Pub Date : 2024-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.10.007
Philippe Amarilli (psychiatre des hôpitaux, ex-chef de clinique, ex-maître de conférences associé à l’ULP Strasbourg)
Objective
The author explores the risk of essentializing pathological entities, over time and in particular nowadays, and reflects on psychiatry's potential predisposition to scientism.
Method
The author revisits the foundations of psychiatry through the study of several major authors who have had an epistemological reflection on the order of psychiatric discourse (Foucault, Lacan, Swain, Lantéri-Laura, Dowbiggin, etc.).
Results
Psychiatric logic is characterized by the emergence of a subjective position of exteriority to insanity on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the postulate of an organicity of the morbid process inherent to medical logic, even before any psychiatric knowledge is constituted.
Discussion
The author emphasizes the uniqueness of psychiatry within the medical field, in that it has undergone considerable institutional and social development, even though the promise of future knowledge that would fully establish its legitimacy did not materialize during that time.
Conclusion
The author sees a predisposition to scientism in this assumption of taking a medical approach to mental suffering, combined with a quest for legitimacy within that same field. He concludes that the psychiatric entities that are developing deserve to be questioned in light of the specificities of psychiatric discourse.
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Pub Date : 2024-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.11.001
Yann Craus
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Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.10.001
Loreline Courret (Docteure en philosophie)
Objectives
The aim of this article is to show that the critique of the place and function of the Oedipus complex in Freudian psychoanalysis implies a critique of Freudian aesthetics.
Method
We will first propose a reconstruction of what Deleuze and Guattari take from Freudian aesthetics, namely an aesthetics of form, centered on the theater, and starting from Freud's experience as a spectator of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. In a second movement, we will try to identify what Deleuze and Guattari intend to propose to replace this aesthetic of form, and which they name “schizophrenic literature,” situate in the short story rather than in the theater, and explicitly referring to delirium.
Results
This strategic reconstruction allows us to formulate a hypothesis: that Freud would have implicitly made the theater the matrix of subjectivity, first in its aesthetics, but also in his individual aesthetic experiences and his preferences for a certain type of literary work.
Discussion
This systematic reading of Freudian “creative writing” theory challenges the concept of sublimation as the point of doctrine that rests on the selection of an “Oedipal” corpus and type of art. If the aesthetics of the form can be located in Freud's biography as a “literary effect” whose aesthetic pleasure is found in the economy of the spectator's projections onto the objects on stage, the aesthetics of the formless that is expressed by “schizophrenic literature” mobilizes a violence proper to the sublime: it is not definitively formalizable, and calls for very different feelings that transfigure the coordinates of an aesthetic experience.
Conclusion
This schizophrenic tendency of literature leads to an ecological approach to the psychic, attentive to a context where the distinction between nature and culture is never clear.
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Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.09.003
Yann Auxéméry
<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>One hundred and fifty years after the word first appeared in the English lexicon, how can we still talk about “psychotherapy” today? While the original aims and methods of the concept of “psychotherapy” appeared simple and generic, namely “to heal through the mind,” our contemporary psychiatry and psychology have developed a multitude of “psychotherapies”, which generally present themselves as distinct. This makes it difficult for patients and their families to find their way around, difficult for our psychiatric interns and psychology master's students to orient themselves, and difficult for our administrative authorities to get involved.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>As they appear to us to be fundamental to the very essence and future of the notion of “psychotherapy,” in order to approach its definition, we call upon the language sciences: (i) lexico-bibliographical, by analyzing the scientific literature in international databases and, more generally, specialized psychological and psychiatric language; (ii) psycholinguistics, with reference to the clinical sciences of language; (iii) computerized linguistics, as the recent deployment of artificial intelligence in the field of mental health invites us to do, at both diagnostic and therapeutic levels, with the emergence of psybots. Our final objective will be to propose a synthesis and redefinition of the notion of psychotherapy for contemporary psychiatry and clinical psychology.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The majority of sources indicate that psychotherapy is widely used to treat psychiatric illnesses, psychological and psychosomatic disorders, and existential suffering. The notions of the unconscious and awareness, the place of verbal and non-verbal languages, and the importance of the patient–practitioner relationship are the most widely accepted. The somatic approach and group psychotherapy are mentioned less frequently. The organization of sessions is rarely mentioned, as is the status of the therapist or the idea that the therapist's uniqueness is a central element of the treatment. The need for specific training for the practitioner was mentioned more often, as was the possibility of combining psychotherapy with pharmacological or environmental therapies. With regard to the evaluation of treatment, the notion of defining an objective (global or focal) is mentioned only incidentally, as is the importance of scientific validity, in particular taking into account the risk of undesirable effects.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The dynamic notion of therapeutic processes or mechanisms is rarely mentioned, yet the study of change processes could help to define psychotherapies. The evaluation of psychotherapeutic practices would be capable of federating “psychotherapy” on the basis of a common foundation and, building on this, opening up to the possible specificities of “psychotherapies” according to their indications and/or methods. Althoug
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