Using two alternative metrics of social capital, we explore how community structure influences the five-year survival rates of businesses started in 2000. Employing a family of spatial estimators to derive a set of global estimates and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), we find strong evidence that community-level social capital has a positive influence on business survival rates. Results suggest that while social capital is important in understanding business survival rates, relationships vary significantly across space. From, a policy perspective, it would be a mistake to treat social capital as a uniform asset where one approach fits all communities.
{"title":"Regional Level Social Capital and Business Survival Rates","authors":"Tessa Conroy, S. Deller","doi":"10.52324/001C.13161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001C.13161","url":null,"abstract":"Using two alternative metrics of social capital, we explore how community structure influences the five-year survival rates of businesses started in 2000. Employing a family of spatial estimators to derive a set of global estimates and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), we find strong evidence that community-level social capital has a positive influence on business survival rates. Results suggest that while social capital is important in understanding business survival rates, relationships vary significantly across space. From, a policy perspective, it would be a mistake to treat social capital as a uniform asset where one approach fits all communities.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82177929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper empirically measures the effects of big-box retail entry on the productivity of incumbent firms within the hospitality sector in the entry regions and investigates whether the effects differ depending on the size of the local market before entry. We use the entry of IKEA in four Swedish municipalities as a natural experiment to study how it affects productivity in incumbent firms within the hospitality sector. Our results show that entry by IKEA has a negative impact on the productivity of incumbents in Haparanda, Kalmar, and Karlstad, but no statistically significant effects in the metropolitan region of Gothenburg. As the majority of firms in the hospitality sector are restaurants, we expect that our results are due to increased competition within this part of the hospitality sector since all new IKEA stores come with a large, popular, and reasonably-priced restaurant.
{"title":"How does Big-box Retail Entry Affect Incumbents in the Hospitality Industry: Evidence from a Natural Experiment","authors":"Oana Mihaescu, N. Rudholm","doi":"10.52324/001C.12933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001C.12933","url":null,"abstract":"This paper empirically measures the effects of big-box retail entry on the productivity of incumbent firms within the hospitality sector in the entry regions and investigates whether the effects differ depending on the size of the local market before entry. We use the entry of IKEA in four Swedish municipalities as a natural experiment to study how it affects productivity in incumbent firms within the hospitality sector. Our results show that entry by IKEA has a negative impact on the productivity of incumbents in Haparanda, Kalmar, and Karlstad, but no statistically significant effects in the metropolitan region of Gothenburg. As the majority of firms in the hospitality sector are restaurants, we expect that our results are due to increased competition within this part of the hospitality sector since all new IKEA stores come with a large, popular, and reasonably-priced restaurant.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42412517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The most recent red tide bloom in the summer of 2018 served as a wake up call to many in the Gulf region of Florida. The algal bloom decimated the coast, killing off scores of fish and marine life. As beaches were forced to close, tourists and residents alike were no longer producing usual economic activity on the shorelines. This, however, has happened before. We consider four major blooms from the past twenty years, two in 2005, one in 2006, and the aforementioned bloom in 2018. All lasted for over three months and had significant impacts on the economy. We examine the effects of two industries, the lodging and restaurant sectors, to determine the magnitude of losses in taxable sales caused by red tide. Using a difference-in-differences model, we compare taxable sales in counties affected by red tide to those that were unaffected. We find that affected counties produce 5-7 percent and 1.5-2.5 percent less in the lodging and restaurant sectors, respectively. If red tide blooms become more frequent and persistent, losses for coastal businesses could also continue to grow. Policy and strategy to mitigate economics losses must take into consideration the harmful effects of these algal blooms.
{"title":"Harmful Algal Blooms and Tourism: The Economic Impact to Counties in Southwest Florida","authors":"Andrew Béchard","doi":"10.52324/001C.12705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001C.12705","url":null,"abstract":"The most recent red tide bloom in the summer of 2018 served as a wake up call to many in the Gulf region of Florida. The algal bloom decimated the coast, killing off scores of fish and marine life. As beaches were forced to close, tourists and residents alike were no longer producing usual economic activity on the shorelines. This, however, has happened before. We consider four major blooms from the past twenty years, two in 2005, one in 2006, and the aforementioned bloom in 2018. All lasted for over three months and had significant impacts on the economy. We examine the effects of two industries, the lodging and restaurant sectors, to determine the magnitude of losses in taxable sales caused by red tide. Using a difference-in-differences model, we compare taxable sales in counties affected by red tide to those that were unaffected. We find that affected counties produce 5-7 percent and 1.5-2.5 percent less in the lodging and restaurant sectors, respectively. If red tide blooms become more frequent and persistent, losses for coastal businesses could also continue to grow. Policy and strategy to mitigate economics losses must take into consideration the harmful effects of these algal blooms.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89852258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The literature on high school exit exams has found both positive and negative effects of these high stake exams on high school graduation rates. To this point, the literature has not taken into account the embedded nature of school districts within state education systems. We employ a Bayesian Hierarchical SLX model to account for the hierarchical nature of education data in the United States. Our approach also allows us to account for spatial spillovers that influence graduation rates across districts and states. Using school district and state-level data for 45 states and 8194 school districts in the U.S. in 2015, we generally find no statistically significant effect of state exit exams on high school graduation rates. Random effect coefficients, however, point towards high school exit exams being negatively associated with graduation rates in a handful of states.
