The ionosphere is an important consideration in the design of radars, especially those that operate at UHF frequency and below. A statistical model of ionospheric scintillation is developed on the basis of data analysis and known empirical results. From a mathematical point of view, we model the effect of scintillation on radar signals via a constructed stationary random process. The complex PDF and autocorrelation of the process are designed to match the observed phenomenon. The resulting scintillation algorithm can be used to model ionospheric effects in real and simulated radar data.
{"title":"Monte Carlo simulation of ionospheric scintillation","authors":"P. Mountcastle, M. Martin","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2002.999743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2002.999743","url":null,"abstract":"The ionosphere is an important consideration in the design of radars, especially those that operate at UHF frequency and below. A statistical model of ionospheric scintillation is developed on the basis of data analysis and known empirical results. From a mathematical point of view, we model the effect of scintillation on radar signals via a constructed stationary random process. The complex PDF and autocorrelation of the process are designed to match the observed phenomenon. The resulting scintillation algorithm can be used to model ionospheric effects in real and simulated radar data.","PeriodicalId":448055,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37322)","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115681874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new solution is proposed for polarimetric radar discrimination problem by using cross-entropy to measure the difference between two scatterers. Two cross-entropy measures in favor of one scatterer over another are obtained for two independent probability mass functions that indicate the average scattering mechanism and the scattering randomness, respectively. These probability mass functions are formed by the modified similarity parameters and the eigenvalues of target coherency matrix. The cross-entropy measures utilize the polarimetric information efficiently to show the difference between scatterers. The advantage of using cross-entropy for solving polarimetric radar discrimination problem is demonstrated by the simulation results.
{"title":"A new solution to polarimetric radar discrimination problem","authors":"J. Xu, Jian Yang, Yingning Peng, Chao Wang","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2002.999765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2002.999765","url":null,"abstract":"A new solution is proposed for polarimetric radar discrimination problem by using cross-entropy to measure the difference between two scatterers. Two cross-entropy measures in favor of one scatterer over another are obtained for two independent probability mass functions that indicate the average scattering mechanism and the scattering randomness, respectively. These probability mass functions are formed by the modified similarity parameters and the eigenvalues of target coherency matrix. The cross-entropy measures utilize the polarimetric information efficiently to show the difference between scatterers. The advantage of using cross-entropy for solving polarimetric radar discrimination problem is demonstrated by the simulation results.","PeriodicalId":448055,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37322)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116925418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Perez, A. Asensio, J. Gismero, J. Alonso, J. M. Monje, F. Casanova, R. Cortijo, J. Perez-Ojeda
This paper introduces the new ARIES radar, a high-resolution surveillance system designed for operation at sea. Its main characteristics are described, together with some remarkable experimental results regarding high-resolution observation of sea clutter and real targets.
{"title":"ARIES: a high-resolution shipboard radar","authors":"M. Perez, A. Asensio, J. Gismero, J. Alonso, J. M. Monje, F. Casanova, R. Cortijo, J. Perez-Ojeda","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2002.999712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2002.999712","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces the new ARIES radar, a high-resolution surveillance system designed for operation at sea. Its main characteristics are described, together with some remarkable experimental results regarding high-resolution observation of sea clutter and real targets.","PeriodicalId":448055,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37322)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126163473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study technical issues involving a wide-area surveillance system using multilateration sensors. A satellite clock reference scheme is seen as a better solution for synchronization of widely dispersed sensors. We then describe a direct solution approach to derive target positions. Techniques are developed for resolving solution ambiguities, including different sensor combinations and tracking algorithms. It is also proposed that signal strength comparison and other techniques be used to enhance the tracking performance and accuracies with Mode A/C data. Finally, some flight test results are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of multilateration system for wide-area surveillance.
