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Against Gender: The Anti-Gender Movements and the Socio-Cultural and Moral Deconstructions in Europe 反性别:欧洲的反性别运动与社会文化道德解构
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.1515/humaff-2022-2028
Alexandra Matejková, Jaroslav Mihálik
Abstract Gender ideology has quickly developed as a response to fostering human rights, especially in the case of gender equality. Gender policy thus became a political and ideological instrument that subjects human rights to another contest – a new form of crusade pursued by anti-gender movements which advocate traditional and conservative ideologies against gender equality and gender theories. In this paper, we seek to track and map the recent development of anti-gender movements and their mobilisation. We apply critical discourse analysis to several doctrines of antigenderism in order to understand the global popularity and mass appeal of these movements.
摘要性别意识形态作为促进人权,特别是在两性平等的情况下,迅速发展起来。因此,性别政策成为一种政治和意识形态工具,使人权面临另一场竞争——这是反性别运动追求的一种新形式的十字军东征,倡导反对性别平等和性别理论的传统和保守意识形态。在这篇论文中,我们试图追踪和绘制反性别运动及其动员的最新发展。我们将批判性话语分析应用于抗原主义的几种学说,以了解这些运动在全球的流行程度和大众吸引力。
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引用次数: 0
Different Minority Groups Elicit Different Safety, Economic, Power, and Symbolic Threats 不同的少数群体引出不同的安全、经济、权力和象征性威胁
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.1515/humaff-2022-2031
Dóra Kanyicska Belán, M. Popper
Abstract Populistic political discourse often portrays ethnic minorities as threats to the majority society. However, the deeper characteristics of perceived threats have not been sufficiently empirically investigated. The goal of this study is to identify the similarities and differences in intergroup threats perceived by Slovak majority from Roma, Muslims, and ethnic Hungarian minorities. The participants included 1244 adults who were instructed to write the first five associations that came to mind when thinking about one of the minorities. Our findings indicate that power threat was dominant from the Hungarian minority and safety threat from the Roma and Muslim minorities. Moreover, the safety threat from the Roma minority related mainly to theft and violence, while from Muslims it was terrorism. Mapping and addressing specific threats associated with different minorities can help explain misperceptions and reduce prejudice against them.
摘要民粹主义政治话语经常将少数民族描绘成对多数社会的威胁。然而,尚未对感知到的威胁的深层特征进行充分的实证研究。本研究的目的是确定斯洛伐克多数民族从罗姆人、穆斯林和匈牙利少数民族感受到的群体间威胁的相似性和差异性。参与者包括1244名成年人,他们被要求写下在思考少数民族时想到的前五个联想。我们的研究结果表明,权力威胁主要来自匈牙利少数民族,安全威胁主要来自罗姆人和穆斯林少数民族。此外,罗姆少数民族的安全威胁主要与盗窃和暴力有关,而穆斯林的安全威胁则是恐怖主义。绘制和解决与不同少数群体有关的具体威胁有助于解释误解,减少对他们的偏见。
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引用次数: 0
Philosophical Inquiry into Computer Intentionality: Machine Learning and Value Sensitive Design 计算机意向性的哲学探究:机器学习和价值敏感设计
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.1515/humaff-2022-2035
Dmytro Mykhailov
Abstract Intelligent algorithms together with various machine learning techniques hold a dominant position among major challenges for contemporary value sensitive design. Self-learning capabilities of current AI applications blur the causal link between programmer and computer behavior. This creates a vital challenge for the design, development and implementation of digital technologies nowadays. This paper seeks to provide an account of this challenge. The main question that shapes the current analysis is the following: What conceptual tools can be developed within the value sensitive design school of thought for evaluating machine learning algorithms where the causal relation between designers and the behavior of their computer systems has been eroded? The answer to this question will be provided through two levels of investigation within the value sensitive design methodology. The first level is conceptual. Within the conceptual level, we will introduce the notion of computer intentionality and will show how this term may be used for solving an issue of non-causal relation between designer and computer system. The second level of investigation is technical. At this level the emphasis will be given to machine learning algorithms.
