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Policy Change in the Shadow of the Paralympics: Disability Activism and Accessibility Reforms in Japan 残奥会阴影下的政策变化:日本残疾人运动与无障碍改革
IF 0.5 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10371397.2023.2178884
Celeste L. Arrington, Mark R. Bookman
Abstract The Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games provided Japanese stakeholders opportunities to pressure policymakers to pass reforms, including measures to improve accessibility. However, the Games alone are not sufficient to explain the scope and consequences of recent accessibility reforms. We argue that researchers must also consider the impact of historical contingencies such as decades of activism for accessibility by affected parties (tōjisha), the 3/11 ‘triple disaster,’ and Japan’s 2014 ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to understand how disabled persons’ organizations were able to leverage the Games to influence reforms. Drawing on government records, news media reports, and documents from disability advocacy organizations, we unpack several causal mechanisms that linked activism for accessibility to policy changes and thereby contribute to studies of minority social movements and policymaking in Japan. Our analysis of accessibility initiatives documents a ‘legalistic turn’ in Japanese governance, characterized by more formal rules and enforcement mechanisms. While the implementation of those initiatives was hampered by scarcity of human and material resources as well as the spread of COVID-19, they nevertheless improved accessibility for many individuals and encouraged conversations about equity and inclusion that persist into the present.
2020年东京奥运会和残奥会为日本利益相关者提供了向政策制定者施压的机会,要求他们通过改革措施,包括改善无障碍环境的措施。然而,游戏本身并不足以解释最近无障碍改革的范围和后果。我们认为,研究人员还必须考虑历史偶发事件的影响,如受影响各方数十年的无障碍行动主义(tōjisha), 3/11“三重灾难”,以及日本2014年批准的《联合国残疾人权利公约》,以了解残疾人组织如何能够利用奥运会影响改革。根据政府记录、新闻媒体报道和残疾人倡导组织的文件,我们揭示了将无障碍行动主义与政策变化联系起来的几个因果机制,从而有助于研究日本的少数民族社会运动和政策制定。我们对无障碍举措的分析记录了日本治理的“法制化转变”,其特点是更正式的规则和执行机制。尽管这些举措的实施受到人力和物质资源短缺以及2019冠状病毒病蔓延的阻碍,但它们改善了许多人的可及性,并鼓励了有关公平和包容的对话,这种对话一直持续到今天。
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引用次数: 0
Dialogic Positioning on Pro-Whaling Stance: A Case Study of Reported Speech in Japanese Whaling News 亲捕鲸立场的对话定位:以日本捕鲸新闻报道言语为例
IF 0.5 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10371397.2023.2191839
Masaki Shibata
ABSTRACT Hard news is often assumed to be ‘objective’ and ‘factual’, with little or no trace of a ‘subjective’ authorial point of view. However, what is often forgotten is that journalists still choose what information to divulge, and how to communicate that information. This article explores how whaling news is presented in Japanese hard news reports, examining the types of ‘voices’ quoted and how these voices are presented. Analysing 176 quotations from 33 news articles published between 2014 and 2018 on news relating to controversies over Japan’s whaling policy in relation to the International Whaling Commission’s 2014 ban on whaling, this article found that in most cases, pro-whaling voices (43%) are quoted far more frequently than anti-whaling voices (24%). However, in news reports on Japan’s resumption of whaling in 2015, pro-whaling voices became completely absent, because the Japanese journalists chose to quote foreign external voices that reject a pro-whaling point of view. Japanese journalists also incorporated emotional statements from local residents and fishermen in order to dramatise the issue and seek sympathy for those whose livelihood was threatened by the whaling ban.