{"title":"State Exit Exams and Graduation Rates: A Hierarchical SLX Modelling Approach","authors":"Joshua C. Hall, D. Lacombe, S. B. Pokharel","doi":"10.52324/001C.12636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001C.12636","url":null,"abstract":"The literature on high school exit exams has found both positive and negative effects of these high stake exams on high school graduation rates. To this point, the literature has not taken into account the embedded nature of school districts within state education systems. We employ a Bayesian Hierarchical SLX model to account for the hierarchical nature of education data in the United States. Our approach also allows us to account for spatial spillovers that influence graduation rates across districts and states. Using school district and state-level data for 45 states and 8194 school districts in the U.S. in 2015, we generally find no statistically significant effect of state exit exams on high school graduation rates. Random effect coefficients, however, point towards high school exit exams being negatively associated with graduation rates in a handful of states.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77452551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the 2010 Washington excise soda tax and its effects on household soda expenditures. Findings show that soda expenditures fell by approximately $2.26 per week following the tax. When matched with households in Oregon using a propensity score matching model to create a control group, the decrease in Washington household spending on soda exceeded that of Oregon households in all model specifications. Matched against households located anywhere in the U.S., Washington households' expenditures fell by between $1.24 and $1.92 more per week than control group households following the soda tax. After the tax's repeal, Washington soda expenditures remained below their previous pre-tax level. The evidence suggests the tax acted similar to a public health warning against soda and snack foods, as snack food expenditures also declined despite no added tax.
{"title":"Expenditure Effects from the 2010 Washington Soda Tax","authors":"A. Hoffer, K. Sheehan","doi":"10.52324/001C.12608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001C.12608","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the 2010 Washington excise soda tax and its effects on household soda expenditures. Findings show that soda expenditures fell by approximately $2.26 per week following the tax. When matched with households in Oregon using a propensity score matching model to create a control group, the decrease in Washington household spending on soda exceeded that of Oregon households in all model specifications. Matched against households located anywhere in the U.S., Washington households' expenditures fell by between $1.24 and $1.92 more per week than control group households following the soda tax. After the tax's repeal, Washington soda expenditures remained below their previous pre-tax level. The evidence suggests the tax acted similar to a public health warning against soda and snack foods, as snack food expenditures also declined despite no added tax.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44418292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georgeanne M. Artz, Liesl Eathington, Jasmine Francois, Melvin Masinde, P. Orazem
Using data on the universe of taxable retail sales, retail firm start-ups, and retail firm exits in Iowa from 1992 through 2011, we test whether patterns of retail firm entry and exit are consistent with churning. Consistent with churning, the same factors that increase retail sales in a local market also increase new retail firm entry and either increase or do not affect retail firm exit. Evidence suggests that there is more churning in urban than in rural markets. Similar evidence is found using a sample of national firm entry and exit into local markets. If churning increases productivity growth, then the greater churning rate in urban markets is another source of agglomeration advantages in thick markets.
{"title":"Churning in Rural and Urban Retail Markets","authors":"Georgeanne M. Artz, Liesl Eathington, Jasmine Francois, Melvin Masinde, P. Orazem","doi":"10.52324/001C.12560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001C.12560","url":null,"abstract":"Using data on the universe of taxable retail sales, retail firm start-ups, and retail firm exits in Iowa from 1992 through 2011, we test whether patterns of retail firm entry and exit are consistent with churning. Consistent with churning, the same factors that increase retail sales in a local market also increase new retail firm entry and either increase or do not affect retail firm exit. Evidence suggests that there is more churning in urban than in rural markets. Similar evidence is found using a sample of national firm entry and exit into local markets. If churning increases productivity growth, then the greater churning rate in urban markets is another source of agglomeration advantages in thick markets.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89435796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Florina Salaghe, P. Watson, Haley Hildebrandt, Malieka Landis
: What constitutes a “good business climate” is often couched in monolithic and diametrically opposed terms of low taxes versus high public services. However, there is likely considerable heterogeneity across firms in their preferences for the trade-off between higher taxes and the public services they provide. Using a novel primary data set of firm expansion and relocation decisions, this analysis investigates how firms in relatively high-paying sectors express their preferences for a variety of local “business climate” attributes relative to firms in lower-paying sectors. The findings show evidence that firms in low-wage sectors view a “good business climate” differently than firms in high-wage sectors.