智能算法与各种机器学习技术在当代价值敏感设计的主要挑战中占据主导地位。当前人工智能应用的自我学习能力模糊了程序员和计算机行为之间的因果关系。这给当今数字技术的设计、开发和实施带来了重大挑战。本文试图对这一挑战作出解释。形成当前分析的主要问题是:在价值敏感设计思想流派中,可以开发哪些概念性工具来评估机器学习算法,其中设计师与其计算机系统行为之间的因果关系已被侵蚀?这个问题的答案将通过价值敏感设计方法论中的两个层次的调查来提供。第一个层次是概念性的。在概念层面,我们将介绍计算机意向性的概念,并将展示如何使用这个术语来解决设计者和计算机系统之间的非因果关系问题。第二个层面的调查是技术性的。在这个层次上,重点将放在机器学习算法上。
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引用次数: 1
Cultural Differences in the Construction of Gender: A Thematic Analysis of Gender Representations in American, Spanish, and Czech Children’s Literature 性别建构中的文化差异:美国、西班牙和捷克儿童文学中性别表现的专题分析
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.1515/humaff-2022-2030
Lucy Roberts, Karolina Bačová, Tigist Llaudet Sendín, Marek Urban
Abstract Children’s literature provides a critical method of socialization and familiarization with gender roles, providing examples, boundaries, and limitations for gender identity construction. While extensive research has been done on how children’s literature depicts both traditional and non-traditional gender roles, very little research has been published on the cultural differences between literary representations. The aim of the present paper is to describe the representations of social roles of men and women in American, Czech, and Spanish children’s books published between 2010 and 2020. Three best-selling children’s picture books from each year from each respective culture were selected and analyzed, culminating in a thematic analysis of ninety-nine books. Using inductive thematic analysis, the study found all three cultures to be conservative in their depictions of gender roles, with Czech books as the most likely to feature traditional gender roles. Spanish books are more, and American books are the most subversive in their depiction of gender roles, containing an increasing number of non-traditional elements over an examined time period.
儿童文学提供了一种社会化和性别角色熟悉的重要方法,为性别认同的构建提供了范例、边界和限制。虽然关于儿童文学如何描述传统和非传统性别角色的研究已经做了大量的研究,但关于文学表现之间的文化差异的研究却很少。本文的目的是描述2010年至2020年间出版的美国、捷克和西班牙儿童书籍中男性和女性社会角色的表现。每年从各自的文化中选择并分析三本最畅销的儿童绘本,最后对99本图书进行主题分析。通过归纳主题分析,研究发现这三种文化对性别角色的描述都比较保守,其中捷克的书籍最有可能以传统的性别角色为特色。西班牙书更多,美国书在性别角色的描述上最具颠覆性,在一段时间内包含了越来越多的非传统元素。
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引用次数: 0
Into the Black Box: Sex and Gender in the Study on Decision-Making – An Evidence from a Slovak Sample 进入黑匣子:决策研究中的性别和社会性别——来自斯洛伐克样本的证据
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-19 DOI: 10.1515/humaff-2022-2029
M. Adamus, Eva Ballová Mikušková
Abstract The main goal of the paper was to obtain insights into how gender measures can be incorporated into quantitative research on risk-related behaviour. We explored relations between the measures (short versions of Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ), and Traditional Masculinity-Femininity (TMF) scale) and their explanatory power in relation to risky behaviours (Decision Outcome Inventory, DOI). The sample consisted of 470 adults (238 men). The corresponding BSRI and PAQ subscales correlated significantly, while TMF correlated positively with the femininity subscales. All the instruments demonstrated good internal consistency and the measures explained a significant portion of risky behaviour. The results suggest that, although sex is a proxy of behaviour, using a measure of the gender-related aspects of identity could enhance understanding of risk-related behaviour. Finally, men and women viewed themselves as equally masculine, indicating that gender stereotypes about desirability of agentic characteristics change.
