Wilfried Haeberli, Jeannette Noetzli, Daniel Vonder Mühll
{"title":"Utilisation des températures de forage pour le transfert de connaissances sur le permafrost (pergélisol) de montagne : L’exemple de la série temporelle de 35 ans à Murtèl-Corvatsch (Alpes suisses)","authors":"Wilfried Haeberli, Jeannette Noetzli, Daniel Vonder Mühll","doi":"10.4000/rga.11913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.11913","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44965,"journal":{"name":"Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research","volume":"26 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transfert des connaissances sur la cryosphère entre les montagnes au niveau mondial : Une étude de cas des montagnes de l’Ouest canadien, des Alpes européennes et des Scandes.","authors":"Emilie Stewart-Jones, Stephan Gruber","doi":"10.4000/rga.12224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.12224","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44965,"journal":{"name":"Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research","volume":"26 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martin P. Kirkbride, Susan P. Mains, Vanessa Brazier
L’artiste anglais J.M.W. Turner (1775-1851) a réalisé sa deuxième visite dans le haut Val d’Aoste en 1836. Elle lui inspira plusieurs tableaux importants. Ici, nous localisons avec précision deux de ces œuvres et les relions à l’environnement climatique et géomorphologique de l’époque. Nous combinons des analyses géomorphologiques et géographiques culturelles pour proposer une évaluation plus holistique des motivations artistiques et des méthodes de Turner dans ses œuvres alpines. La première œuvre est une aquarelle présentant le mont Rouge de Peuterey (2941 m) à proximité du glacier du Miage (Val Veny). La seconde est une peinture à l’huile majeure interprétant la catastrophe du Triolet (3870 m) de 1717 (Val Ferret). Pour cette dernière, l’artiste a combiné en une seule scène dramatique les processus géomorphologiques complexes que sont une avalanche rocheuse impliquant également de la glace et l’inondation qui a suivi. La visite de Turner dans la région a coïncidé avec l’avancée maximale des glaciers au milieu du xixe siècle, ce qui lui a permis d’être confronté à des processus géomorphologiques d’ampleur. Les points de vue précis de ces deux scènes, déterminés ici pour la première fois, montrent que Turner a passé un certain temps dans la région pour rechercher les endroits les plus favorables et qu’il connaissait certains éléments importants de l’histoire locale. Les peintures font état d’une immersion dans l’environnement de l’époque, et leur étude donne un aperçu fructueux des relations complexes qui existent entre la géographie et l’art du paysage en montagne.
1836年，英国艺术家J.M.W.特纳(1775-1851)第二次访问了上奥斯塔山谷。她给了他几幅重要的画灵感。在这里，我们准确地定位了其中的两件作品，并将它们与当时的气候和地貌环境联系起来。我们结合地貌和文化地理分析，对特纳的高山作品的艺术动机和方法进行更全面的评价。第一幅作品是一幅水彩画，描绘了Miage冰川(Val Veny)附近的mont Rouge de Peuterey(2941米)。第二幅是一幅大型油画，描绘了1717年的Triolet灾难(3870米)(Val Ferret)。对于后者，艺术家在一个戏剧性的场景中结合了复杂的地貌过程，如岩石雪崩，也涉及冰和随后的洪水。特纳对该地区的访问恰逢19世纪中期冰川的最大推进，这使该地区面临着重大的地貌过程。这两个场景的准确视角，在这里首次确定，表明特纳花了一些时间在该地区寻找最有利的地点，他知道当地历史的一些重要元素。这些画描绘了一种对当时环境的沉浸感，对它们的研究为地理和山地景观艺术之间的复杂关系提供了富有成效的见解。
{"title":"La traversée alpine de Turner en 1836 et le petit âge glaciaire dépeints dans le Val Veny et le Val Ferret (massif du Mont-Blanc)","authors":"Martin P. Kirkbride, Susan P. Mains, Vanessa Brazier","doi":"10.4000/rga.11885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.11885","url":null,"abstract":"L’artiste anglais J.M.W. Turner (1775-1851) a réalisé sa deuxième visite dans le haut Val d’Aoste en 1836. Elle lui inspira plusieurs tableaux importants. Ici, nous localisons avec précision deux de ces œuvres et les relions à l’environnement climatique et géomorphologique de