This article documents the link between conflicts and income inequality, and shows the benefits of disaggregating inequality indexes by groups. More precisely, it tests the link between three inequality measures and religious conflicts of low intensity in Indian villages. The three inequality measures are the overall (or vertical) inequality, and its decomposition for religious groups, into a between-group component (horizontal) and a within-group component. The results show that the two components of aggregated inequality have opposite links with conflicts. Indeed, on the one hand, within-group inequality appears to increase the incidence of conflicts between religious groups. On the other hand, when between-group inequality plays a significant part, it decreases the incidence of conflicts. Income distribution is thus a correlate of conflict incidence, even for low intensity conflicts. Moreover, the documented empirical relation is consistent with the most recent theories, which underline the importance of the mobilization constraint for conflict incidence. On the contrary, results are inconsistent with an interpretation of conflicts as triggered by greed or grievance.
{"title":"Quel rôle pour les inégalités dans les conflits ? Étude du cas des conflits religieux en Inde","authors":"V. Girard","doi":"10.3917/redp.271.0093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/redp.271.0093","url":null,"abstract":"This article documents the link between conflicts and income inequality, and shows the benefits of disaggregating inequality indexes by groups. More precisely, it tests the link between three inequality measures and religious conflicts of low intensity in Indian villages. The three inequality measures are the overall (or vertical) inequality, and its decomposition for religious groups, into a between-group component (horizontal) and a within-group component. The results show that the two components of aggregated inequality have opposite links with conflicts. Indeed, on the one hand, within-group inequality appears to increase the incidence of conflicts between religious groups. On the other hand, when between-group inequality plays a significant part, it decreases the incidence of conflicts. Income distribution is thus a correlate of conflict incidence, even for low intensity conflicts. Moreover, the documented empirical relation is consistent with the most recent theories, which underline the importance of the mobilization constraint for conflict incidence. On the contrary, results are inconsistent with an interpretation of conflicts as triggered by greed or grievance.","PeriodicalId":44798,"journal":{"name":"REVUE D ECONOMIE POLITIQUE","volume":"38 1","pages":"93-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81478019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dans cet article, nous etudions l’effet du faible niveau de democratie sur le degre d’ouverture commerciale a partir d’un echantillon limite aux pays en developpement. Nous utilisons la mesure originale de l’ouverture commerciale recemment construite par Squalli et Wilson [2011]. Cette mesure reflete la realite du resultat commercial en capturant les deux dimensions qui decrivent precisement l’ouverture aux echanges. Les estimations sont effectuees par la Methode des Moments Generalises (GMM) en systeme en deux etapes avec des ecart-types robustes corriges pour des echantillons finis en utilisant la procedure de correction de Windmeijer [2005]. Sur la periode 1995-2010, nos resultats montrent que l’ouverture commerciale est une fonction decroissante du niveau de democratie. Cela semble suggerer que le processus de democratisation enclenche dans les pays en developpement pendant les annees 1990 n’a pas encore permis d’accelerer leur ouverture aux echanges.
{"title":"Régime politique et ouverture commerciale","authors":"Gislain Stéphane Gandjon Fankem","doi":"10.3917/REDP.273.0423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/REDP.273.0423","url":null,"abstract":"Dans cet article, nous etudions l’effet du faible niveau de democratie sur le degre d’ouverture commerciale a partir d’un echantillon limite aux pays en developpement. Nous utilisons la mesure originale de l’ouverture commerciale recemment construite par Squalli et Wilson [2011]. Cette mesure reflete la realite du resultat commercial en capturant les deux dimensions qui decrivent precisement l’ouverture aux echanges. Les estimations sont effectuees par la Methode des Moments Generalises (GMM) en systeme en deux etapes avec des ecart-types robustes corriges pour des echantillons finis en utilisant la procedure de correction de Windmeijer [2005]. Sur la periode 1995-2010, nos resultats montrent que l’ouverture commerciale est une fonction decroissante du niveau de democratie. Cela semble suggerer que le processus de democratisation enclenche dans les pays en developpement pendant les annees 1990 n’a pas encore permis d’accelerer leur ouverture aux echanges.","PeriodicalId":44798,"journal":{"name":"REVUE D ECONOMIE POLITIQUE","volume":"67 1","pages":"423-454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84066947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cette contribution empirique teste les proprietes incitatives et redistributives des tarifs progressifs dans l’eau potable en France. En utilisant un panel de consommateurs collecte dans le cadre d’une experience naturelle francaise, nous analysons econometriquement l’impact du passage d’un tarif lineaire a un tarif progressif sur la consommation. Nous montrons que ce changement reduit la consommation agregee des menages. Toutefois, nous observons que les petits consommateurs (<75 m3) ont augmente leur consommation, tandis que les autres l’ont reduit. De plus, la taille du foyer semble jouer sur la capacite des consommateurs a reagir aux tarifs progressifs. Dans une perspective de politiques publiques, ces resultats impliquent de discuter le design tarifaire pour en reduire le caractere distorsif et accroitre leur efficacite.
