Theoretical and empirical analyses typically ignore geographic variation in female employment and racial differences in female employment outcomes. We document that there is substantial heterogeneity in female employment with respect to geographic location, race, and their interaction. We show that a parsimonious set of area-level controls explains a substantial portion of that heterogeneity. Our results suggest that analyses that ignore geographic variation may misstate the determinants of female employment, possibly producing erroneous conclusions and policy prescriptions. They also suggest that understanding geographic heterogeneity is crucial to understanding racial differences in female employment as well as female employment itself.
{"title":"City-Specific Racial Differences in the Labor Supply of Women","authors":"J. Gardner, Natalia A. Kolesnikova","doi":"10.52324/001c.11212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.11212","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical and empirical analyses typically ignore geographic variation in female employment and racial differences in female employment outcomes. We document that there is substantial heterogeneity in female employment with respect to geographic location, race, and their interaction. We show that a parsimonious set of area-level controls explains a substantial portion of that heterogeneity. Our results suggest that analyses that ignore geographic variation may misstate the determinants of female employment, possibly producing erroneous conclusions and policy prescriptions. They also suggest that understanding geographic heterogeneity is crucial to understanding racial differences in female employment as well as female employment itself.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83912387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous research that has quantified the dispersion of U.S. urban poverty has often focused on metropolitan areas rather than on central cities themselves. Detroit, for example, shares a region with wealthy suburbs and thus appears to have concentrated poverty, but the city itself is uniformly poor and has few pockets of wealth. This study calculates four measures of household poverty concentration across block groups inside 74 U.S. cities, finding poor Rust Belt cities such as Detroit to have diffuse poverty. We also isolate a group of low-poverty, high-concentration cities in the U.S. South and West, as well as outliers that include Sunbelt cities with more diffuse poverty than predicted. Regression analysis finds the poverty rate itself to explain most of the variation in poverty concentration, with ethnic composition and the share of service employment also playing a potential role. Calculating changes in tract level poverty distributions from 2010 to 2015, we find that the concentration of poverty has decreased overall and that growth in the share of Hispanic residents might help explain these decreases.
{"title":"The Rust Belt, the Sunbelt, and the Concentration of Poverty Within Large U.S. Cities","authors":"S. Hegerty","doi":"10.52324/001c.11161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.11161","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research that has quantified the dispersion of U.S. urban poverty has often focused on metropolitan areas rather than on central cities themselves. Detroit, for example, shares a region with wealthy suburbs and thus appears to have concentrated poverty, but the city itself is uniformly poor and has few pockets of wealth. This study calculates four measures of household poverty concentration across block groups inside 74 U.S. cities, finding poor Rust Belt cities such as Detroit to have diffuse poverty. We also isolate a group of low-poverty, high-concentration cities in the U.S. South and West, as well as outliers that include Sunbelt cities with more diffuse poverty than predicted. Regression analysis finds the poverty rate itself to explain most of the variation in poverty concentration, with ethnic composition and the share of service employment also playing a potential role. Calculating changes in tract level poverty distributions from 2010 to 2015, we find that the concentration of poverty has decreased overall and that growth in the share of Hispanic residents might help explain these decreases.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85537126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on Brazil's population dynamics between 1970 and 2010. The first objective is to explore the behavior of Brazil's population distribution, revisiting the traditional rank-size rule and Markov chain approaches. To increase the accuracy of the information on the dynamics and evolution of the population distribution, spatial dependence is introduced through spatial Markov chains. The distribution shape may indicate that divergence in population size of minimum comparable areas (MCAs) is decreasing. The Zipf's law estimation indicates that the population distribution is, every decade, moving away from Pareto law. The Markov chain approach indicates, as main evidence, the high persistence of MCAs to remain in their own class size from one decade to another over the entire period, and that different spatial contexts have different effects on regional transitions.
