (TPC), yeasts, and molds were observed at dose 6 kGy by 2.3, 0.7, and 1.3 log CFU g−1, respectively, while at 18 kGy the reduction level was 6, 2.9, and 4.4 log CFU g−1, respectively. Similarly, 18 kGy of e-beam yielded a reduction of 3.3 and 3.1 log CFU g−1 of Salmonella Typhimurium and coliform bacteria, respectively. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was noted between doses 12, 15, and 18 kGy on Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens in black pepper. During e-beam doses, the values L*, a* and b* of black peppercorn were not noticeably altered up to 18 kGy dose. No significant (p > 0.05) difference in moisture, volatile oil, and piperine content upon (6–18 kGy) treatments in comparison to the control. A slight difference in the bioactive compound, retaining > 90% of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Results revealed that e-beam doses ≥ 18 kGy were influential for inactivating natural microbes and foodborne pathogens without compromising the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of black peppercorns.
{"title":"Impact of low energy electron beam on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) microbial reduction, quality parameters, and antioxidant activity","authors":"Abdul Basit M. Gaba, Mohamed A. Hassan, A. A. El-Tawab, M. Abdelmonem, Mohamed K. Morsy","doi":"10.3934/agrfood.2022045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2022045","url":null,"abstract":"<abstract> <p>Low energy electron beam (e-beam) has the ability to decontaminate or reduce bioburden and enhance the food product's safety with minimal quality loss. The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of e-beam on natural microbiota and quality changes in black peppercorns. The black pepper was exposed to e-beam at doses from 6–18 kGy. The microbial quality, physicochemical attributes, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Results demonstrated the microbial population in black pepper decreased with increasing e-beam treatment doses. Significant inactivation of Total Plate Count (TPC), yeasts, and molds were observed at dose 6 kGy by 2.3, 0.7, and 1.3 log CFU g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, while at 18 kGy the reduction level was 6, 2.9, and 4.4 log CFU g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Similarly, 18 kGy of e-beam yielded a reduction of 3.3 and 3.1 log CFU g<sup>−1</sup> of <italic>Salmonella</italic> Typhimurium and coliform bacteria, respectively. A significant difference (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) was noted between doses 12, 15, and 18 kGy on <italic>Bacillus cereus</italic> and <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic> in black pepper. During e-beam doses, the values <italic>L</italic><sup>*</sup>, <italic>a</italic><sup>*</sup> and <italic>b</italic><sup>*</sup> of black peppercorn were not noticeably altered up to 18 kGy dose. No significant (<italic>p</italic> > 0.05) difference in moisture, volatile oil, and piperine content upon (6–18 kGy) treatments in comparison to the control. A slight difference in the bioactive compound, retaining > 90% of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Results revealed that e-beam doses ≥ 18 kGy were influential for inactivating natural microbes and foodborne pathogens without compromising the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of black peppercorns.</p> </abstract>","PeriodicalId":44793,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Agriculture and Food","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70183363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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