{"title":"Social and Nonlinear Tariffs on Drinking Water: cui bono? Empirical Evidence from a Natural Experiment in France","authors":"Alexandre Mayol","doi":"10.3917/REDP.276.1161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/REDP.276.1161","url":null,"abstract":"Cette contribution empirique teste les proprietes incitatives et redistributives des tarifs progressifs dans l’eau potable en France. En utilisant un panel de consommateurs collecte dans le cadre d’une experience naturelle francaise, nous analysons econometriquement l’impact du passage d’un tarif lineaire a un tarif progressif sur la consommation. Nous montrons que ce changement reduit la consommation agregee des menages. Toutefois, nous observons que les petits consommateurs (<75 m3) ont augmente leur consommation, tandis que les autres l’ont reduit. De plus, la taille du foyer semble jouer sur la capacite des consommateurs a reagir aux tarifs progressifs. Dans une perspective de politiques publiques, ces resultats impliquent de discuter le design tarifaire pour en reduire le caractere distorsif et accroitre leur efficacite.","PeriodicalId":44798,"journal":{"name":"REVUE D ECONOMIE POLITIQUE","volume":"63 1","pages":"1161-1185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84095579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the period of the Reconstruction, the federal government of the United States progressively put into place the gold specie regime and the convertibility of the paper money issued during the Civil War. In addition, the instauration of the hard money was combined with the tariff policy that aimed at protecting infant industry. Notwithstanding, the literature on this issue has not significantly explored the articulation between the monetary policy and the tariff policy. To fill this void, the present paper examines the economical conditions, the political coalitions and the monetary and tariff combination of the Reconstruction. It builds a matrix that rests upon a double dichotomy, at a monetary level (hard money versus soft money), and at the tariff level (protectionism versus free trade). It then deduces an original analysis in terms of monetary and tariff policy mix (hard money and protectionism, soft money and free trade), which contributes to pondering the conditions and coherency of the monetary regime and the industrialisation policy implemented by the Republican government.
{"title":"L’économie politique de la monnaie : Le régime monétaire de la Reconstruction aux États-Unis","authors":"Laurent Le Maux","doi":"10.3917/REDP.273.0397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/REDP.273.0397","url":null,"abstract":"During the period of the Reconstruction, the federal government of the United States progressively put into place the gold specie regime and the convertibility of the paper money issued during the Civil War. In addition, the instauration of the hard money was combined with the tariff policy that aimed at protecting infant industry. Notwithstanding, the literature on this issue has not significantly explored the articulation between the monetary policy and the tariff policy. To fill this void, the present paper examines the economical conditions, the political coalitions and the monetary and tariff combination of the Reconstruction. It builds a matrix that rests upon a double dichotomy, at a monetary level (hard money versus soft money), and at the tariff level (protectionism versus free trade). It then deduces an original analysis in terms of monetary and tariff policy mix (hard money and protectionism, soft money and free trade), which contributes to pondering the conditions and coherency of the monetary regime and the industrialisation policy implemented by the Republican government.","PeriodicalId":44798,"journal":{"name":"REVUE D ECONOMIE POLITIQUE","volume":"27 1","pages":"397-421"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80691619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La cliometrie a transforme l’histoire economique en passant d’une approche essentiellement narrative a une approche mathematique, suscitant par la meme beaucoup d’apprehensions et de debats quant a l’equilibre approprie entre l’economie et l’histoire. Le point culminant de cette transformation s’est produit en 1993 lorsque les pionniers de la cliometrie Robert Fogel et Douglass North ont recu le prix Nobel de science economique. La cliometrie a realise un equilibre delicat entre economie et histoire. Elle n’est ni trop « etroitement » economique, c’est-a-dire qu’elle ne se contente pas de mesurer les phenomenes sans les expliquer, ni trop historique (elle ne rejette pas les contacts avec les economistes). En fusionnant l’histoire economique avec les techniques modernes, les cliometriciens n’ont pas mis fin a l’histoire economique, mais ils lui ont donne une autre dimension.
