Growth in inbound tourism is expected to stimulate the Japanese economy because expenditure incurred by tourists could compensate for the decrease in consumption owing to the country’s declining population. This study conducted a simulation analysis using a multi-regional computable general equilibrium model to examine the economic impact of inbound tourists on 47 Japanese prefectural level regions. As inbound tourists visit all the regions, their economy grows in the short term. However, the impact is greater in the urban areas, which receive a higher number of tourists than the rural areas. Moreover, over the long term, people migrate from rural to urban areas where there is higher growth, leading to further growth and commercialization of urban areas. Therefore, rural regions could still suffer even if tourism leads to overall economic growth. For the development of rural regions, it is necessary to attract inbound tourists specifically to these areas.
{"title":"Increase in Inbound Tourists and Long-Term Decline of Rural Economy in Japan: A Multi-Regional Computable General Equilibrium Analysis","authors":"Tomoru Hiramatsu","doi":"10.52324/001c.74890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.74890","url":null,"abstract":"Growth in inbound tourism is expected to stimulate the Japanese economy because expenditure incurred by tourists could compensate for the decrease in consumption owing to the country’s declining population. This study conducted a simulation analysis using a multi-regional computable general equilibrium model to examine the economic impact of inbound tourists on 47 Japanese prefectural level regions. As inbound tourists visit all the regions, their economy grows in the short term. However, the impact is greater in the urban areas, which receive a higher number of tourists than the rural areas. Moreover, over the long term, people migrate from rural to urban areas where there is higher growth, leading to further growth and commercialization of urban areas. Therefore, rural regions could still suffer even if tourism leads to overall economic growth. For the development of rural regions, it is necessary to attract inbound tourists specifically to these areas.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90707307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we investigate the spatial variations in the operational expenditures of US county governments using a novel method: the bivariate penalized spline estimation over triangulation (BPST) method. We find that the costs of providing population- and health-related services are spatially non-stationary and are affected by local characteristics, like governance structure, natural amenities, and rural-urban status. In general, county operational expenditures are higher in rural counties with more governance autonomy. The marginal administrative cost for providing population-related services is lower for counties with more elected officials. In amenity-rich counties, the administrative costs are less responsive to wage and population increases but more responsive to health-related services.
本文采用一种新的方法——基于三角剖分的二元惩罚样条估计(bivariate penalized spline estimation over triangulation, BPST)，研究了美国县政府运营支出的空间变化。我们发现，提供人口和健康相关服务的成本在空间上是非固定的，并受到地方特征的影响，如治理结构、自然设施和城乡状况。总体而言，自治程度越高的农村县的运营支出越高。在拥有更多民选官员的县，提供人口相关服务的边际行政成本较低。在设施丰富的县，行政成本对工资和人口增长的响应较小，但对健康相关服务的响应更大。
{"title":"Administrative Cost of US Counties and Local Context Dependence","authors":"Yong Chen, Lan Xue, Jae-Kook Jung, Myungjin Kim","doi":"10.52324/001c.74888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.74888","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate the spatial variations in the operational expenditures of US county governments using a novel method: the bivariate penalized spline estimation over triangulation (BPST) method. We find that the costs of providing population- and health-related services are spatially non-stationary and are affected by local characteristics, like governance structure, natural amenities, and rural-urban status. In general, county operational expenditures are higher in rural counties with more governance autonomy. The marginal administrative cost for providing population-related services is lower for counties with more elected officials. In amenity-rich counties, the administrative costs are less responsive to wage and population increases but more responsive to health-related services.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80105995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In developing countries, many households lack basic household services and the provision of utility infrastructure is uneven across regions, leaving lagged regions behind. This lack of infrastructure in specific places can affect the welfare of its inhabitants. This paper aims to measure the influence of household basic services and sub-national infrastructure activities on individual subjective well-being in Ecuador. To determine how important the geographical context is for individual welfare, a hierarchical ordered logistic multilevel model is conducted. The results show that the individual heterogeneity is explained in 7% by the variation across cantons. There are 52 cantons that are above the average life satisfaction and 43 cantons below it. Findings regarding infrastructure evidence that sub-national utility projects and road infrastructure have a positive significant effect on the life satisfaction of rural residents whereas it is not significant for urban residents, indicating the diminishing marginal utility of urban people. Once a satiation point is achieved, marginal utility increases are lower. As for household services, access to the internet has a higher positive welfare effect than access to sewerage and access to water via pipelines.