摘要本文的主要目标是深入了解如何将性别衡量纳入风险相关行为的定量研究。我们探讨了这些指标(Bem性别角色量表(BSRI)、个人属性问卷(PAQ)和传统男性气质-女性气质量表(TMF)的简短版本)及其对风险行为的解释力(决策结果量表,DOI)之间的关系。样本包括470名成年人(238名男性)。相应的BSRI和PAQ分量表显著相关,而TMF与女性气质分量表呈正相关。所有工具都显示出良好的内部一致性,这些措施解释了很大一部分风险行为。研究结果表明,尽管性别是行为的代表,但对身份的性别相关方面进行衡量可以增强对风险相关行为的理解。最后,男性和女性都认为自己是同样的男性,这表明关于代理特征可取性的性别刻板印象发生了变化。
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引用次数: 0
Freedom: An enactive possibility 自由:一种可行的可能性
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/humaff-2022-0037
Adam Rostowski
Abstract In Freedom: An Impossible Reality (FAIR), Raymond Tallis finds room in a law-abiding universe for a uniquely human form of agency, capable of envisioning and pursuing genuinely open possibilities, thereby deflecting rather than merely inflecting the course of events, in accordance with self-owned intentions, reasons and goals. He argues that the genuinely free human pursuit of such propositional attitudes depends on our acting from a “virtual outside”, at an epistemic distance from the physical world that reveals not only what is the case, but that it is the case. The enactive approach in cognitive science and philosophy of mind aims to supersede the cognitivist traditional that has long dominated the field, by reframing cognition as an agentʼs immediate, embodied engagement with its environment. In an appendix of FAIR, Tallis argues that this approach risks both eliminating propositional attitudes, and collapsing the epistemic distance between agent and world. He concludes that if enactive theorists are to distinguish between genuinely pursuing an intention and merely responding to a stimulus, their corrective to cognitivism is in need of a correction of its own. This paper argues that such a correction is already to be found within the enactive literature, and furthermore, that it bears striking similarities to Tallis own account of what makes human agency unique. It is therefore concluded that the case for freedom set out in FAIR is compatible with the enactive approach.
摘要在《自由:不可能的现实》(FAIR)中,Raymond Tallis在守法的宇宙中为一种独特的人类代理形式找到了空间,能够设想和追求真正开放的可能性,从而根据自己的意图、原因和目标,改变而不仅仅是改变事件的进程。他认为,人类对这种命题态度的真正自由追求取决于我们从“虚拟的外部”采取行动,与物理世界保持认识距离,这不仅揭示了情况,而且揭示了事实。认知科学和心理哲学中的行为方法旨在取代长期主导该领域的认知主义传统,将认知重新定义为一个主体与其环境的直接、具体的参与。在FAIR的附录中,Tallis认为这种方法既有可能消除命题态度,也有可能破坏主体和世界之间的认识距离。他总结道,如果行为理论家要区分真正追求意图和仅仅对刺激做出反应,他们对认知主义的纠正就需要自己的纠正。本文认为,这种修正已经在成文文献中找到了,此外,它与塔利斯自己关于人类能动性独特性的描述有着惊人的相似之处。因此得出的结论是,《公平竞争法》中提出的自由理由与成文法是一致的。
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引用次数: 1
On the importance of a human-scale breadth of view: Reading Tallis’ freedom 论人类视野的重要性——解读塔利斯的自由
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/humaff-2022-0038
Jan Halák
Abstract This paper is my commentary on Raymond Tallis’ book Freedom: An Impossible Reality (2021). Tallis argues that the laws described by science are dependent on human agency which extracts them from nature. Consequently, human agency cannot be explained as an effect of natural laws. I agree with Tallis’ main argument and I appreciate that he helps us understand the systematic importance of a human-scale breadth of view regarding any theoretical investigation. In the main part of the paper, I critically comment on Tallis’ interpretation of several more loosely associated topics from a phenomenological perspective. Firstly, I reconsider Tallis’ account of intentionality as a factor that opens a distance between the cognizer and the world. Whereas Tallis emphasizes that agency requisitions aspects of the world to achieve its goals, I point out that agency does not determine the meaning of things unidirectionally and independently of all context. A self-controlled agency is provisionally reached through a process of ‘deindexicalization’ of our passive intentional capacities, that is, by creating and maintaining new, different worldly contexts. Subsequently, I analyze Tallis’ description of our intentional relation to spatiotemporally distant possibilities. In my view, Tallis underestimates the extent to which our intentional relation to possibilities is pre-reflexive and pre-predicative and hence independent of propositional attitudes. Finally, I consider Tallis’ interpretation of nature and show that it is deeply influenced by the sciences of nature. In contrast, I argue that agency can be properly described only if we understand it as an intervention in a lifeworld already imbued with sense, not merely a physical or material nature.
