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Using Bankruptcy to Reduce Foreclosures: Does Strip-Down of Mortgages Affect the Supply of Mortgage Credit? 利用破产减少丧失抵押品赎回权:削减抵押贷款会影响抵押贷款信贷的供应吗?
3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2014-03-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2533446
Wenli Li, I. Tewari, M. White
We assess the credit market impact of allowing mortgage “strip-down” as a foreclosure-prevention measure, where strip-down reduces the principal of underwater residential mortgages to the current market value of the property for homeowners in Chapter 13 bankruptcy. Our identification is provided by a series of U.S. court decisions that introduced strip-down in parts of the U.S. and a Supreme Court ruling that abolished it. We find that the Supreme Court decision led to a small, short-term reduction in mortgage interest rates and a small, short-term increase in mortgage approval rates, but no long-term effects, and the circuit court decisions did not consistently affect mortgage terms. These results suggest that strip-down would be an effective foreclosure-prevention program, because it would have only small and transient effects on the supply of mortgage loans.
我们评估了允许抵押贷款“剥离”作为一种止赎预防措施对信贷市场的影响,其中剥离将水下住宅抵押贷款的本金减少到第13章破产房主的房产当前市场价值。我们的身份是由一系列美国法院的决定提供的,这些决定在美国部分地区引入了脱衣,而最高法院的裁决则废除了它。我们发现,最高法院的判决导致抵押贷款利率在短期内小幅下降,抵押贷款批准率在短期内小幅上升,但没有长期影响,巡回法院的判决并没有一贯地影响抵押贷款条款。这些结果表明,剥离将是一个有效的预防止赎计划,因为它只会对抵押贷款的供应产生小而短暂的影响。
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引用次数: 8
Coordination of Insolvency Cases for International Enterprise Groups: A Proposal 国际企业集团破产案件的协调:建议
3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2014-01-20 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2382123
Samuel L. Bufford
The most important unsolved problem for international insolvency law is the treatment of enterprise groups or groups of companies. The principal structures for the coordination of trans-border insolvency cases are the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (1996) and the European Union Council Regulation 1346/2000, Insolvency Proceedings, both are drafted on the assumption that international enterprises doing business or otherwise involved in more than one country are single legal entities, whereas virtually every such enterprise is a group of legal entities. Both UNCITRAL and the European Union are presently working on solutions to this problem. This article proposes a solution to this problem through the creation of an international insolvency case for the enterprise group, which would serve as an umbrella for the insolvency cases of each constituent. The umbrella case would be commenced in the country where the group’s ECOMI (enterprise center of main interests) is located: the ECOMI concept is built on the COMI (center of main interests) concept in the existing international insolvency regimes. The country where the ECOMI case is commenced would then have jurisdiction for the main insolvency proceedings for each of the insolvency cases of the constituent entities – in contrast to the existing regime that requires that the main proceeding for each entity be commenced in the country where its own COMI is located. The article proposes solutions to numerous theoretical difficulties with this proposal, including the extent to which the law of the registered office, instead of the default rule of the law of the forum) should apply to the insolvency cases for each of the entities; forum shopping; the appointment of common professionals (office holders); the expanded use of secondary proceedings in the countries where the respective COMIs are located; providing explicitly for expanded coordination and communication obligations with respect to all of the members of the enterprise group with pending insolvency cases. The article contrasts this proposal with substantive consolidation, which is controversial and should be restricted to limited circumstances. Finally, the article explores the impact of this proposal on the long-standing controversy between the universalism and territorialism approaches to international insolvency law.