{"title":"Regional Infrastructure Effects on the Life Satisfaction of Rural and Urban Residents. A Case Study for Ecuador","authors":"G. Guevara‐Rosero","doi":"10.52324/001c.74886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.74886","url":null,"abstract":"In developing countries, many households lack basic household services and the provision of utility infrastructure is uneven across regions, leaving lagged regions behind. This lack of infrastructure in specific places can affect the welfare of its inhabitants. This paper aims to measure the influence of household basic services and sub-national infrastructure activities on individual subjective well-being in Ecuador. To determine how important the geographical context is for individual welfare, a hierarchical ordered logistic multilevel model is conducted. The results show that the individual heterogeneity is explained in 7% by the variation across cantons. There are 52 cantons that are above the average life satisfaction and 43 cantons below it. Findings regarding infrastructure evidence that sub-national utility projects and road infrastructure have a positive significant effect on the life satisfaction of rural residents whereas it is not significant for urban residents, indicating the diminishing marginal utility of urban people. Once a satiation point is achieved, marginal utility increases are lower. As for household services, access to the internet has a higher positive welfare effect than access to sewerage and access to water via pipelines.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81312608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 1970 the U.S. has experienced 7 recessions of various length, severity, and regional impact. This paper explores these 7 recessions and describes the causes, severity, length and regional impacts for each recession. The key takeaways from this study is that exogenous energy shocks and oil prices matter as they contributed to four of the six recessions. In addition, Federal Reserve policy matters as in three of the six recessions, the Federal Reserve either directly cause or contributed to the decline. On a regional level, the severity and duration of recession is determined by where you live. The Plains region was consistently the least impacted by downturns in the economy. The Rocky Mountain region was next in also being less cyclically sensitive to economic downturns.
{"title":"A Personal View of Five Decades of Recessions","authors":"John E. Connaughton","doi":"10.52324/001c.66196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.66196","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1970 the U.S. has experienced 7 recessions of various length, severity, and regional impact. This paper explores these 7 recessions and describes the causes, severity, length and regional impacts for each recession. The key takeaways from this study is that exogenous energy shocks and oil prices matter as they contributed to four of the six recessions. In addition, Federal Reserve policy matters as in three of the six recessions, the Federal Reserve either directly cause or contributed to the decline. On a regional level, the severity and duration of recession is determined by where you live. The Plains region was consistently the least impacted by downturns in the economy. The Rocky Mountain region was next in also being less cyclically sensitive to economic downturns.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75039186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Obesity has become an increasingly severe problem in the United States. From 2008 to 2018, the adult obesity rate rose from 33.8% to 42.4%, with rates that are notably higher in rural areas when compared to their urban counterparts. Meanwhile, rural regions have experienced relatively slower employment growth and higher poverty rates during the recovery from the Great Recession. Social scientists are interested in determinants of – and potential solutions to – this rise in obesity rates. The existing literature has focused on the relationship between obesity and social/economic factors, such as the number of fast-food restaurants, limited physical activity, and unemployment rates. However, one unexplored question is whether the level of economic growth experienced by a rural area plays a role in the obesity problem. This paper assesses the impact of economic growth (measured by county-level GDP per capita) on obesity rates (measured by the county-level percentage of adults with BMI higher than 30) in rural America. Nationwide, data is collected on a host of demographic and economic characteristics for all non-metropolitan counties from 2012 to 2016, resulting in a county-level panel data set (n=1,948, t=5). Control variables include age, race and ethnicity, unemployment rates, rates of physical inactivity, food assistance program participation, and an index measuring healthy food availability. Two different econometric approaches were applied: (1) a fixed-effects panel regression model and (2) a difference-in-difference model using propensity score matching (PSM). The results of both econometric models suggest there is no relationship between economic growth and future obesity rates. This suggests that programs focused on rural economic growth may not affect other quality-of-life metrics. The conclusion discusses these competing interests and how regional scientists can play a role in future research in this area.