摘要本文是我对Raymond Tallis的著作《自由:不可能的现实》(2021)的评论。Tallis认为,科学所描述的规律依赖于从自然中提取出来的人类能动性。因此,人类能动性不能被解释为自然规律的影响。我同意Tallis的主要论点,我很感激他帮助我们理解在任何理论调查中,人类视野广度的系统重要性。在论文的主要部分,我从现象学的角度批判性地评论了塔利斯对几个更松散关联的主题的解释。首先,我重新考虑塔利斯对意向性的描述,认为意向性是一个打开认知者与世界之间距离的因素。Tallis强调,能动性要求世界的各个方面来实现其目标,而我指出,能动性并不能单向地、独立于所有背景来决定事物的意义。一个自我控制的机构是通过我们被动有意能力的“去指数化”过程暂时达到的,也就是说,通过创造和维持新的、不同的世界环境。随后,我分析了塔利斯对我们与时空遥远可能性的有意关系的描述。在我看来,Tallis低估了我们与可能性的有意关系在多大程度上是前反射性和前表语性的,因此独立于命题态度。最后,我考虑了塔利斯对自然的解释,并表明它深受自然科学的影响。相反,我认为,只有当我们将能动性理解为对已经充满意义的生活世界的干预,而不仅仅是物理或物质性质时,才能正确地描述能动性。
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引用次数: 1
Libertarianism in disguise 伪装的自由意志主义
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/humaff-2022-0036
H. Steward
Abstract This paper argues that the position on free will which is defended in ‘Freedom: An Impossible Reality’ is not, as Tallis claims, a compatibilist view, but actually a version of libertarianism. While endorsing many aspects of that libertarian view itself, the paper raises questions about how one of the central arguments for Tallis’s view is supposed to work, and queries whether it really follows from the fact that we need to stand apart from nature in a certain sense, in order to develop the kind of abstract knowledge that is constituted by the body of scientific law, that our own actions are not mere manifestations of what Tallis calls the ‘habits of nature’. It is also suggested that while a strong case can be made for many varieties of human exceptionalism, Tallis’s view of animal behaviour may be too simple and that there are examples of animal agency which cannot be explained merely by the associative learning which appears to be the highest grade of animal cognition that Tallis countenances.
本文认为,《自由:一个不可能的现实》所捍卫的关于自由意志的立场并不像塔利斯所说的那样是一种兼容主义观点,而实际上是一种自由意志主义。而支持自由主义观点本身的许多方面,本文提出了问题的一个核心论点如何塔利斯的观点是应该工作,和查询它是否真的是事实,我们需要站除了自然在某种意义上,为了发展的那种抽象的知识是由身体的科学定律,我们自己的行动不仅仅是表现塔利斯所谓的“自然的习惯”。也有人提出,虽然可以为许多种类的人类例外论提供强有力的理由,但塔利斯对动物行为的看法可能过于简单,而且有一些动物代理的例子不能仅仅用联想学习来解释,而联想学习似乎是塔利斯所支持的动物认知的最高等级。
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引用次数: 1
The ontology of freedom 自由的本体论
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/humaff-2022-0040
James Tartaglia
Abstract I begin by clarifying Tallis’s revisionary terminology, showing how he redraws the lines of the traditional debate about free will by classifying himself as a compatibilist, when in standard terms he is an incompatibilist. I then examine what I take to be the two main lines of argument in Freedom, which I call the Mysterian Argument and the Intentionality Argument. I argue that neither can do the required work on its own, so I ask how they are supposed to combine. I then argue that a commitment to the ontological priority of everydayness, of the kind suggested in chapters 5 and 6 of Freedom, might combine the arguments in such a way as to secure Tallis’s conclusion. I conclude that the argument of Freedom requires positive metaphysical commitment of a kind Tallis has yet to provide.
摘要我首先澄清了塔利斯的修正术语,展示了他如何通过将自己归类为相容主义者来重新划定关于自由意志的传统辩论的界限,而用标准术语来说,他是一个不相容主义者。然后,我研究了我认为自由中的两条主要论点,我称之为神秘论点和意图论点。我认为两者都不能单独完成所需的工作,所以我问他们应该如何结合。然后,我认为,《自由》第5章和第6章中提出的对日常性本体论优先权的承诺,可能会将这些论点结合起来,从而确保塔利斯的结论。我的结论是,自由的论点需要塔利斯尚未提供的那种积极的形而上学承诺。
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引用次数: 0
Disarming causation in the service of agency: Tallis on Hume 代理服务中的解除因果关系:塔利斯论休谟
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/humaff-2022-0031
David Steven Scott
Abstract I argue that, in his effort to overcome causation as an obstacle to agency or free will, Raymond Tallis’ self-described “Humean” re-working of David Hume’s analysis of causation falters on historicotextual and conceptual grounds.
本文认为,在试图克服作为能动或自由意志障碍的因果关系的过程中,雷蒙德·塔利斯对大卫·休谟因果关系分析的自我描述“休谟式”的重新诠释在历史文本和概念基础上出现了动摇。
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引用次数: 1
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Human Affairs-Postdisciplinary Humanities & Social Sciences Quarterly
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