{"title":"Population Dynamics and Spatial Dependence: Evidence from Brazilian Cities","authors":"D. Silva, R. S. Neto","doi":"10.52324/001c.11127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.11127","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on Brazil's population dynamics between 1970 and 2010. The first objective is to explore the behavior of Brazil's population distribution, revisiting the traditional rank-size rule and Markov chain approaches. To increase the accuracy of the information on the dynamics and evolution of the population distribution, spatial dependence is introduced through spatial Markov chains. The distribution shape may indicate that divergence in population size of minimum comparable areas (MCAs) is decreasing. The Zipf's law estimation indicates that the population distribution is, every decade, moving away from Pareto law. The Markov chain approach indicates, as main evidence, the high persistence of MCAs to remain in their own class size from one decade to another over the entire period, and that different spatial contexts have different effects on regional transitions.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79937118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We take a closer look at changes in county unemployment rates in Indiana during the Great Recession and evaluate how local population and the mix of sectoral employment influence these patterns. Using a quantile regression approach, we specifically observe the impacts on counties on both tails of the changes in unemployment distribution. We find the impact of sectoral composition of a county’s workforce depends on its geographical classification. Overall, greater reliance on pro-cyclical industries, most notably manufacturing, magnifies the increases in unemployment during the recession. This effect is further amplified for MSA counties. In contrast, counter-cyclical industries, education in particular, insulates the counties in the top 10th percentile of the distribution of changes in unemployment rates, and a stronger insulation effect is observed for MSA counties. At the bottom 10th percentile, education marginally amplifies changes in unemployment rates for MSA counties, whereas it insulates non-MSA counties from the same distribution.
{"title":"A Quantile Regression Approach to Examine Changes in County Unemployment Rates in Indiana during the Great Recession","authors":"Arundhati Srinivasan, Kathryn G. Arano","doi":"10.52324/001c.11094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.11094","url":null,"abstract":"We take a closer look at changes in county unemployment rates in Indiana during the Great Recession and evaluate how local population and the mix of sectoral employment influence these patterns. Using a quantile regression approach, we specifically observe the impacts on counties on both tails of the changes in unemployment distribution. We find the impact of sectoral composition of a county’s workforce depends on its geographical classification. Overall, greater reliance on pro-cyclical industries, most notably manufacturing, magnifies the increases in unemployment during the recession. This effect is further amplified for MSA counties. In contrast, counter-cyclical industries, education in particular, insulates the counties in the top 10th percentile of the distribution of changes in unemployment rates, and a stronger insulation effect is observed for MSA counties. At the bottom 10th percentile, education marginally amplifies changes in unemployment rates for MSA counties, whereas it insulates non-MSA counties from the same distribution.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81195179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban agglomeration is an important correlate to regional innovation. Large population centers pool knowledge workers and facilitate spillovers essential to innovative activity. And large populations provide more cost-effective locations for non-labor inputs to innovation, including local infrastructure that may facilitate innovative activity. However, university locations may also agglomerate these innovative in-puts, even absent the agglomerative effects of large populations. Regional policymakers may find it useful to differentiate between various correlates to innovation. This paper exploits the collinearity of universities and population with regional human capital to apportion the relationship between these regional correlates of innovation into human-capital related and non-human-capital related channels. We identify a correlation between universities and regional innovation that reflects a relationship between innovation and regional human capital correlated with university presence. None of this relationship can be apportioned to factors correlated with university presence and uncorrelated with local human capital. A key methodological contribution of this paper is the analytical framework, which can be extended to a larger number of aggregate factors and causal channels.