l’époque. Nous combinons des analyses géomorphologiques et géographiques culturelles pour proposer une évaluation plus holistique des motivations artistiques et des méthodes de Turner dans ses œuvres alpines. La première œuvre est une aquarelle présentant le mont Rouge de Peuterey (2941 m) à proximité du glacier du Miage (Val Veny). La seconde est une peinture à l’huile majeure interprétant la catastrophe du Triolet (3870 m) de 1717 (Val Ferret). Pour cette dernière, l’artiste a combiné en une seule scène dramatique les processus géomorphologiques complexes que sont une avalanche rocheuse impliquant également de la glace et l’inondation qui a suivi. La visite de Turner dans la région a coïncidé avec l’avancée maximale des glaciers au milieu du xixe siècle, ce qui lui a permis d’être confronté à des processus géomorphologiques d’ampleur. Les points de vue précis de ces deux scènes, déterminés ici pour la première fois, montrent que Turner a passé un certain temps dans la région pour rechercher les endroits les plus favorables et qu’il connaissait certains éléments importants de l’histoire locale. Les peintures font état d’une immersion dans l’environnement de l’époque, et leur étude donne un aperçu fructueux des relations complexes qui existent entre la géographie et l’art du paysage en montagne.","PeriodicalId":44965,"journal":{"name":"Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research","volume":"56 1‐2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ludovic Ravanel, Melaine Le Roy, Florence Magnin, Marta Chiarle
{"title":"Les versants englacés de la haute montagne alpine : Évolution holocène et impacts de la crise climatique actuelle","authors":"Ludovic Ravanel, Melaine Le Roy, Florence Magnin, Marta Chiarle","doi":"10.4000/rga.12291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.12291","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44965,"journal":{"name":"Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research","volume":"27 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The enhanced rockfall frequency (V > 100 m3) first noticed in the European Alps, has motivated investigations on high mountain rock walls and rock wall permafrost since the 2000s. Mont-Blanc massif (MBM) has become a pilot study area thanks to the wealth of data and knowledge on rockfall and permafrost dynamics acquired through successive research projects. Statistical analysis of rockfall distribution (> 1300 events inventoried between 2007 and 2021) shows that they are related to permafrost distribution and increasing atmospheric temperature, opening promising perspective for developing forecasting tools to support mountain practitioners in their risk mitigation strategy. However, understanding how rock wall destabilizations develop is challenged by the variety of potentially involved thermo-hydro-mechanical processes. To face these challenges, research currently carried out in the MBM focuses on water infiltration and circulation processes in frozen rock walls by combining advanced numerical modelling approaches and ad hoc field surveys. The coupling of models simulating heat and water transport with geoelectrical imaging methods could allow assessment of ground water/ice distributions and contents that is highly relevant for geotechnical purposes. Concurrently, the combination of acquired data and knowledge in integrative approaches of landscape changes and hazards involving permafrost degradation, glacier retreat, possible lake formation and rock wall destabilization appears as an essential basis for land-planning concerns. Finally, thermal and hydrological interactions between rock wall permafrost and ice bodies nestled on rock faces (ice aprons and hanging glaciers) is another direction of research to be pursued with cross-disciplinary implications.