硬新闻通常被认为是“客观的”和“事实的”,很少或根本没有作者的“主观的”观点。然而,人们经常忘记的是,记者仍然选择泄露什么信息,以及如何传达这些信息。本文探讨了捕鲸新闻是如何在日本硬新闻报道中呈现的,研究了引用的“声音”的类型以及这些声音是如何呈现的。本文分析了2014年至2018年间发表的33篇新闻文章中的176句话,这些文章涉及日本捕鲸政策与国际捕鲸委员会2014年捕鲸禁令之间的争议,发现在大多数情况下,支持捕鲸的声音(43%)被引用的频率远高于反捕鲸的声音。然而,在2015年关于日本恢复捕鲸的新闻报道中,支持捕鲸的声音完全消失了,因为日本记者选择引用拒绝支持捕鲸观点的外国外部声音。日本记者还引用了当地居民和渔民的情绪化言论,以将这一问题戏剧化,并为那些生计受到捕鲸禁令威胁的人寻求同情。
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引用次数: 0
Transpacific Convergences: Race, Migration, and Japanese American Film Culture before World War II 跨太平洋融合:二战前的种族、移民与日美电影文化
IF 0.5 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.1080/10371397.2022.2141215
D. Miyao
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to Special Issue on Youth and Democracy in Post-War Japanese Culture 《战后日本文化中的青年与民主》特刊简介
IF 0.5 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/10371397.2022.2138299
T. Aoyama, B. Hartley
This special issue examines representations and constructions of youth and democracy in literature, film, manga and other media aimed at, or featuring, children and young adults in the post-war period. How did the introduction of the new Constitution, freedom, equality, and democracy affect youth culture? How did writers, directors, artists, editors and readers or viewers deal with the defeat and the subsequent socio-economic and political changes? What kinds of media and activities were developed to disseminate the literature of the new era? Was there unambiguous discontinuity at the end of the war? Or is continuity evident in some aspects of the production, distribution, and reception of culture for young people? In other words, to what extent were the new policies – lauded by the post-war Constitution but often imposed in blunt-instrument fashion by Occupation authorities – resisted or at least modified for local hearts and minds by young and old alike? As Kenko Kawasaki and Laura Clark note in their contribution, furthermore, through disdain for popular culture – precisely the culture that appealed to the young – even ‘progressive intellectuals’ in the post-war era ‘failed to recognise’ those ‘elements of pre-war modernisation’ that were distinctly ‘separate from the post-war influence of the United States’ (Kawasaki and Clark, this issue). Each article in its own way scrutinises these critical issues of continuity and discontinuity, in addition to convention and innovation, while also considering the socio-cultural and political con-texts operating in the specific genres and texts presented. The project was initiated as a triple-panel for the 20th Biennial Conference of the Japanese Studies Association of Australia held at the University of Wollongong in 2017, the year that marked the seventieth anniversary of Japan’s post-war Constitution coming into effect. Under the conference theme of ‘Debating Democracy in Japan’, participants were invited to consider ‘the constitutional and legal system, democracy and civil society, the political economy of post-war Japan and the cultural imagining and reimagining of Japanese society over this period’. 1 As a group of researchers whose main field is literary studies, our panels aimed to contribute to the discussion of the
这期特刊探讨了战后文学、电影、漫画和其他媒体对儿童和年轻人的描述和构建。新宪法、自由、平等和民主的出台对青年文化产生了怎样的影响?作家、导演、艺术家、编辑和读者或观众是如何应对这场失败以及随后的社会经济和政治变化的?为了传播新时期的文学,发展了什么样的媒体和活动?战争结束时是否有明确的间断?或者,在年轻人文化的生产、传播和接受的某些方面,连续性是否明显?换言之,新政策在多大程度上受到了战后宪法的赞扬,但占领当局经常以生硬的手段强加这些政策,年轻人和老年人都抵制或至少根据当地人的意愿进行了修改?正如Kenko Kawasaki和Laura Clark在他们的贡献中所指出的,由于对流行文化(正是吸引年轻人的文化)的蔑视,即使是战后的“进步知识分子”也“未能认识到”那些明显“与美国战后影响分离”的“战前现代化要素”(川崎和克拉克,本期)。除了惯例和创新之外,每一篇文章都以自己的方式审视了这些连续性和不连续性的关键问题,同时也考虑了在所呈现的特定流派和文本中运作的社会文化和政治文本。该项目是作为2017年在卧龙岗大学举行的澳大利亚日本研究会第20届双年度会议的三方小组启动的,这一年是日本战后宪法生效70周年。会议主题为“讨论日本的民主”,与会者被邀请审议“宪法和法律制度、民主和公民社会、战后日本的政治经济以及这一时期日本社会的文化想象和重新想象”。1作为一个以文学研究为主要领域的研究小组,我们的小组旨在为
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引用次数: 0
Girls (and Boys) Debating Democracy in Aoi sanmyaku 女孩们(和男孩们)在苍井县辩论民主
IF 0.5 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/10371397.2022.2134100
Kawasaki Kenko, Laura Emily Clark
Abstract Histories of democracy in modern Japan often position ‘democracy’ itself as an elite, introduced, inorganic facet of post-defeat Japan’s reconstruction by outside influences. However, analysis of discourses and texts prior to this revisionist narrative reveal a much more complex and continuous intellectual history at play. Ishizaka Yōjirō’s (1900–1986) run-away hit Aoi sanmyaku (Blue mountain range, 1947) was a timely and highly influential serialised work in The Asahi Shimbun, which was quickly republished as a novel and then adapted into a massively successful film in 1949. In this discussion the work both uses and challenges a feudalism versus democracy binary, and reveals strong intellectual continuities between prewar and post-war thinking regarding modernity. The work also challenges the positioning of relationships between school-age male and female students as a symbol of democracy and modernism in this era. Through Ishizaka’s use of debate and humour, this work is not an account of the failings of democracy, or its success, but rather an exploration of the tensions that emerge with attempts to implement these discourses.