{"title":"Economic Growth and Adult Obesity Rates in Rural America","authors":"Yancheng Li, Brian E. Whitacre","doi":"10.52324/001c.66201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.66201","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity has become an increasingly severe problem in the United States. From 2008 to 2018, the adult obesity rate rose from 33.8% to 42.4%, with rates that are notably higher in rural areas when compared to their urban counterparts. Meanwhile, rural regions have experienced relatively slower employment growth and higher poverty rates during the recovery from the Great Recession. Social scientists are interested in determinants of – and potential solutions to – this rise in obesity rates. The existing literature has focused on the relationship between obesity and social/economic factors, such as the number of fast-food restaurants, limited physical activity, and unemployment rates. However, one unexplored question is whether the level of economic growth experienced by a rural area plays a role in the obesity problem. This paper assesses the impact of economic growth (measured by county-level GDP per capita) on obesity rates (measured by the county-level percentage of adults with BMI higher than 30) in rural America. Nationwide, data is collected on a host of demographic and economic characteristics for all non-metropolitan counties from 2012 to 2016, resulting in a county-level panel data set (n=1,948, t=5). Control variables include age, race and ethnicity, unemployment rates, rates of physical inactivity, food assistance program participation, and an index measuring healthy food availability. Two different econometric approaches were applied: (1) a fixed-effects panel regression model and (2) a difference-in-difference model using propensity score matching (PSM). The results of both econometric models suggest there is no relationship between economic growth and future obesity rates. This suggests that programs focused on rural economic growth may not affect other quality-of-life metrics. The conclusion discusses these competing interests and how regional scientists can play a role in future research in this area.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81622756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lachlan Johnson, Richard E. Eccleston, H. Murphy‐Gregory
Despite the impacts of globalization and market liberalization on economic development, factors such as location, space, industrial agglomeration, and local knowledge remain strong determinants of innovation performance and adaptive capacity in regional economies. The role of networks and institutions in knowledge sharing and innovation is therefore of paramount importance in analyzing regional development and has received significant academic attention accordingly. This review discusses trends and developments in a growing body of empirical research investigating these issues. The aim is to highlight some of the gaps between empirical research, policy relevance, and practical impact by focusing on the crucial but underdeveloped theoretical contributions of network governance approaches.
{"title":"Territorial Knowledge Dynamics and Governance of Industry Networks: A Systematic Quantitative Review of Empirical Literature","authors":"Lachlan Johnson, Richard E. Eccleston, H. Murphy‐Gregory","doi":"10.52324/001c.66199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.66199","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the impacts of globalization and market liberalization on economic development, factors such as location, space, industrial agglomeration, and local knowledge remain strong determinants of innovation performance and adaptive capacity in regional economies. The role of networks and institutions in knowledge sharing and innovation is therefore of paramount importance in analyzing regional development and has received significant academic attention accordingly. This review discusses trends and developments in a growing body of empirical research investigating these issues. The aim is to highlight some of the gaps between empirical research, policy relevance, and practical impact by focusing on the crucial but underdeveloped theoretical contributions of network governance approaches.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76319963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. D. Villada-Medina, Juan F. Rendón-García, C. Ramírez-Dolores, Gerardo Alcalá
In this study, house prices are modeled using a mixed two-stage model for mass appraisal employing valuations of second-hand housing units conducted in Medellín, Colombia. In the first stage, submarkets of houses that share non-spatial attributes are created using clustering; in the second stage, the spatial dependency is incorporated into the house price estimation using kriging. The best results were obtained when the sample was divided into three submarkets using property area and age as the classification criterion and later applying a Matérn kriging model to submarket 1, a spherical kriging model to submarket 2, and a circular kriging model to submarket 3. These results may provide further guidance to enhance mass appraisal practice in other Latin American cities as well as potentially other cities in developing countries.
{"title":"A House Price Modeling Based on Clustering and Kriging: The Medellín Case","authors":"H. D. Villada-Medina, Juan F. Rendón-García, C. Ramírez-Dolores, Gerardo Alcalá","doi":"10.52324/001c.66198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.66198","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, house prices are modeled using a mixed two-stage model for mass appraisal employing valuations of second-hand housing units conducted in Medellín, Colombia. In the first stage, submarkets of houses that share non-spatial attributes are created using clustering; in the second stage, the spatial dependency is incorporated into the house price estimation using kriging. The best results were obtained when the sample was divided into three submarkets using property area and age as the classification criterion and later applying a Matérn kriging model to submarket 1, a spherical kriging model to submarket 2, and a circular kriging model to submarket 3. These results may provide further guidance to enhance mass appraisal practice in other Latin American cities as well as potentially other cities in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72701753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Consumers around the world give away billions of dollars annually in the form of voluntary payments (aka, tips) to service workers who have served them. This widespread and important economic activity varies across geographic areas within nations, but that geographic variability has been under-studied. This paper seeks to answer the question: “Are state differences in tipping attitudes and behavior attributable to state differences in motivations for tipping?” To that end, new measures of average tipping attitudes and motives in each of the states of the United States are developed, and their relationships with state tipping behaviors, as well as other theoretically relevant state-level measures, are tested. Results suggest meaningful and reliable state differences in attitudes toward and motivations for tipping, and that the latter differences underlie some, but not all, state differences in tipping behavior.