{"title":"From Rockfall Observation to Operational Solutions: Nearly 20 years of Cryo-gravitational Hazard Studies in Mont-Blanc Massif","authors":"Florence Magnin, Ludovic Ravanel, Matan Ben-Asher, Josué Bock, Maëva Cathala, Pierre-Allain Duvillard, Pierrick Jean, Jean-Yves Josnin, Suvrat Kaushik, André Revil, Philip Deline","doi":"10.4000/rga.11703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.11703","url":null,"abstract":"The enhanced rockfall frequency (V > 100 m3) first noticed in the European Alps, has motivated investigations on high mountain rock walls and rock wall permafrost since the 2000s. Mont-Blanc massif (MBM) has become a pilot study area thanks to the wealth of data and knowledge on rockfall and permafrost dynamics acquired through successive research projects. Statistical analysis of rockfall distribution (> 1300 events inventoried between 2007 and 2021) shows that they are related to permafrost distribution and increasing atmospheric temperature, opening promising perspective for developing forecasting tools to support mountain practitioners in their risk mitigation strategy. However, understanding how rock wall destabilizations develop is challenged by the variety of potentially involved thermo-hydro-mechanical processes. To face these challenges, research currently carried out in the MBM focuses on water infiltration and circulation processes in frozen rock walls by combining advanced numerical modelling approaches and ad hoc field surveys. The coupling of models simulating heat and water transport with geoelectrical imaging methods could allow assessment of ground water/ice distributions and contents that is highly relevant for geotechnical purposes. Concurrently, the combination of acquired data and knowledge in integrative approaches of landscape changes and hazards involving permafrost degradation, glacier retreat, possible lake formation and rock wall destabilization appears as an essential basis for land-planning concerns. Finally, thermal and hydrological interactions between rock wall permafrost and ice bodies nestled on rock faces (ice aprons and hanging glaciers) is another direction of research to be pursued with cross-disciplinary implications.","PeriodicalId":44965,"journal":{"name":"Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research","volume":"54 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135976142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paolo Pogliotti, Edoardo Cremonese, Umberto Morra di Cella
The present study aims at characterising the recent thermal evolution of permafrost in the Aosta Valley region (Italy, Western European Alps) using active layer thickness anomalies and warming trends of both surface and deep temperatures as indicators. The dataset includes monitoring sites located at different altitudes and geomorphological contexts such as rock walls, high-altitude plateau and proglacial margins.The results show that the thickness of the active layer is increasing everywhere and that anomalies are consistent between sites despite their different characteristics and distances. Significant warming trends of about +0.2°C/10y are observed at 15 m depth in sites around 3000 m of elevation. In steep rockwalls warming trends at the rock surface are significant only on the north-facing faces where values are on average +0.42°C/10y at elevations above 4000 m.The present study aims to provide a snapshot on the current thermal evolution of permafrost in the north-western Alps as well as consistent and useful information for risk management. Taking advantage of this analysis, the study also aims to highlight as the temperature measures in permafrost could contribute to the elevation-dependent-warming debate.
{"title":"Warming Permafrost in the Western Alps: A Further Evidence of Elevation Dependent Warming?","authors":"Paolo Pogliotti, Edoardo Cremonese, Umberto Morra di Cella","doi":"10.4000/rga.11784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.11784","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims at characterising the recent thermal evolution of permafrost in the Aosta Valley region (Italy, Western European Alps) using active layer thickness anomalies and warming trends of both surface and deep temperatures as indicators. The dataset includes monitoring sites located at different altitudes and geomorphological contexts such as rock walls, high-altitude plateau and proglacial margins.The results show that the thickness of the active layer is increasing everywhere and that anomalies are consistent between sites despite their different characteristics and distances. Significant warming trends of about +0.2°C/10y are observed at 15 m depth in sites around 3000 m of elevation. In steep rockwalls warming trends at the rock surface are significant only on the north-facing faces where values are on average +0.42°C/10y at elevations above 4000 m.The present study aims to provide a snapshot on the current thermal evolution of permafrost in the north-western Alps as well as consistent and useful information for risk management. Taking advantage of this analysis, the study also aims to highlight as the temperature measures in permafrost could contribute to the elevation-dependent-warming debate.","PeriodicalId":44965,"journal":{"name":"Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research","volume":"55 9‐10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melaine Le Roy, Kurt Nicolussi, Christian Schlüchter
Les variations des glaciers lors du Petit Âge Glaciaire (PAG) sont bien connues dans les Alpes, en partie grâce à un ensemble inégalé de sources historiques. Lorsque ces dernières sont absentes, la dendrochronologie peut être utilisée pour obtenir des informations chronologiques précises sur les maxima des glaciers. Pour ce faire, il faut cibler les arbres situés en limite de l’extension maximale atteinte par les glaciers à l’époque historique. Ici, nous présentons les résultats d’analyses dendrochronologiques portant sur des bois nouvellement échantillonnés ainsi que sur des bois d’archive qui proviennent de deux glaciers des Alpes Pennines, Tsijiore Nouve et Glacier d’Arolla. Ces sites possèdent des sources historiques remontant au début du xixe siècle, c’est-à-dire légèrement plus tardives que pour les glaciers Alpins les mieux documentés. À Tsijiore Nouve, la datation combinée d’arbres enfouis dans la moraine frontale externe du PAG et d’arbres vivants limitrophes prouve la présence de la glace à proximité immédiate du site dès l’été 1813 ainsi qu’une extension maximum atteinte en 1816. Ces résultats sont parfaitement en accord avec les sources historiques qui mentionnent un maximum du PAG atteint en 1817. Au Glacier d’Arolla nous avons daté le dépôt de la moraine PAG la plus externe à l’hiver 1816/1817, ce qui est synchrone, malgré les temps de réponse différents des deux glaciers. Les dates que nous avons obtenues sont nettement plus précoces que celles disponibles pour d’autres glaciers Alpins au cours de la même période d’avancée. Nos résultats mettent en évidence le potentiel de la dendrochronologie pour obtenir des dates calendaires précises pour les maxima glaciaires et montrent — pour la première fois dans les Alpes — que certains glaciers avaient déjà atteint, ou étaient proches de, leurs maxima du PAG lorsque le refroidissement associé à l’éruption du Mont Tambora s'est produit.
