Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.10.001
Loreline Courret (Docteure en philosophie)
Objectives
The aim of this article is to show that the critique of the place and function of the Oedipus complex in Freudian psychoanalysis implies a critique of Freudian aesthetics.
Method
We will first propose a reconstruction of what Deleuze and Guattari take from Freudian aesthetics, namely an aesthetics of form, centered on the theater, and starting from Freud's experience as a spectator of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. In a second movement, we will try to identify what Deleuze and Guattari intend to propose to replace this aesthetic of form, and which they name “schizophrenic literature,” situate in the short story rather than in the theater, and explicitly referring to delirium.
Results
This strategic reconstruction allows us to formulate a hypothesis: that Freud would have implicitly made the theater the matrix of subjectivity, first in its aesthetics, but also in his individual aesthetic experiences and his preferences for a certain type of literary work.
Discussion
This systematic reading of Freudian “creative writing” theory challenges the concept of sublimation as the point of doctrine that rests on the selection of an “Oedipal” corpus and type of art. If the aesthetics of the form can be located in Freud's biography as a “literary effect” whose aesthetic pleasure is found in the economy of the spectator's projections onto the objects on stage, the aesthetics of the formless that is expressed by “schizophrenic literature” mobilizes a violence proper to the sublime: it is not definitively formalizable, and calls for very different feelings that transfigure the coordinates of an aesthetic experience.
Conclusion
This schizophrenic tendency of literature leads to an ecological approach to the psychic, attentive to a context where the distinction between nature and culture is never clear.
{"title":"Deleuze and Guattari as readers of Freud","authors":"Loreline Courret (Docteure en philosophie)","doi":"10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this article is to show that the critique of the place and function of the Oedipus complex in Freudian psychoanalysis implies a critique of Freudian aesthetics.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We will first propose a reconstruction of what Deleuze and Guattari take from Freudian aesthetics, namely an aesthetics of form, centered on the theater, and starting from Freud's experience as a spectator of Sophocles’ <em>Oedipus Rex</em>. In a second movement, we will try to identify what Deleuze and Guattari intend to propose to replace this aesthetic of form, and which they name “schizophrenic literature,” situate in the short story rather than in the theater, and explicitly referring to delirium.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This strategic reconstruction allows us to formulate a hypothesis: that Freud would have implicitly made the theater the matrix of subjectivity, first in its aesthetics, but also in his individual aesthetic experiences and his preferences for a certain type of literary work.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>This systematic reading of Freudian “creative writing” theory challenges the concept of sublimation as the point of doctrine that rests on the selection of an “Oedipal” corpus and type of art. If the aesthetics of the form can be located in Freud's biography as a “literary effect” whose aesthetic pleasure is found in the economy of the spectator's projections onto the objects on stage, the aesthetics of the formless that is expressed by “schizophrenic literature” mobilizes a violence proper to the sublime: it is not definitively formalizable, and calls for very different feelings that transfigure the coordinates of an aesthetic experience.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This schizophrenic tendency of literature leads to an ecological approach to the psychic, attentive to a context where the distinction between nature and culture is never clear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45007,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Psychiatrique","volume":"89 4","pages":"Pages e61-e72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.09.003
Yann Auxéméry
<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>One hundred and fifty years after the word first appeared in the English lexicon, how can we still talk about “psychotherapy” today? While the original aims and methods of the concept of “psychotherapy” appeared simple and generic, namely “to heal through the mind,” our contemporary psychiatry and psychology have developed a multitude of “psychotherapies”, which generally present themselves as distinct. This makes it difficult for patients and their families to find their way around, difficult for our psychiatric interns and psychology master's students to orient themselves, and difficult for our administrative authorities to get involved.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>As they appear to us to be fundamental to the very essence and future of the notion of “psychotherapy,” in order to approach its definition, we call upon the language sciences: (i) lexico-bibliographical, by analyzing the scientific literature in international databases and, more generally, specialized psychological and psychiatric language; (ii) psycholinguistics, with reference to the clinical sciences of language; (iii) computerized linguistics, as the recent deployment of artificial intelligence in the field of mental health invites us to do, at both diagnostic and therapeutic levels, with the emergence of psybots. Our final objective will be to propose a synthesis and redefinition of the notion of psychotherapy for contemporary psychiatry and clinical psychology.