{"title":"The Impact of Cliometrics on Economics and History","authors":"Michael Haupert","doi":"10.3917/REDP.276.1059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/REDP.276.1059","url":null,"abstract":"La cliometrie a transforme l’histoire economique en passant d’une approche essentiellement narrative a une approche mathematique, suscitant par la meme beaucoup d’apprehensions et de debats quant a l’equilibre approprie entre l’economie et l’histoire. Le point culminant de cette transformation s’est produit en 1993 lorsque les pionniers de la cliometrie Robert Fogel et Douglass North ont recu le prix Nobel de science economique. La cliometrie a realise un equilibre delicat entre economie et histoire. Elle n’est ni trop « etroitement » economique, c’est-a-dire qu’elle ne se contente pas de mesurer les phenomenes sans les expliquer, ni trop historique (elle ne rejette pas les contacts avec les economistes). En fusionnant l’histoire economique avec les techniques modernes, les cliometriciens n’ont pas mis fin a l’histoire economique, mais ils lui ont donne une autre dimension.","PeriodicalId":44798,"journal":{"name":"REVUE D ECONOMIE POLITIQUE","volume":"43 1","pages":"1059-1081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87018134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M?dical research points out that some diseases of the elderly can be explained by past exposure to air pollution (PM 2.5 ). In this paper, we address the dynamical cons?quences of this empirical ?vidence. For that purpose, we develop an environmental OLG model where pollution level faced by the repr?sentative household during his youth affects his health during his old age. Within this simple framework, we show that a strong sensitivity of old age health to pollution exposure during youth may lead to the occurrence of a limit cycle near the steady state through a Hopf bifurcation.
M ?医学研究指出，老年人的一些疾病可以用过去接触空气污染(pm2.5)来解释。在本文中，我们讨论了动力学问题。这一系列的经验证据。为此，我们开发了一个环境OLG模型，其中报告了所面临的污染水平?年轻时的家庭生活影响着他年老时的健康。在这个简单的框架内，我们证明了老年健康对青年时期污染暴露的强烈敏感性可能导致通过Hopf分岔在稳态附近发生极限环。
{"title":"Effet retardé de la pollution sur la santé : une source de fluctuations endogènes","authors":"David Desmarchelier, Paul-Eliot Rabesandratana","doi":"10.3917/REDP.272.0173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/REDP.272.0173","url":null,"abstract":"M?dical research points out that some diseases of the elderly can be explained by past exposure to air pollution (PM 2.5 ). In this paper, we address the dynamical cons?quences of this empirical ?vidence. For that purpose, we develop an environmental OLG model where pollution level faced by the repr?sentative household during his youth affects his health during his old age. Within this simple framework, we show that a strong sensitivity of old age health to pollution exposure during youth may lead to the occurrence of a limit cycle near the steady state through a Hopf bifurcation.","PeriodicalId":44798,"journal":{"name":"REVUE D ECONOMIE POLITIQUE","volume":"150 1","pages":"173-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77471334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Partant d’un jeu bayesien qui rend compte de l’interaction des agents en l’absence de tout accord de cooperation, nous passons en revue quelques scenarios qui permettent aux joueurs de contraindre leurs decisions par des engagements. Nous comparons les effets de ces differents scenarios et suggerons quelques liens avec la theorie des contrats.
{"title":"Coopération en information incomplète : quelques modèles stratégiques","authors":"Françoise Forges","doi":"10.3917/redp.274.0467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/redp.274.0467","url":null,"abstract":"Partant d’un jeu bayesien qui rend compte de l’interaction des agents en l’absence de tout accord de cooperation, nous passons en revue quelques scenarios qui permettent aux joueurs de contraindre leurs decisions par des engagements. Nous comparons les effets de ces differents scenarios et suggerons quelques liens avec la theorie des contrats.","PeriodicalId":44798,"journal":{"name":"REVUE D ECONOMIE POLITIQUE","volume":"4 1","pages":"467-493"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90625554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates empirically the determinants of the CO2 emissions from the residential and commercial sectors in France. We use panel data on the 22 French administrative regions over the 1995-2009 period. We estimate the relationship between regional CO2 emissions per capita, regional GDP, temperature, the annual number of frost days, heating technology and energy prices. We use these results to assess the regional consequences of implementing a carbon tax of 22€ per metric ton of CO2, and conclude that this policy would increase inequalities between regions. We show that a region-specific carbon tax that equalizes the tax burden among regions, instead of a homogenous national tax, may compensate these inequalities and reduce total CO2 emissions. Last, we show that taking regional specific effects into account in the design of the environmental tax reform may help make this policy more acceptable.