{"title":"Multilateration tracking and synchronization over wide areas","authors":"Y.E. Yang, J. Baldwin, A. Smith","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2002.999755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2002.999755","url":null,"abstract":"We study technical issues involving a wide-area surveillance system using multilateration sensors. A satellite clock reference scheme is seen as a better solution for synchronization of widely dispersed sensors. We then describe a direct solution approach to derive target positions. Techniques are developed for resolving solution ambiguities, including different sensor combinations and tracking algorithms. It is also proposed that signal strength comparison and other techniques be used to enhance the tracking performance and accuracies with Mode A/C data. Finally, some flight test results are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of multilateration system for wide-area surveillance.","PeriodicalId":448055,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37322)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129779513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper introduces the multistage Wiener filter for radar space-time adaptive processing, combined with the generalized inner-product as a preprocessor in nonhomogeneous environments. By using recorded data from the Multichannel Airborne Radar Measurement program, the performance of the multistage Wiener filter and sample matrix inversion are assessed both with and without the preprocessor. The constant false-alarm rate test statistic is computed for each range bin and the performance metric used in this analysis is the ratio of the target value to the root mean square value of the noise values. Both high and low sample-support environments are considered. The reduced-rank multistage Wiener filter is demonstrated to outperform full rank sample matrix inversion, even with the generalized inner-product preprocessor. Additionally, the multistage Wiener filter is shown to have its largest impact when used in conjunction with the preprocessor in the low sample-support environment. In this case, it nearly achieves the performance obtained by the full-rank and high sample-support case.
{"title":"Nonhomogeneity detection and the multistage Wiener filter","authors":"W. Ogle, H. Nguyen, J. S. Goldstein","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2002.999692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2002.999692","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces the multistage Wiener filter for radar space-time adaptive processing, combined with the generalized inner-product as a preprocessor in nonhomogeneous environments. By using recorded data from the Multichannel Airborne Radar Measurement program, the performance of the multistage Wiener filter and sample matrix inversion are assessed both with and without the preprocessor. The constant false-alarm rate test statistic is computed for each range bin and the performance metric used in this analysis is the ratio of the target value to the root mean square value of the noise values. Both high and low sample-support environments are considered. The reduced-rank multistage Wiener filter is demonstrated to outperform full rank sample matrix inversion, even with the generalized inner-product preprocessor. Additionally, the multistage Wiener filter is shown to have its largest impact when used in conjunction with the preprocessor in the low sample-support environment. In this case, it nearly achieves the performance obtained by the full-rank and high sample-support case.","PeriodicalId":448055,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37322)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128501531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents an optimised polarimetric segmentation technique for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, based on a generalised maximum likelihood approach. A full theoretical derivation is presented, together with a closed form analytical performance evaluation. The technique is compared to other known polarimetric segmentation schemes by application to a polarimetric SAR image of agricultural areas. A complete characterisation of the technique is provided in terms of polarimetric sensitivity and memory requirements.
{"title":"Optimal classification of polarimetric SAR images using segmentation","authors":"P. Lombardo, C. J. Oliver","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2002.999684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2002.999684","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents an optimised polarimetric segmentation technique for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, based on a generalised maximum likelihood approach. A full theoretical derivation is presented, together with a closed form analytical performance evaluation. The technique is compared to other known polarimetric segmentation schemes by application to a polarimetric SAR image of agricultural areas. A complete characterisation of the technique is provided in terms of polarimetric sensitivity and memory requirements.","PeriodicalId":448055,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37322)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128983578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes how a circular UHF electronically scanned array like that being considered by the US Navy could be used to simultaneously perform both airborne early warning (AEW) searches and high update rate tracking of a few targets. Taxonomies of the various search and track modes are reported, and an example radar resource configuration is described in detail.
{"title":"Radar resource management for UESA","authors":"M. Zatman","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2002.999696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2002.999696","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes how a circular UHF electronically scanned array like that being considered by the US Navy could be used to simultaneously perform both airborne early warning (AEW) searches and high update rate tracking of a few targets. Taxonomies of the various search and track modes are reported, and an example radar resource configuration is described in detail.","PeriodicalId":448055,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37322)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121505503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design and test results for the radio frequency (RF) portion of a breadboard polarimetric scatterometer operating at 13.402 GHz are presented. To evaluate the feasibility of a programmable digital signal processing (DSP) approach for a follow-on scatterometer similar to SeaWinds an integrated breadboard has been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Early breadboards of this type have been identified as valuable assets in developing effective subsystem requirements for the eventual flight instrument. Many compatibility and partitioning issues between the RF and DSP hardware are addressed with empirical results derived from the aforementioned breadboard. The RF portion of the breadboard consists of a dual channel receiver, heterodyning the received signal of 13.402 GHz down to an IF of 37 MHz and a single channel transmitter, that converts the I/Q baseband transmit waveform up to Ku band. The breadboard makes provision for emulating capabilities such as programmable attenuators, loop-back calibration, and saturation effects in an actual instrument's power amplifier. It also provides control interfaces to allow early verification of software control algorithms.