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The majority of sources indicate that psychotherapy is widely used to treat psychiatric illnesses, psychological and psychosomatic disorders, and existential suffering. The notions of the unconscious and awareness, the place of verbal and non-verbal languages, and the importance of the patient–practitioner relationship are the most widely accepted. The somatic approach and group psychotherapy are mentioned less frequently. The organization of sessions is rarely mentioned, as is the status of the therapist or the idea that the therapist's uniqueness is a central element of the treatment. The need for specific training for the practitioner was mentioned more often, as was the possibility of combining psychotherapy with pharmacological or environmental therapies. With regard to the evaluation of treatment, the notion of defining an objective (global or focal) is mentioned only incidentally, as is the importance of scientific validity, in particular taking into account the risk of undesirable effects.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The dynamic notion of therapeutic processes or mechanisms is rarely mentioned, yet the study of change processes could help to define psychotherapies. The evaluation of psychotherapeutic practices would be capable of federating “psychotherapy” on the basis of a common foundation and, building on this, opening up to the possible specificities of “psychotherapies” according to their indications and/or methods. Althoug
{"title":"Qu’est-ce qu’une psychothérapie aujourd’hui ? Du psychothérapeute au « psybot » : vers une nouvelle définition","authors":"Yann Auxéméry","doi":"10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>One hundred and fifty years after the word first appeared in the English lexicon, how can we still talk about “psychotherapy” today? While the original aims and methods of the concept of “psychotherapy” appeared simple and generic, namely “to heal through the mind,” our contemporary psychiatry and psychology have developed a multitude of “psychotherapies”, which generally present themselves as distinct. This makes it difficult for patients and their families to find their way around, difficult for our psychiatric interns and psychology master's students to orient themselves, and difficult for our administrative authorities to get involved.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>As they appear to us to be fundamental to the very essence and future of the notion of “psychotherapy,” in order to approach its definition, we call upon the language sciences: (i) lexico-bibliographical, by analyzing the scientific literature in international databases and, more generally, specialized psychological and psychiatric language; (ii) psycholinguistics, with reference to the clinical sciences of language; (iii) computerized linguistics, as the recent deployment of artificial intelligence in the field of mental health invites us to do, at both diagnostic and therapeutic levels, with the emergence of psybots. Our final objective will be to propose a synthesis and redefinition of the notion of psychotherapy for contemporary psychiatry and clinical psychology.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The majority of sources indicate that psychotherapy is widely used to treat psychiatric illnesses, psychological and psychosomatic disorders, and existential suffering. The notions of the unconscious and awareness, the place of verbal and non-verbal languages, and the importance of the patient–practitioner relationship are the most widely accepted. The somatic approach and group psychotherapy are mentioned less frequently. The organization of sessions is rarely mentioned, as is the status of the therapist or the idea that the therapist's uniqueness is a central element of the treatment. The need for specific training for the practitioner was mentioned more often, as was the possibility of combining psychotherapy with pharmacological or environmental therapies. With regard to the evaluation of treatment, the notion of defining an objective (global or focal) is mentioned only incidentally, as is the importance of scientific validity, in particular taking into account the risk of undesirable effects.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The dynamic notion of therapeutic processes or mechanisms is rarely mentioned, yet the study of change processes could help to define psychotherapies. The evaluation of psychotherapeutic practices would be capable of federating “psychotherapy” on the basis of a common foundation and, building on this, opening up to the possible specificities of “psychotherapies” according to their indications and/or methods. Althoug","PeriodicalId":45007,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Psychiatrique","volume":"89 4","pages":"Pages 749-792"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.10.002
Madeleine Azubuike (Psychologue clinicienne et doctorante) , Fanny Marteau-Chasserieau (Maître de conférences en psychologie) , Nathalie Duriez (Professeur des universités)
Objective
Psychotherapy is an immensely diverse field of practice, in which multiple models and protocols coexist. This diversity can be an asset but can sometimes hinder the path toward a common understanding of what works in psychotherapy. The aim of this article is to show that the therapeutic alliance construct can provide an integrative frame of reference when it comes to understanding the psychotherapeutic process.
Method
This narrative review of the therapeutic alliance concept embraces the diversity of theories and practices in psychotherapy. We draw on the contextual model (Wampold, 2001) and the therapeutic alliance model (Bordin, 1979).
Results
The reviewed studies mainly focus on individual psychotherapy for adult patients and are drawn from the international literature over the past fifty years.