{"title":"State Differences in Tipping Attitudes and Behavior: Attributable to State Differences in Tipping Motivations?","authors":"M. Lynn","doi":"10.52324/001c.66200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.66200","url":null,"abstract":"Consumers around the world give away billions of dollars annually in the form of voluntary payments (aka, tips) to service workers who have served them. This widespread and important economic activity varies across geographic areas within nations, but that geographic variability has been under-studied. This paper seeks to answer the question: “Are state differences in tipping attitudes and behavior attributable to state differences in motivations for tipping?” To that end, new measures of average tipping attitudes and motives in each of the states of the United States are developed, and their relationships with state tipping behaviors, as well as other theoretically relevant state-level measures, are tested. Results suggest meaningful and reliable state differences in attitudes toward and motivations for tipping, and that the latter differences underlie some, but not all, state differences in tipping behavior.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74739346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In response to escalating renewable requirements in the U.S., the EPA has approved the use of E15, a 15% ethanol blend, to eventually replace E10. Since a minimum of 10% of vehicles cannot use E15, both E10 and E15 must remain available. Due to EPA and car manufacturers’ disagreements about the safety of E15 in cars made between 2001-2012, a substantial portion of consumers will have a choice laden with uncertainty. Using a regionally-calibrated model we discuss the potential for consumer aversion to E15 and assess the change in consumer expenditures from that aversion if the mandate is met by moving consumers to E15. We find that consumer burden would amount to nearly $230 million dollars per month in our most conservative of estimates, and upwards of $929 million dollars per month if there is a modest amount of ethanol aversion. We also discuss consumer burden costs regionally for each of the eight Petroleum Administration Defense Districts. In light of this consumer burden, we discuss policy prescriptions to help mitigate such costs should the EPA choose to increase the amount of conventional biofuels that are blended into the fuel supply.
{"title":"Accounting for Aversion: Costs of the Renewable Fuel Standard after Reaching the Blend Wall","authors":"M. Noel, T. Roach","doi":"10.52324/001c.37968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.37968","url":null,"abstract":"In response to escalating renewable requirements in the U.S., the EPA has approved the use of E15, a 15% ethanol blend, to eventually replace E10. Since a minimum of 10% of vehicles cannot use E15, both E10 and E15 must remain available. Due to EPA and car manufacturers’ disagreements about the safety of E15 in cars made between 2001-2012, a substantial portion of consumers will have a choice laden with uncertainty. Using a regionally-calibrated model we discuss the potential for consumer aversion to E15 and assess the change in consumer expenditures from that aversion if the mandate is met by moving consumers to E15. We find that consumer burden would amount to nearly $230 million dollars per month in our most conservative of estimates, and upwards of $929 million dollars per month if there is a modest amount of ethanol aversion. We also discuss consumer burden costs regionally for each of the eight Petroleum Administration Defense Districts. In light of this consumer burden, we discuss policy prescriptions to help mitigate such costs should the EPA choose to increase the amount of conventional biofuels that are blended into the fuel supply.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85353676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the relationship between broad-based merit aid programs sponsored by U.S. state-level governments and the retention of college graduates. The impact of these programs is still debated and research in this field is limited. Using a unique data set for the 1988-2015 period and employing a difference-in-differences approach with adjustments for endogeneity bias, we find that: 1) states offering merit aid have higher workforce retention rates of college graduates, 2) the effect is strongest immediately after graduation and decreases over time, and 3) states with larger spending on merit aid have higher average retention rates of graduates that may be weakening faster over time compared with lower-spending states.
{"title":"The Impact of State-Funded Merit Aid on the Retention of College Graduates","authors":"M. Manic, Marina Ptukhina","doi":"10.52324/001c.37970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.37970","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the relationship between broad-based merit aid programs sponsored by U.S. state-level governments and the retention of college graduates. The impact of these programs is still debated and research in this field is limited. Using a unique data set for the 1988-2015 period and employing a difference-in-differences approach with adjustments for endogeneity bias, we find that: 1) states offering merit aid have higher workforce retention rates of college graduates, 2) the effect is strongest immediately after graduation and decreases over time, and 3) states with larger spending on merit aid have higher average retention rates of graduates that may be weakening faster over time compared with lower-spending states.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74333608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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