{"title":"Regional Differences in CO2 Emissions from the French Residential Sector: Determinants and Distributional Consequences","authors":"Ibrahim Ahamada, Mouez Fodha, Djamel Kirat","doi":"10.3917/REDP.273.0353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/REDP.273.0353","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates empirically the determinants of the CO2 emissions from the residential and commercial sectors in France. We use panel data on the 22 French administrative regions over the 1995-2009 period. We estimate the relationship between regional CO2 emissions per capita, regional GDP, temperature, the annual number of frost days, heating technology and energy prices. We use these results to assess the regional consequences of implementing a carbon tax of 22€ per metric ton of CO2, and conclude that this policy would increase inequalities between regions. We show that a region-specific carbon tax that equalizes the tax burden among regions, instead of a homogenous national tax, may compensate these inequalities and reduce total CO2 emissions. Last, we show that taking regional specific effects into account in the design of the environmental tax reform may help make this policy more acceptable.","PeriodicalId":44798,"journal":{"name":"REVUE D ECONOMIE POLITIQUE","volume":"105 3","pages":"353-374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3917/REDP.273.0353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72376220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnglishThis article surveys the literature on cooperative games with externalities. It covers extensions of the core and Shapley value to games in partition function form. Several non-cooperative models of coalition formation with externalities are discussed. The article also presents two standard applications of cooperative games with externalities: the provision of pure public goods and the formation of alliances of firms. In both applications, the outcomes of different solution concepts are characterized and discussed. francaisCet article propose une revue de la litterature des jeux cooperatifs avec externalites. L’article presente differentes extensions du coeur et de la valeur de Shapley aux jeux sous forme de fonction de partition. Differents modeles non-cooperatifs de formation de coalitions sont egalement discutes. Enfin, l’article considere deux applications : la fourniture de biens publics purs et la formation d’associations d’entreprises et caracterise differentes extensions du coeur dans ces applications.
{"title":"Jeux coopératifs avec externalités","authors":"F. Bloch","doi":"10.3917/REDP.274.0559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/REDP.274.0559","url":null,"abstract":"EnglishThis article surveys the literature on cooperative games with externalities. It covers extensions of the core and Shapley value to games in partition function form. Several non-cooperative models of coalition formation with externalities are discussed. The article also presents two standard applications of cooperative games with externalities: the provision of pure public goods and the formation of alliances of firms. In both applications, the outcomes of different solution concepts are characterized and discussed. francaisCet article propose une revue de la litterature des jeux cooperatifs avec externalites. L’article presente differentes extensions du coeur et de la valeur de Shapley aux jeux sous forme de fonction de partition. Differents modeles non-cooperatifs de formation de coalitions sont egalement discutes. Enfin, l’article considere deux applications : la fourniture de biens publics purs et la formation d’associations d’entreprises et caracterise differentes extensions du coeur dans ces applications.","PeriodicalId":44798,"journal":{"name":"REVUE D ECONOMIE POLITIQUE","volume":"41 1","pages":"559-578"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80789062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cet article est une revue de litterature concernant les jeux de coalitions appliques aux oligopoles. Le coeur est un concept de solution approprie sur cette classe de jeux pour traiter la question de la stabilite des accords collusifs entre les entreprises. L'objectif de cet article est de proposer une typologie des marches oligopolistiques afin de mettre en perspective les differentes contributions de l'etude sur le coeur. Tout au long de notre expose, nous mettrons en evidence les conditions necessaires ou suffisantes (cadre de concurrence, taille du marche, heterogeneite des couts, transfert de technologies, regles de blocage...) pour qu'un accord collusif stable existe.
{"title":"Jeux de coalitions et oligopoles","authors":"Aymeric Lardon","doi":"10.3917/REDP.274.0601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/REDP.274.0601","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article est une revue de litterature concernant les jeux de coalitions appliques aux oligopoles. Le coeur est un concept de solution approprie sur cette classe de jeux pour traiter la question de la stabilite des accords collusifs entre les entreprises. L'objectif de cet article est de proposer une typologie des marches oligopolistiques afin de mettre en perspective les differentes contributions de l'etude sur le coeur. Tout au long de notre expose, nous mettrons en evidence les conditions necessaires ou suffisantes (cadre de concurrence, taille du marche, heterogeneite des couts, transfert de technologies, regles de blocage...) pour qu'un accord collusif stable existe.","PeriodicalId":44798,"journal":{"name":"REVUE D ECONOMIE POLITIQUE","volume":"25 1","pages":"601-635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3917/REDP.274.0601","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72511858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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