Discussion
We explore the epistemological and practical implications of these studies. One part of the research explores the links between alliance and psychotherapy outcomes, while another explores alliance as a therapeutic process.
Conclusions
The contextual approach and the alliance model can be used to provide a definition of psychotherapy that is common to different schools of thought. These concepts offer a framework for quality psychological care.
{"title":"L’alliance thérapeutique : un paradigme trans-théorique pour les psychothérapies","authors":"Madeleine Azubuike (Psychologue clinicienne et doctorante) , Fanny Marteau-Chasserieau (Maître de conférences en psychologie) , Nathalie Duriez (Professeur des universités)","doi":"10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Psychotherapy is an immensely diverse field of practice, in which multiple models and protocols coexist. This diversity can be an asset but can sometimes hinder the path toward a common understanding of what works in psychotherapy. The aim of this article is to show that the therapeutic alliance construct can provide an integrative frame of reference when it comes to understanding the psychotherapeutic process.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This narrative review of the therapeutic alliance concept embraces the diversity of theories and practices in psychotherapy. We draw on the contextual model (Wampold, 2001) and the therapeutic alliance model (Bordin, 1979).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The reviewed studies mainly focus on individual psychotherapy for adult patients and are drawn from the international literature over the past fifty years.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>We explore the epistemological and practical implications of these studies. One part of the research explores the links between alliance and psychotherapy outcomes, while another explores alliance as a therapeutic process.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The contextual approach and the alliance model can be used to provide a definition of psychotherapy that is common to different schools of thought. These concepts offer a framework for quality psychological care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45007,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Psychiatrique","volume":"89 4","pages":"Pages 793-810"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.09.002
Sophie Gallet (Psychiatre)
<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Patients who are victims of incest frequently have body image disorders. My own experience as a dancer led me to formulate a hypothesis: ballroom dance could be useful for this population of patients to allow them to reclaim their bodies, to learn that their bodies are not their enemies, and that the body of others is not perceived as a danger. To do this, I wanted to trace the history of dance therapy and review the literature on dance therapy as a therapeutic intervention for victims of incest.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The confluence of dance and psychoanalysis will allow the emergence of dance therapy with three major figures in particular. First of all, Marian Chace and Dance Movement Therapy. She was a modern dancer who came to realize that her students come to her for much more than dance lessons. So, she began volunteering in a psychiatric hospital, where she ultimately became a paid staff member. She created a working group that was so successful that the patients themselves wanted to put on a show within the hospital. It was in 1940. She will officially become the first dancer-therapist in 1946. Next comes Trudi Schoop, who met Bleuler and worked mainly with schizophrenic patients. She used dance to harmonize body image and develop body awareness. Finally, Rose Gaetner, a French woman, trained as a psychomotor therapist, whose work focused primarily on classical dance with children and adolescents. The structuring side, mirror work, and the quest for beauty are for her a means of narcissistic restoration. It also introduces a very interesting concept: tonic dialogue.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Today, dance therapy remains little known, especially in France, and its indications remain to be precisely defined, although studies have shown its effectiveness with both somatic and psychological pathologies. More specifically regarding dance therapy as a therapy for patients who are victims of incest, a review of the literature unfortunately brought up only eight studies on the subject. The protocols are very diverse and somewhat lacking in solidity. However, all these studies tend to show the effectiveness of dance therapy with this specific population.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>It is very interesting to note that dance has always been part of humanity. From the Paleolithic, we find traces of it with “the dancing sorcerer,” and it is very possible that it was used for therapeutic purposes. These were most likely trance dances, but these dances have persisted until today, whether it is the Neapolitan Tarantella, Breton dances, or even voodoo. We also find the same characteristics in rave parties. These dances often have an aspect of treatment, particularly for psychological disorders. We can then wonder if rave parties do not also respond to a need in the face of societal unhappiness. Dance therapy was born during the first part of the 20th century, during the era of asylum psychi