国际破产法尚未解决的最重要问题是对企业集团或公司集团的处理。协调跨国界破产案件的主要结构是《贸易法委员会跨国界破产示范法》(1996年)和《欧洲联盟理事会第1346/2000号破产程序条例》,这两项条例的起草都假定在一个以上国家开展业务或以其他方式涉及的国际企业是单一的法律实体,而实际上每一个这样的企业都是一组法律实体。贸易法委员会和欧洲联盟目前都在努力解决这一问题。本文建议通过为企业集团创建一个国际破产案例来解决这一问题,该案例将作为每个组成部分破产案例的保护伞。综合案例将在集团的主要利益企业中心(ECOMI)所在的国家开始:ECOMI概念是以现有国际破产制度中的主要利益中心(COMI)概念为基础的。然后,经社理事会案件开始审理的国家将对组成实体的每个破产案件的主要破产程序拥有管辖权,而现行制度要求每个实体的主要破产程序必须在其本身的经社理事会所在的国家开始审理。本文提出了解决这一建议的许多理论困难的办法,包括在何种程度上注册办事处的法律(而不是法院法律的默认规则)应适用于每个实体的破产案件;论坛购物;一般专业人员(公职人员)的任命;在各自comi所在的国家扩大二级诉讼程序的使用;明确规定扩大对有未决破产案件的企业集团所有成员的协调和沟通义务。文章将这一建议与实质性合并进行了对比,后者是有争议的,应该限制在有限的情况下。最后,本文探讨了这一建议对国际破产法中普遍主义和地域主义方法之间长期存在的争议的影响。
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引用次数: 11
Visible Women: Locating Women in Financial Failure, Bankruptcy Law and Bankruptcy Reform 可见的女性:在金融失败、破产法和破产改革中定位女性
3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2404915
L. E. Coco
The secondary status assigned to women is the result of a culturally imposed system of meanings supporting a particular division of power and labor. Dividing the sexes and assigning distinct roles and statuses provides the basis of the social order. These structures of meaning are so deeply ingrained that they are barely recognized for the violence they impose on the financial experiences of single women.The impact of the economic inferiority and the principle of exclusion is invisible financial suffering. The applications of bankruptcy law and processes appear to be gender neutral. They appear to be rational and fair. However, their impact is uneven and skewed to a particular perception of a woman’s economic status. BAPCPA’s emphasis on women as support creditors tied to the absent and irresponsible male breadwinner, reinforces the dominant gendered economic roles. It obscures the fact that the majority of single bankruptcy petition filers in the United States are women.
赋予妇女的次要地位是一种文化强加的意义体系的结果,这种体系支持一种特定的权力和劳动分工。性别的划分和角色地位的划分是社会秩序的基础。这些意义结构是如此根深蒂固,以至于几乎没有人意识到它们对单身女性的财务经历施加了暴力。经济自卑和排斥原则的影响是无形的金融痛苦。破产法和破产程序的适用似乎不分性别。他们似乎是理性和公正的。然而,它们的影响是不平衡的,并且倾向于对妇女经济地位的特定看法。BAPCPA强调妇女是与缺席和不负责任的男性养家者联系在一起的支持债权人,这加强了占主导地位的性别经济角色。它掩盖了一个事实,即在美国,大多数单一破产申请都是女性。
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引用次数: 2
Preferences are Public Rights 偏好是公共权利
3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2013-12-21 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2307186
Brook E. Gotberg
In the wake of the Supreme Court’s decision in Stern v. Marshall, there is widespread uncertainty as to what other proceedings may constitutionally fall within a bankruptcy court’s core jurisdiction. Supreme Court jurisprudence has been cryptic regarding the constitutional limitations of non-Article III courts, but the Court has identified a "public rights exception" to the general rule that the judicial power must be exercised only by judges with life tenure and salary protection. This public rights exception has not yet been explicitly extended to a bankruptcy proceeding, but the reasoning of the Court strongly suggests that a trustee’s motion to avoid preferences would fall under the public rights exception, as a proceeding stemming exclusively from bankruptcy law and necessary to resolve claims against the estate. Accordingly, and contrary to what most scholars have suggested, preference proceedings fit comfortably within the jurisdiction of bankruptcy courts, even after the Supreme Court’s ruling in Stern.
在最高法院对斯特恩诉马歇尔案(Stern v. Marshall)做出裁决之后,对于哪些其他诉讼程序可能在宪法上属于破产法院的核心管辖权,人们普遍存在不确定性。最高法院的判例一直对非第三条法院的宪法限制含糊其辞,但法院确定了一般规则的“公共权利例外”,即司法权只能由终身任期和薪金保护的法官行使。这一公共权利例外尚未明确扩展到破产程序,但法院的推理强烈表明,受托人避免偏好的动议将属于公共权利例外,因为这是一项完全源于破产法的程序,是解决对遗产索赔的必要条件。因此,与大多数学者的建议相反,即使在最高法院对斯特恩案作出裁决之后,优先程序也很适合破产法院的管辖范围。
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引用次数: 0
Argentina Debt -- The Settlement Clause 阿根廷债务——和解条款
3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2013-12-17 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2456055
Eugenio A. Bruno
This is a paper on the Settlement Clause of the Argentine Bonds that apply to the renegotiation of the Argentina debt in default and particularly about its effects on the debt that was subject to the exchanges carried on in 2005 and 2010. This paper argues that under the Best Creditor clause Argentina would have the possibility of reaching out a settlement with the "holdout" creditors without affecting the rights of the so called exchange bondholders.