{"title":"Business Climate in the Eye of the Employer","authors":"Florina Salaghe, P. Watson, Haley Hildebrandt, Malieka Landis","doi":"10.52324/001C.12256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001C.12256","url":null,"abstract":": What constitutes a “good business climate” is often couched in monolithic and diametrically opposed terms of low taxes versus high public services. However, there is likely considerable heterogeneity across firms in their preferences for the trade-off between higher taxes and the public services they provide. Using a novel primary data set of firm expansion and relocation decisions, this analysis investigates how firms in relatively high-paying sectors express their preferences for a variety of local “business climate” attributes relative to firms in lower-paying sectors. The findings show evidence that firms in low-wage sectors view a “good business climate” differently than firms in high-wage sectors.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84572699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has been suggested that provincial and national multipliers may provide incorrect estimates of the economic impacts when examining distinct communities. Using data collected from a comprehensive survey of household spending on two First Nations in Saskatchewan, Canada, we use Input-Output models to refine regional multipliers for these distinct populations. We also estimate the rate of economic leakage and the economic impacts of First Nation spending. Results indicate that economic leakage rates for First Nation economies is roughly 90 percent; meaning that 90 cents of every dollar spent by First Nations for goods and services occurs off-reserve. Using our new multipliers, we find that First Nation spending contributes over $741 million to Saskatchewan's GDP, creates approximately 11,244 full-time jobs, and leads to an estimated increase of over $462 million in labor force income for the province. If policy makers intend to build on-reserve economies, strategies must be found to recapture off-reserve spending by providing comparable on-reserve goods and services. In the absence of on-reserve economic development, First Nation economic growth will likely remain stagnant with few wealth generating opportunities and lower standards of living for First Nation members.
{"title":"Estimating the Regional Economic Impacts of First Nation Spending in Saskatchewan, Canada","authors":"Omid Mirzaei, D. Natcher, E. Micheels","doi":"10.52324/001C.12056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001C.12056","url":null,"abstract":"It has been suggested that provincial and national multipliers may provide incorrect estimates of the economic impacts when examining distinct communities. Using data collected from a comprehensive survey of household spending on two First Nations in Saskatchewan, Canada, we use Input-Output models to refine regional multipliers for these distinct populations. We also estimate the rate of economic leakage and the economic impacts of First Nation spending. Results indicate that economic leakage rates for First Nation economies is roughly 90 percent; meaning that 90 cents of every dollar spent by First Nations for goods and services occurs off-reserve. Using our new multipliers, we find that First Nation spending contributes over $741 million to Saskatchewan's GDP, creates approximately 11,244 full-time jobs, and leads to an estimated increase of over $462 million in labor force income for the province. If policy makers intend to build on-reserve economies, strategies must be found to recapture off-reserve spending by providing comparable on-reserve goods and services. In the absence of on-reserve economic development, First Nation economic growth will likely remain stagnant with few wealth generating opportunities and lower standards of living for First Nation members.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89193846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper adopts a hedonic pricing model to study the impact of vulnerability to inundation from sea level rise on home prices in Savannah, Georgia. We find that homes most at risk from sea level rise are associated with an approximate 3.1 percent price discount. The results are consistent with prior studies, which uses data from different locations in U.S. coastal areas. We also find that the discount is more significant in our later sample period, indicating that house buyers may be becoming more aware of the climate risk. This paper contributes to the understanding of house pricing factors in the study area regarding the sea level rise effects.
{"title":"The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Real Estate Prices in Coastal Georgia","authors":"Jason Beck, Meimei Lin","doi":"10.52324/001C.11643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001C.11643","url":null,"abstract":"This paper adopts a hedonic pricing model to study the impact of vulnerability to inundation from sea level rise on home prices in Savannah, Georgia. We find that homes most at risk from sea level rise are associated with an approximate 3.1 percent price discount. The results are consistent with prior studies, which uses data from different locations in U.S. coastal areas. We also find that the discount is more significant in our later sample period, indicating that house buyers may be becoming more aware of the climate risk. This paper contributes to the understanding of house pricing factors in the study area regarding the sea level rise effects.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45925740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Carpenter, F. C. Mencken, C. Tolbert, Michael C. Lotspeich
Access to financial capital is vital for the sustainability of the local business sector. Recent research on the restructuring of the financial industry from local owned banks to interstate conglomerates has raised questions about the impact on local economies, especially in rural areas. We examine the impact of bank ownership concentration on business formations, continuations, and deaths in metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural non-core U.S. counties. Using limited-access Census data, we find that local bank concentration is positively related to business births and deaths, or churn, in rural counties, but the opposite effects occur in metropolitan areas. We demonstrate robustness to several specifications and spatial spillover effects.
{"title":"Locally Owned Bank Concentration and Business Start-Ups and Closures in U.S. Metropolitan, Micropolitan, and Rural Counties from 1980-2010","authors":"C. Carpenter, F. C. Mencken, C. Tolbert, Michael C. Lotspeich","doi":"10.52324/001c.11479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.11479","url":null,"abstract":"Access to financial capital is vital for the sustainability of the local business sector. Recent research on the restructuring of the financial industry from local owned banks to interstate conglomerates has raised questions about the impact on local economies, especially in rural areas. We examine the impact of bank ownership concentration on business formations, continuations, and deaths in metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural non-core U.S. counties. Using limited-access Census data, we find that local bank concentration is positively related to business births and deaths, or churn, in rural counties, but the opposite effects occur in metropolitan areas. We demonstrate robustness to several specifications and spatial spillover effects.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89450906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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