{"title":"Datation dendrochronologique des maxima du Petit Âge Glaciaire des glaciers d’Arolla (Valais, Suisse)","authors":"Melaine Le Roy, Kurt Nicolussi, Christian Schlüchter","doi":"10.4000/rga.12129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.12129","url":null,"abstract":"Les variations des glaciers lors du Petit Âge Glaciaire (PAG) sont bien connues dans les Alpes, en partie grâce à un ensemble inégalé de sources historiques. Lorsque ces dernières sont absentes, la dendrochronologie peut être utilisée pour obtenir des informations chronologiques précises sur les maxima des glaciers. Pour ce faire, il faut cibler les arbres situés en limite de l’extension maximale atteinte par les glaciers à l’époque historique. Ici, nous présentons les résultats d’analyses dendrochronologiques portant sur des bois nouvellement échantillonnés ainsi que sur des bois d’archive qui proviennent de deux glaciers des Alpes Pennines, Tsijiore Nouve et Glacier d’Arolla. Ces sites possèdent des sources historiques remontant au début du xixe siècle, c’est-à-dire légèrement plus tardives que pour les glaciers Alpins les mieux documentés. À Tsijiore Nouve, la datation combinée d’arbres enfouis dans la moraine frontale externe du PAG et d’arbres vivants limitrophes prouve la présence de la glace à proximité immédiate du site dès l’été 1813 ainsi qu’une extension maximum atteinte en 1816. Ces résultats sont parfaitement en accord avec les sources historiques qui mentionnent un maximum du PAG atteint en 1817. Au Glacier d’Arolla nous avons daté le dépôt de la moraine PAG la plus externe à l’hiver 1816/1817, ce qui est synchrone, malgré les temps de réponse différents des deux glaciers. Les dates que nous avons obtenues sont nettement plus précoces que celles disponibles pour d’autres glaciers Alpins au cours de la même période d’avancée. Nos résultats mettent en évidence le potentiel de la dendrochronologie pour obtenir des dates calendaires précises pour les maxima glaciaires et montrent — pour la première fois dans les Alpes — que certains glaciers avaient déjà atteint, ou étaient proches de, leurs maxima du PAG lorsque le refroidissement associé à l’éruption du Mont Tambora s'est produit.","PeriodicalId":44965,"journal":{"name":"Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research","volume":"51 7‐8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antoine Rabatel, Etienne Ducasse, Victor Ramseyer, Romain Millan
The glaciers of the Val Veny (Italian side of the Mont-Blanc Massif) have been the site of numerous field observations during the last decades, in particular for the study of glacial fluctuations or surface processes related to the debris cover. Here, we propose to examine how satellite observations can complement field measurements on the state and fate of the Val Veny glaciers. Indeed, satellite products obtained in a quasi-systematic way allow to account not only for the loss of surface and volume, but also for the changes in their flow velocities. The overall pattern we document is a glacier thinning and slowdown of the ice flow, with an estimated shrinkage of 25% by 2050 and a volume loss ranging between 30 and 43% depending on the data source used for the estimation of the initial volume. In such a context, a portion of the upper reaches of Brenva Glacier shows an unexpected pattern of thickening and increase in ice flow that rises questions on its origin. Finally, the uncertainties in the estimation of ice thicknesses remain important and have repercussions on the future evolution of the glaciers and their contribution from a hydrological point of view. By 2050, we estimate that the water contribution due to the volume loss of Val Veny glaciers could decrease by 40%.