这是一篇关于阿根廷债券结算条款的论文,该条款适用于阿根廷违约债务的重新谈判,特别是它对2005年和2010年进行的交易所涉及的债务的影响。本文认为,根据最佳债权人条款,阿根廷将有可能在不影响所谓的交换债券持有人权利的情况下与“顽固”债权人达成和解。
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引用次数: 0
Capturing the Benefits of Arbitration for Cross Border Insolvency Disputes 把握跨境破产纠纷仲裁的好处
3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2013-10-15 DOI: 10.1163/9789004260207_011
E. Sussman, Jennifer L. Permesly
Insolvency proceedings are often lauded for providing a relatively quick and efficient means of resolving disputes among insolvent debtors and their creditors. Historically, insolvency courts have adhered to the principle of “territoriality,” which posits that bankruptcy proceedings should be brought in the jurisdiction where property or assets of the debtor are located, and that the courts in that forum have jurisdiction and priority over those assets. Based on this principle, in a typical domestic insolvency proceeding, one forum will exercise jurisdiction over the debtor and all of its assets; the adjudicator can thus make decisions that will bind all of the creditors seeking a piece of those assets. The principle of territoriality has become difficult to apply in our increasingly globalized world. Today’s multinational corporations operate in multiple countries and hold assets across the globe. Thus a debtor and its affiliate entities may be subject to multiple insolvency proceedings in various jurisdictions. The efficiency gains of a single-forum insolvency process no longer exist, and instead debtors can find themselves in intractable disputes or subject to inconsistent decisions issued by multiple courts. Over the last two decades, there have been various proposals to address the complications inherent in cross-border insolvency proceedings. In the aftermath of the recent financial crisis, which brought a wake of insolvent debtors with massive international presence, the issue has received increased attention. This paper Recently explores several ways in which international arbitration can be used to bring efficiency and consistency to cross-border insolvency proceedings.
破产程序常常受到称赞,因为它提供了一种相对迅速和有效的手段来解决资不抵债的债务人及其债权人之间的争端。历史上,破产法院一直坚持"属地性"原则,即破产程序应在债务人财产或资产所在地的司法管辖区提起,该司法管辖区的法院对这些资产具有管辖权和优先权。根据这一原则,在典型的国内破产程序中,一个法院将对债务人及其所有资产行使管辖权;因此,审裁员可以做出对所有寻求分得这些资产的债权人具有约束力的决定。在我们日益全球化的世界中,领土原则已变得难以适用。今天的跨国公司在多个国家开展业务,在全球范围内持有资产。因此,债务人及其关联实体可能受到不同司法管辖区的多重破产程序的约束。单一法院破产程序的效率提高已不复存在,相反,债务人可能发现自己陷入棘手的纠纷,或受到多个法院作出的不一致裁决的影响。在过去二十年中,针对跨境破产程序中固有的复杂问题提出了各种建议。在最近的金融危机之后,这一问题受到了越来越多的关注。这场危机带来了一批资不抵债的债务国,它们在国际上有大量的存在。本文最近探讨了利用国际仲裁为跨境破产程序带来效率和一致性的几种方法。
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引用次数: 2
Post-Bubble Foreclosure-Prevention and -Mitigation Options in Seattle 西雅图泡沫后止赎预防和缓解方案
3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2013-09-16 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2326775
R. Hockett
This paper, commissioned by the Seattle City Council, takes the measure of Seattle's post-bubble negative equity and foreclosure problems, estimates numbers of underwater loans that have benefitted by existing federal, state and local programs, and recommends several options that the City has not yet explored but ought to consider. For underwater but not yet defaulted loans, these include 'lease swap' arrangements of a kind advocated by the author since 2011 and public-private eminent domain partnerships of the kind advocated by the author since the housing bust began. For already foreclosed properties, the author recommends a variation on the 'land bank' approach being pioneered in several other U.S. cities.