{"title":"Universities, Agglomeration, and Regional Innovation","authors":"Michael J. Orlando, Michael A. Verba, S. Weiler","doi":"10.52324/001c.10940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.10940","url":null,"abstract":"Urban agglomeration is an important correlate to regional innovation. Large population centers pool knowledge workers and facilitate spillovers essential to innovative activity. And large populations provide more cost-effective locations for non-labor inputs to innovation, including local infrastructure that may facilitate innovative activity. However, university locations may also agglomerate these innovative in-puts, even absent the agglomerative effects of large populations. Regional policymakers may find it useful to differentiate between various correlates to innovation. This paper exploits the collinearity of universities and population with regional human capital to apportion the relationship between these regional correlates of innovation into human-capital related and non-human-capital related channels. We identify a correlation between universities and regional innovation that reflects a relationship between innovation and regional human capital correlated with university presence. None of this relationship can be apportioned to factors correlated with university presence and uncorrelated with local human capital. A key methodological contribution of this paper is the analytical framework, which can be extended to a larger number of aggregate factors and causal channels.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83835044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. V. Sandt, Sarah A. Low, B. Jablonski, S. Weiler
We apply farm-level data to a two-stage model to explore how three different theories of comparative advantage influence the propensity of a farm or ranch to adopt an agritourism enterprise and the level of economic activity tied to that enterprise. Findings suggest that a county's entrepreneurial spirit and scenic byways increase the propensity to adopt agritourism, but natural endowments and agglomeration are the primary drivers of agritourism economic activity. Results should assist policy makers as well as rural economic development researchers in leveraging community strengths to increase economic activity in the agritourism industry and its surrounding rural economies.
{"title":"Place-Based Factors and the Performance of Farm-Level Entrepreneurship: A Spatial Interaction Model of Agritourism in the U.S.","authors":"A. V. Sandt, Sarah A. Low, B. Jablonski, S. Weiler","doi":"10.52324/001c.10800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.10800","url":null,"abstract":"We apply farm-level data to a two-stage model to explore how three different theories of comparative advantage influence the propensity of a farm or ranch to adopt an agritourism enterprise and the level of economic activity tied to that enterprise. Findings suggest that a county's entrepreneurial spirit and scenic byways increase the propensity to adopt agritourism, but natural endowments and agglomeration are the primary drivers of agritourism economic activity. Results should assist policy makers as well as rural economic development researchers in leveraging community strengths to increase economic activity in the agritourism industry and its surrounding rural economies.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79542318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The World Economic Forum has consistently ranked water crises as one of the top five most impactful issues facing humanity, alongside but not completely separate from issues such as climate change and natural disasters (World Economic Forum, 2019). A growing population and changing climate will only further stress the constrained water system. Acute and ongoing societal disruptions, caused by significant declines in the available quality and quantity of fresh water around the globe, underscore the importance of water to human life and a functional society. The papers in this special issue highlight the role that regional scientists can and should play in informed decision-making related to water at the local, regional, and national scale.
{"title":"A Role for Regional Science in Analyzing Water Issues","authors":"Christa D. Court, Elham Erfanian","doi":"10.52324/001c.10213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.10213","url":null,"abstract":"The World Economic Forum has consistently ranked water crises as one of the top five most impactful issues facing humanity, alongside but not completely separate from issues such as climate change and natural disasters (World Economic Forum, 2019). A growing population and changing climate will only further stress the constrained water system. Acute and ongoing societal disruptions, caused by significant declines in the available quality and quantity of fresh water around the globe, underscore the importance of water to human life and a functional society. The papers in this special issue highlight the role that regional scientists can and should play in informed decision-making related to water at the local, regional, and national scale.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82823174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the regional economic implications of rising water and wastewater services is important, because these services are household necessities. To date, however, there are few (if any) studies examining the link between water costs and indicators of economic vitality such as jobs, output, and regional income. To advance work on this particular topic, this paper proposes a novel methodology that estimates changes in household spending information from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) for a particular change in water prices. This vector of final demand changes is then linked to multi-regional input-output (MRIO) models to estimate the regional economic impacts associated with changes in consumer spending patterns. To demonstrate this methodology, three water price increase scenarios are derived, and associated changes in final demand estimated.