{"title":"State and Fate of Glaciers in the Val Veny (Mont-Blanc Range, Italy): Contribution of Optical Satellite Products","authors":"Antoine Rabatel, Etienne Ducasse, Victor Ramseyer, Romain Millan","doi":"10.4000/rga.11619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.11619","url":null,"abstract":"The glaciers of the Val Veny (Italian side of the Mont-Blanc Massif) have been the site of numerous field observations during the last decades, in particular for the study of glacial fluctuations or surface processes related to the debris cover. Here, we propose to examine how satellite observations can complement field measurements on the state and fate of the Val Veny glaciers. Indeed, satellite products obtained in a quasi-systematic way allow to account not only for the loss of surface and volume, but also for the changes in their flow velocities. The overall pattern we document is a glacier thinning and slowdown of the ice flow, with an estimated shrinkage of 25% by 2050 and a volume loss ranging between 30 and 43% depending on the data source used for the estimation of the initial volume. In such a context, a portion of the upper reaches of Brenva Glacier shows an unexpected pattern of thickening and increase in ice flow that rises questions on its origin. Finally, the uncertainties in the estimation of ice thicknesses remain important and have repercussions on the future evolution of the glaciers and their contribution from a hydrological point of view. By 2050, we estimate that the water contribution due to the volume loss of Val Veny glaciers could decrease by 40%.","PeriodicalId":44965,"journal":{"name":"Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research","volume":"51 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interdisciplinary approaches are needed to reconstruct the behaviour of glaciers beyond the beginning of systematic measurements. For example, historical documents have been used to reconstruct former glacier extents successfully at different sites, including in the well-documented Mont Blanc area that became popular since the mid-18th century among artists, scientists, and travellers. Jean-Antoine Linck from Geneva is probably the artist to whom we owe the greatest number of unique glacier views. Linck’s special preference were the ice regions, which he discovered and drew with alpinistic daring and naturalistic correctness, preferably by gouache, although many pencil sketches are preserved. Linck subtly used the etching technique to create easily reproducible plates in large format, which are then hand-coloured with gouache and watercolour. This technique allowed him to create numerous reproductions of the same view, while still giving them a unique and original aspect, views that are remarkable for their serenity and silence, while offering luminous atmospheres. These illustrations introduced the realistic representation of the high mountains into the iconography of Genevese painting and thus led to a new kind of landscape painting with a permanent character. From a perspective of glacier history and although many of his artworks are not exactly dated by the author, the work of Jean-Antoine Linck is indispensable since it represents the whole development, specifically of the Mer de Glace and the Glacier des Bossons, but also other glaciers during the period from the end of the 18th century until the 19th century glacier maximum around 1820. Linck’s work has the same importance for the Mont Blanc area as that of Caspar Wolf and Samuel Birmann for the central Swiss Alps or Thomas Ender for the Austrian Alps in terms of glacier iconography. Therefore, Linck was both an artist and a glacier historian.
在系统测量开始之后，需要跨学科的方法来重建冰川的行为。例如，历史文献已经被用来成功地重建不同地点的前冰川范围，包括在有充分记录的勃朗峰地区，自18世纪中期以来，勃朗峰地区在艺术家、科学家和旅行者中很受欢迎。来自日内瓦的让-安托万·林克(Jean-Antoine Linck)可能是我们拥有最多独特冰川景观的艺术家。林克特别喜欢的是冰区，他以阿尔卑斯山式的大胆和自然主义的正确性发现并画了这些冰区，最好是用水粉画，尽管许多铅笔素描被保留了下来。林克巧妙地利用蚀刻技术创造出易于复制的大幅版，然后用水粉和水彩手工上色。这种技术使他能够创造出许多相同视图的复制品，同时仍然赋予它们独特和原始的方面，这些视图以其宁静和沉默而着称，同时提供明亮的氛围。这些插图将高山的现实表现引入了日内瓦绘画的肖像学，从而导致了一种具有永久性特征的新山水画。从冰川历史的角度来看，虽然他的许多作品都不是作者确切的日期，但Jean-Antoine Linck的作品是不可或缺的，因为它代表了整个发展，特别是Mer de glacier和glacier des Bossons，以及其他冰川，从18世纪末到1820年左右的19世纪冰川高峰。就冰川图像而言，林克的工作对勃朗峰地区的重要性与卡斯帕·沃尔夫和塞缪尔·伯曼对瑞士中部阿尔卑斯山的重要性或托马斯·恩德对奥地利阿尔卑斯山的重要性相同。因此，林克既是一位艺术家，也是一位冰川历史学家。