现代日本的民主史通常将“民主”本身定位为受外部影响的战败后日本重建的精英,引入的,无机的方面。然而,对这种修正主义叙事之前的话语和文本的分析揭示了一个更加复杂和持续的思想史在起作用。石坂Yōjirō(1900-1986)的《青山》(1947年出版)是《朝日新闻》上一部及时且极具影响力的连载作品,它很快被改编成小说出版,并于1949年被改编成一部大获成功的电影。在这次讨论中,作品使用并挑战了封建主义与民主的二元对立,并揭示了战前和战后关于现代性的思想之间强烈的智力连续性。作品还挑战了将学龄男女学生之间的关系定位为这个时代民主主义和现代主义的象征。通过石坂对辩论和幽默的运用,这部作品不是对民主失败或成功的描述,而是对试图实施这些话语时出现的紧张局势的探索。
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引用次数: 0
In the Ruins of the Japanese Empire: Imperial Violence, State Destruction, and the Reordering of Modern East Asia 在日本帝国的废墟中:帝国暴力、国家毁灭和现代东亚的重新排序
IF 0.5 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/10371397.2022.2136064
B. Sewell
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引用次数: 1
Disrupting the Discourse of War: Nakai Hideo’s Youthful Template for a Free and Democratic Post-War Japan 扰乱战争话语:中井秀夫的战后自由民主日本的年轻模板
IF 0.5 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/10371397.2022.2134099
B. Hartley
Abstract This article examines notions of democracy in the writing of post-war literary identity, Nakai Hideo (1922–1993). Although Nakai is known as a fantasy novelist, tanka poet/editor and essayist, the focus text here is Kanata yori (From afar), a diary produced during the final stages of the war. Entries were largely written while the future literary identity worked as a mobilised student in the Ichigaya offices of the Imperial Army General Staff Headquarters. Audaciously, given the writer’s war-time role, the work was scathingly critical of the military policies of the time. While written in wartime, the diary was not published until 1971. This situates the work squarely in the politico-literary space of the post-war era. Furthermore, the diarist undoubtedly longs for a future without the militarist authorities. Brief reference is also made to a 1969 fantasy text, 'Kokuchō-tan' (Odyssey of the Black Swan), which features a young twenty-something protagonist whom Nakai identified as his own young post-war self. Both works present as fertile territory for an investigation of youth and democracy in post-war Japan.
摘要本文考察了战后文学身份书写中的民主观念,中井秀夫(1922–1993)。尽管中井以幻想小说家、坦卡诗人/编辑和散文家而闻名,但这里的焦点文本是《来自远方》,这是一本在战争最后阶段制作的日记。参赛作品主要是在未来的文学身份作为帝国陆军总参谋部一谷办公室的动员学生工作时创作的。大胆地说,鉴于作者在战争时期的角色,这部作品严厉批评了当时的军事政策。这本日记写于战时,直到1971年才出版。这将作品直接置于战后的政治文学空间中。此外,日记作者无疑渴望一个没有军国主义当局的未来。还简要参考了1969年的一本奇幻小说《黑天鹅奥德赛》,书中有一位20多岁的年轻主人公,中井认为他是战后年轻的自己。这两部作品都是调查战后日本青年和民主的沃土。
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引用次数: 0
From Tears to Laughter: Gender, Humour and Democracy in Ishii Momoko's Non-chan Kumo ni Noru 从眼泪到笑声:石井莫莫子的《无禅》中的性别、幽默与民主
IF 0.5 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/10371397.2022.2134097
T. Aoyama
Abstract Ishii Momoko (1907–2008) is arguably the most important and influential figure in Japanese children’s literature, not only as a prolific and award-winning writer and translator, but also as an editor of important series, a critic, and a pioneer of the children’s library movement. This article examines the significance of humour in her works, especially her acclaimed novel for children, Non-chan kumo ni noru (Little Non rides on the clouds, 1947), and its relationships with gender and democracy. The article first outlines Ishii’s activities in the pre-war, wartime, post-war and later periods, and the centrality of humour throughout her life. Despite the critical acclaim and popularity of her works, humour in Non-chan has been neglected in humour studies and studies of children’s literature. Through a detailed analysis of the quantity and quality of laughter in Non-chan, I argue that Ishii has skilfully depicted various functions of humour, including expression and sharing of merriment, consolation and diversion, healing, revelation, derision, protest and revolt. As Tsurumi Shunsuke (2001) theorised, humour has the potential to communicate with a diverse range of people and find democratic, non-violent solutions to what look like dark, desperate situations.