{"title":"A Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) Analytical Framework for Assessing the Regional Economic Impacts of Rising Water Prices","authors":"Kevin Credit, Elizabeth A. Mack, S. Wrase","doi":"10.52324/001c.10172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.10172","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the regional economic implications of rising water and wastewater services is important, because these services are household necessities. To date, however, there are few (if any) studies examining the link between water costs and indicators of economic vitality such as jobs, output, and regional income. To advance work on this particular topic, this paper proposes a novel methodology that estimates changes in household spending information from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) for a particular change in water prices. This vector of final demand changes is then linked to multi-regional input-output (MRIO) models to estimate the regional economic impacts associated with changes in consumer spending patterns. To demonstrate this methodology, three water price increase scenarios are derived, and associated changes in final demand estimated.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76045364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brazil is known for its abundant water supply. However, an uneven spatial distribution of water and strong concentration of economic activities has caused some regions to face water restrictions. The objective of this research is to identify the main water users in Brazil, in terms of virtual blue water, and the impacts of the water use pattern on the regional Water Exploitation Index. Among the main results, the hydrographic basin Tiet^{e} was identified as the largest responsible basin for virtual blue water demand, while the hydrographic basin Litoral AL PE PB was an important virtual water supplier. Virtual blue water flows are largely interregional and a majority of the flows (66 percent) were exports from basins where the water balance indicates potential water restrictions. These results suggest that interregional trade in virtual blue water affects water availability for some Brazilian hydrographic basins, potentially undermining water security.
巴西以其丰富的水资源供应而闻名。然而，水资源空间分布不均和经济活动高度集中导致一些地区面临水资源限制。本研究的目的是确定巴西在虚拟蓝水方面的主要用水户，以及用水模式对区域水资源开发指数的影响。结果表明，Tiet^{e}是最大的虚拟蓝水需水量负责流域，而Litoral AL PE PB是重要的虚拟供水量负责流域。虚拟蓝水流量主要是区域间的，大部分流量(66%)来自水资源平衡表明潜在水资源限制的流域。这些结果表明，虚拟蓝水的区域间贸易影响了一些巴西水文盆地的水可用性，潜在地破坏了水安全。
{"title":"The Role of Interregional Trade in Virtual Water on the Blue Water Footprint and the Water Exploitation Index in Brazil","authors":"Jaqueline Coelho Visentin, J. Guilhoto","doi":"10.52324/001c.10168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.10168","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil is known for its abundant water supply. However, an uneven spatial distribution of water and strong concentration of economic activities has caused some regions to face water restrictions. The objective of this research is to identify the main water users in Brazil, in terms of virtual blue water, and the impacts of the water use pattern on the regional Water Exploitation Index. Among the main results, the hydrographic basin Tiet^{e} was identified as the largest responsible basin for virtual blue water demand, while the hydrographic basin Litoral AL PE PB was an important virtual water supplier. Virtual blue water flows are largely interregional and a majority of the flows (66 percent) were exports from basins where the water balance indicates potential water restrictions. These results suggest that interregional trade in virtual blue water affects water availability for some Brazilian hydrographic basins, potentially undermining water security.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81382871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During droughts, governments and water suppliers typically implement non-price policies to encourage water conservation. The state of Pennsylvania requests voluntary reductions in residential water use during moderate droughts and imposes mandatory restrictions during drought emergencies. This study utilizes data on household water consumption to measure the effectiveness of the water use restrictions in Pennsylvania during the moderate drought years 2015-2017. Results suggest that voluntary water use restrictions have smaller than desired effects and that the effects are larger the higher the marginal price of water, perhaps reflecting a trade-off between non-monetary benefits and the welfare loss from reducing water usage. The effectiveness of voluntary water use restrictions also is found to increase with the length of the drought.
{"title":"Drought Status, Price, and the Effectiveness of Water Use Restrictions in Pennsylvania","authors":"G. A. Krohn","doi":"10.52324/001c.10040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.10040","url":null,"abstract":"During droughts, governments and water suppliers typically implement non-price policies to encourage water conservation. The state of Pennsylvania requests voluntary reductions in residential water use during moderate droughts and imposes mandatory restrictions during drought emergencies. This study utilizes data on household water consumption to measure the effectiveness of the water use restrictions in Pennsylvania during the moderate drought years 2015-2017. Results suggest that voluntary water use restrictions have smaller than desired effects and that the effects are larger the higher the marginal price of water, perhaps reflecting a trade-off between non-monetary benefits and the welfare loss from reducing water usage. The effectiveness of voluntary water use restrictions also is found to increase with the length of the drought.","PeriodicalId":44865,"journal":{"name":"Review of Regional Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80651568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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