由西雅图市议会委托撰写的这篇论文对西雅图泡沫后的负资产和止赎问题进行了衡量,估计了从现有的联邦、州和地方计划中受益的水下贷款的数量,并建议了该市尚未探索但应该考虑的几个选择。对于资不抵债但尚未违约的贷款,这些措施包括笔者自2011年以来所倡导的“租赁互换”安排,以及笔者自房地产泡沫破裂以来所倡导的公私土地征用伙伴关系。对于已经被取消赎回权的房产,作者建议采用美国其他几个城市率先采用的“土地银行”方法的变体。
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引用次数: 0
The Boundaries to Approve the Indisputability of the Claims in Bankruptcy Proceedings 认定破产程序债权不争性的界限
3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2013-09-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2325680
Gor Samvel
The Law on Bankruptcy of the Republic of Armenia (hence LBA or the Law) makes it possible to declare the debtor bankrupt and register creditor’s claim if the letter one entails from indisputable claims. Indeed, those indirect rules on approval of the claim in combination with the rules of moratorium apparently put the law enforcement practice either in non-conformity with the principal task of bankruptcy proceedings or deprive an entity from the right to fair trial (article 18, the Constitution of Armenia ). Though the court is vested only in to approve the indisputable nature of the claim, the law enforcement practice has drifted far from this crucial point of departure suggesting us entirely different case law practice. Needless to say, that this kind of case law is not in compliance with the features of bankruptcy proceedings, however it provides a reasonable opportunity to the potential creditors to resolve the dispute and to apply for the registration of relevant claim under the same bankruptcy procedure. And this is in the case when the potential creditor possesses no right to initiate a civil lawsuit under the Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Armenia (hence CPC) given to the limitations existing as a part of moratorium.
《亚美尼亚共和国破产法》(因此称为《LBA法》)规定,如果第一个字母来自无可争辩的索赔,则可以宣布债务人破产并登记债权人的索赔。事实上,这些关于核准索赔的间接规则加上暂停规则显然使执法做法不符合破产程序的主要任务,或剥夺实体获得公平审判的权利(《亚美尼亚宪法》第18条)。虽然法院的职责只是批准索赔的无可争辩的性质,但执法实践已经远离了这一关键的出发点,这给我们带来了完全不同的判例法实践。毋庸置疑,这种判例法并不符合破产程序的特点,但它为潜在债权人在同一破产程序下解决纠纷和申请相关债权登记提供了合理的机会。在这种情况下,潜在债权人没有权利根据《亚美尼亚共和国民事诉讼法》(即CPC)提起民事诉讼,因为作为暂停的一部分存在的限制。
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引用次数: 0
How Stable are Corporate Capital Structures? 公司资本结构有多稳定?
3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2013-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1784204
H. DeAngelo, Richard Roll
Leverage cross sections more than a few years apart differ markedly, with similarities evaporating as the time between cross sections lengthens. Many firms have high and low leverage at different times, but few keep debt-to-assets ratios consistently above 0.500. Capital-structure stability is the exception, not the rule, occurs primarily at low leverage, and is virtually always temporary, with many firms abandoning low leverage during the post-war boom. Industry-median leverage varies widely over time. Target-leverage models that place little or no weight on maintaining a particular leverage ratio do a good job replicating the substantial instability of the actual leverage cross-section.
杠杆横截面超过几年分开明显不同,相似之处蒸发的横截面之间的时间延长。许多公司在不同时期的杠杆率有高有低,但很少有公司的资产负债率一直保持在0.500以上。资本结构稳定是例外,而不是规则,主要发生在低杠杆下,而且实际上总是暂时的,许多公司在战后繁荣时期放弃了低杠杆。行业杠杆中值随时间变化很大。目标杠杆模型很少或根本不重视维持特定的杠杆比率,可以很好地复制实际杠杆横截面的实质性不稳定性。
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引用次数: 85
Bankruptcy Tourism in the UK: Why and How? 破产旅游在英国:为什么和如何?
3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2013-07-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2351850
Irene Lynch Fannon
This paper considers the attractiveness of the UK Personal Insolvency regime to citizens of other member states in the EU, in particular German and Irish nationals. It raises questions concerning the effect of the EU Insolvency Regulation 1346/2000 and the concept of COMI together with the somewhat unintended consequences of facilitating the availability of English personal insolvency discharge to such nationals. It describes the practical effect of some of the high profile bankruptcy cases in Ireland and the issues surrounding recognition or otherwise of such proceedings.
本文考虑了英国个人破产制度对欧盟其他成员国公民的吸引力,特别是德国和爱尔兰国民。它提出了关于欧盟破产条例1346/2000的影响和COMI概念的问题,以及促进向这些国民提供英国个人破产清偿的一些意想不到的后果。它描述了爱尔兰一些引人注目的破产案件的实际影响,以及围绕承认或其他此类程序的问题。
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引用次数: 0
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American Bankruptcy Law Journal
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