摘要石井莫莫子(1907–2008)可以说是日本儿童文学中最重要、最有影响力的人物,他不仅是一位多产、获奖的作家和翻译家,还是重要系列的编辑、评论家和儿童图书馆运动的先驱。本文探讨了幽默在她的作品中的意义,尤其是她广受好评的儿童小说《Non-chan kumo ni noru》(《小Non骑在云端》,1947),以及它与性别和民主的关系。文章首先概述了石井在战前、战时、战后和后期的活动,以及幽默在她一生中的中心地位。尽管她的作品在评论界广受好评,但在幽默研究和儿童文学研究中,《农》中的幽默却一直被忽视。通过对《Non-chan》中笑的数量和质量的详细分析,我认为石井巧妙地描绘了幽默的各种功能,包括欢乐的表达和分享、安慰和消遣、治愈、启示、嘲笑、抗议和反抗。正如Tsurumi Shunsuke(2001)所理论的那样,幽默有可能与各种各样的人交流,并为看似黑暗、绝望的情况找到民主、非暴力的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Bridging Australia and Japan Volume 2: The Writings of David Sissons, Historian and Political Scientist 架桥澳大利亚和日本卷2:大卫·西森斯,历史学家和政治学家的著作
IF 0.5 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/10371397.2022.2139230
A. Rix
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引用次数: 0
Family-Run Universities in Japan: Sources of Inbuilt Resilience in the Face of Demographic Pressure, 1992–2030 日本家族经营的大学:面对人口压力时内在韧性的来源,1992-2030
IF 0.5 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/10371397.2022.2136063
P. Altbach
Minister to dissolve Parliament, and the issue of human rights in the Japanese Constitution are still relevant today. The Japanese Prime Minister must still act with caution in the light of sensitive party factional balances in considering when to go to an election. The human rights issues, notably freedom of speech, remain a problem more generally in Japanese society today (see Stockwin & Ampiah, 2017, for insights into this contemporary issue). The volume tells us much about David Sissons, the man and the scholar. A gentle and shy person, who did not chase personal fame or reputation, he was nevertheless dogged in his pursuit of the facts which would help answer the research problems he had posed. Probably best known today for this path-breaking historical research on the Australia–Japan relationship in its many avenues, Sissons was a familiar face at the Australian Archives reading room in Canberra for many years, where he would always provide advice to those who were trying to find their way around government documents and the associated complexities of the bilateral Australia–Japan relationship. Sissons’ important research, which has been brought to the light again in these volumes, reminds us of the quiet influence he had within the discipline over the many years when he was at the ANU, the relevance his research continues to have for scholars today, and the further impact that his collected papers at the National Library are likely to have into the future as they are accessed by other scholars.
大臣解散国会,日本宪法中的人权问题今天仍然具有现实意义。在考虑何时举行选举时,日本首相仍然必须谨慎行事,考虑到敏感的政党派系平衡。人权问题,尤其是言论自由,在今天的日本社会中仍然是一个更普遍的问题(参见Stockwin & Ampiah, 2017,对这个当代问题的见解)。这本书向我们讲述了很多关于大卫·西森斯这个人和学者的故事。他是一个温和害羞的人,他不追求个人的名利,然而,他坚持不懈地追求有助于回答他提出的研究问题的事实。今天,西森斯最为人所知的可能是他对澳日关系的开创性历史研究,研究的途径很多。多年来,他一直是堪培拉澳大利亚档案馆阅览室的一个熟悉的人,在那里,他总是为那些试图在政府文件和澳日双边关系的相关复杂性中找到方法的人提供建议。西松斯的重要研究在这几卷书中再次被曝光,这让我们想起了他在澳大利亚国立大学(ANU)工作多年时在这门学科中所产生的悄然影响,他的研究对今天的学者们仍然具有重要意义,他在国家图书馆收集的论文很可能会对未来产生进一步的影响,因为其他学者也会访问这些论文。
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引用次数: 21
期刊
Japanese Studies
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