{"title":"Radar breadboard for DSP scatterometer","authors":"D. Stosic, J. Lux","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2002.999715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2002.999715","url":null,"abstract":"The design and test results for the radio frequency (RF) portion of a breadboard polarimetric scatterometer operating at 13.402 GHz are presented. To evaluate the feasibility of a programmable digital signal processing (DSP) approach for a follow-on scatterometer similar to SeaWinds an integrated breadboard has been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Early breadboards of this type have been identified as valuable assets in developing effective subsystem requirements for the eventual flight instrument. Many compatibility and partitioning issues between the RF and DSP hardware are addressed with empirical results derived from the aforementioned breadboard. The RF portion of the breadboard consists of a dual channel receiver, heterodyning the received signal of 13.402 GHz down to an IF of 37 MHz and a single channel transmitter, that converts the I/Q baseband transmit waveform up to Ku band. The breadboard makes provision for emulating capabilities such as programmable attenuators, loop-back calibration, and saturation effects in an actual instrument's power amplifier. It also provides control interfaces to allow early verification of software control algorithms.","PeriodicalId":448055,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37322)","volume":"54 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128002285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The potential performance of adaptive detection and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using a certain class of sparse linear arrays, characterized by two widely separated sub-arrays, in combination with model-based techniques, is investigated. With this array structure, a large baseline is obtained with a limited amount of hardware. It is found that the very narrow main-lobe obtained by separating the sub-arrays can be utilized to obtain accurate DOA estimates, high angular resolution, and good detection performance even in close vicinity of a localized interference source. However, the presence of grating lobes deteriorates the performance at low SNR and also when the angular separation between two targets, or between a target and an interfering source, corresponds to an integer times the distance between the grating lobes.
{"title":"Model-based adaptive detection and DOA estimation using separated sub-arrays","authors":"C. Engdahl, P. Sunnergren","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2002.999702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2002.999702","url":null,"abstract":"The potential performance of adaptive detection and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using a certain class of sparse linear arrays, characterized by two widely separated sub-arrays, in combination with model-based techniques, is investigated. With this array structure, a large baseline is obtained with a limited amount of hardware. It is found that the very narrow main-lobe obtained by separating the sub-arrays can be utilized to obtain accurate DOA estimates, high angular resolution, and good detection performance even in close vicinity of a localized interference source. However, the presence of grating lobes deteriorates the performance at low SNR and also when the angular separation between two targets, or between a target and an interfering source, corresponds to an integer times the distance between the grating lobes.","PeriodicalId":448055,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37322)","volume":"4 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114456193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have developed an on-line system which automatically identifies ships observed in a rapidly updating sequence of range-Doppler images produced by inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR). In order to cope with the invariable noise due to the physics of imaging, we propose to employ a multiframe image processing algorithm which stably extracts the profile as a basic feature reflecting the entire characteristics of a target. For ship identification, representing the extracted profiles as high-dimension vectors, we adapt vector analysis using the recently proposed constrained mutual subspace method (CMSM). The system currently works on an ordinary PC at 5 frames/sec and achieves a feasible identification performance. The system is verified using simulated data.
{"title":"Automatic ship identification in ISAR imagery: an on-line system using CMSM","authors":"A. Maki, K. Fukui, Y. Kawawada, M. Kiya","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2002.999720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2002.999720","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed an on-line system which automatically identifies ships observed in a rapidly updating sequence of range-Doppler images produced by inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR). In order to cope with the invariable noise due to the physics of imaging, we propose to employ a multiframe image processing algorithm which stably extracts the profile as a basic feature reflecting the entire characteristics of a target. For ship identification, representing the extracted profiles as high-dimension vectors, we adapt vector analysis using the recently proposed constrained mutual subspace method (CMSM). The system currently works on an ordinary PC at 5 frames/sec and achieves a feasible identification performance. The system is verified using simulated data.","PeriodicalId":448055,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37322)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125970376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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