{"title":"The Glacier Views of Jean-Antoine Linck – A Milestone for the Mont Blanc Glacier History from the 18th to the 19","authors":"Samuel U. Nussbaumer, Heinz J. Zumbühl","doi":"10.4000/rga.12235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.12235","url":null,"abstract":"Interdisciplinary approaches are needed to reconstruct the behaviour of glaciers beyond the beginning of systematic measurements. For example, historical documents have been used to reconstruct former glacier extents successfully at different sites, including in the well-documented Mont Blanc area that became popular since the mid-18th century among artists, scientists, and travellers. Jean-Antoine Linck from Geneva is probably the artist to whom we owe the greatest number of unique glacier views. Linck’s special preference were the ice regions, which he discovered and drew with alpinistic daring and naturalistic correctness, preferably by gouache, although many pencil sketches are preserved. Linck subtly used the etching technique to create easily reproducible plates in large format, which are then hand-coloured with gouache and watercolour. This technique allowed him to create numerous reproductions of the same view, while still giving them a unique and original aspect, views that are remarkable for their serenity and silence, while offering luminous atmospheres. These illustrations introduced the realistic representation of the high mountains into the iconography of Genevese painting and thus led to a new kind of landscape painting with a permanent character. From a perspective of glacier history and although many of his artworks are not exactly dated by the author, the work of Jean-Antoine Linck is indispensable since it represents the whole development, specifically of the Mer de Glace and the Glacier des Bossons, but also other glaciers during the period from the end of the 18th century until the 19th century glacier maximum around 1820. Linck’s work has the same importance for the Mont Blanc area as that of Caspar Wolf and Samuel Birmann for the central Swiss Alps or Thomas Ender for the Austrian Alps in terms of glacier iconography. Therefore, Linck was both an artist and a glacier historian.","PeriodicalId":44965,"journal":{"name":"Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research","volume":"51 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wilfried Haeberli, Jeannette Noetzli, Daniel Vonder Mühll
Climate-related permafrost is widespread in cold mountains and heavily affects slope stability. As a subsurface phenomenon, however, it is often still absent in the perception of key partners concerning the discussion and anticipation of long-term impacts on high mountain regions from continued global warming. Outreach and knowledge transfer, therefore, play a key role. Long-term observations of permafrost temperatures measured in boreholes can be used to convey answers and key messages concerning thermal conditions in a spatio-temporal context, related environmental conditions, affected depth ranges, and impacts of warming and degradation on slope stability.The 35-year Murtèl-Corvatsch time series of borehole temperatures from which data is available since 1987, is used here as an example. Today, mountain permafrost is well documented and understood regarding involved processes, as well as its occurrence in space and evolution in time. Thermal anomalies caused by global warming already now reach about 100 meters depth, thereby reducing the ground ice content, causing accelerated creep of ice-rich frozen talus/debris (so-called “rock glaciers”) and reducing the stability of large frozen bedrock masses at steep icy faces and peaks.
{"title":"Using Borehole Temperatures for Knowledge Transfer about Mountain Permafrost: The Example of the 35-year Time Series at Murtèl-Corvatsch (Swiss Alps)","authors":"Wilfried Haeberli, Jeannette Noetzli, Daniel Vonder Mühll","doi":"10.4000/rga.11950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.11950","url":null,"abstract":"Climate-related permafrost is widespread in cold mountains and heavily affects slope stability. As a subsurface phenomenon, however, it is often still absent in the perception of key partners concerning the discussion and anticipation of long-term impacts on high mountain regions from continued global warming. Outreach and knowledge transfer, therefore, play a key role. Long-term observations of permafrost temperatures measured in boreholes can be used to convey answers and key messages concerning thermal conditions in a spatio-temporal context, related environmental conditions, affected depth ranges, and impacts of warming and degradation on slope stability.The 35-year Murtèl-Corvatsch time series of borehole temperatures from which data is available since 1987, is used here as an example. Today, mountain permafrost is well documented and understood regarding involved processes, as well as its occurrence in space and evolution in time. Thermal anomalies caused by global warming already now reach about 100 meters depth, thereby reducing the ground ice content, causing accelerated creep of ice-rich frozen talus/debris (so-called “rock glaciers”) and reducing the stability of large frozen bedrock masses at steep icy faces and peaks.","PeriodicalId":44965,"journal":{"name":"Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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