{"title":"Apport de la danse-thérapie dans la prise en charge des victimes d’inceste","authors":"Sophie Gallet (Psychiatre)","doi":"10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Patients who are victims of incest frequently have body image disorders. My own experience as a dancer led me to formulate a hypothesis: ballroom dance could be useful for this population of patients to allow them to reclaim their bodies, to learn that their bodies are not their enemies, and that the body of others is not perceived as a danger. To do this, I wanted to trace the history of dance therapy and review the literature on dance therapy as a therapeutic intervention for victims of incest.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The confluence of dance and psychoanalysis will allow the emergence of dance therapy with three major figures in particular. First of all, Marian Chace and Dance Movement Therapy. She was a modern dancer who came to realize that her students come to her for much more than dance lessons. So, she began volunteering in a psychiatric hospital, where she ultimately became a paid staff member. She created a working group that was so successful that the patients themselves wanted to put on a show within the hospital. It was in 1940. She will officially become the first dancer-therapist in 1946. Next comes Trudi Schoop, who met Bleuler and worked mainly with schizophrenic patients. She used dance to harmonize body image and develop body awareness. Finally, Rose Gaetner, a French woman, trained as a psychomotor therapist, whose work focused primarily on classical dance with children and adolescents. The structuring side, mirror work, and the quest for beauty are for her a means of narcissistic restoration. It also introduces a very interesting concept: tonic dialogue.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Today, dance therapy remains little known, especially in France, and its indications remain to be precisely defined, although studies have shown its effectiveness with both somatic and psychological pathologies. More specifically regarding dance therapy as a therapy for patients who are victims of incest, a review of the literature unfortunately brought up only eight studies on the subject. The protocols are very diverse and somewhat lacking in solidity. However, all these studies tend to show the effectiveness of dance therapy with this specific population.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>It is very interesting to note that dance has always been part of humanity. From the Paleolithic, we find traces of it with “the dancing sorcerer,” and it is very possible that it was used for therapeutic purposes. These were most likely trance dances, but these dances have persisted until today, whether it is the Neapolitan Tarantella, Breton dances, or even voodoo. We also find the same characteristics in rave parties. These dances often have an aspect of treatment, particularly for psychological disorders. We can then wonder if rave parties do not also respond to a need in the face of societal unhappiness. Dance therapy was born during the first part of the 20th century, during the era of asylum psychi","PeriodicalId":45007,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Psychiatrique","volume":"89 4","pages":"Pages 679-694"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.10.003
Yann Auxéméry , Sarah Troubé (Psychologue clinicienne, maîtresse de Conférences en psychologie clinique et psychopathologie)
{"title":"Unité et diversités des psychothérapies : quel avenir ?","authors":"Yann Auxéméry , Sarah Troubé (Psychologue clinicienne, maîtresse de Conférences en psychologie clinique et psychopathologie)","doi":"10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45007,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Psychiatrique","volume":"89 4","pages":"Pages 593-596"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.08.002
Jean-Michel Thurin Ph D sciences cognitives (psychiatre, compétent enfant/adolescent, chercheur associé CESP, resp. pédagogique D.U. psychothérapies : des théories aux pratiques) , Dr en sciences du langage Monique Thurin (psychologue clinicienne) , François Journet (psychiatre) , Huguette Le Guillou (psychologue psychothérapeute) , Marie-Michelle Narzabal (psychologue clinicienne, psychothérapeute) , Sandrine Bonneton (psychiatre, pédopsychiatre) , Luc Surjous (psychiatre, pédopsychiatre) , Michel Botbol (professeur émérite de psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent, président de l’Association mondiale de psychiatrie dynamique)
<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>What is psychotherapy today? Why evaluate its therapeutic mechanisms? How can these practices be taught? These are the three essential and complementary questions that the journal <em>L’Évolution Psychiatrique</em> invited us to answer.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The elucidation of therapeutic mechanisms, “Why and how does psychotherapy produce effects?” has already been a focal point for questioning practices and theories at the beginning of the twentieth century. Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud both sought a scientific answer to this question. Janet approached it through a historical study of psychotherapy methods and their results, justified by various mechanisms. Based on 250 cases that he himself treated through hypnotic suggestion, he considered that it was not about creating new resources but rather about using those that the mind already possesses. Freud, during the same period, saw psychotherapy as a process that allows the unconscious to become conscious. He noted that although he had abandoned hypnosis, he rediscovered suggestion in the form of transference. He expressed doubts about the reception that evaluation might receive and predicted the upcoming importance of biology. The elucidation of change processes and their mechanisms became the central question in psychotherapy research in the early 2000s (Kazdin, Kraemer et al.). Developmental psychopathology and methodologies applicable to psychotherapies conducted in natural settings are included. Medical and psychological methodologies for evaluative research are quickly distinguished. Two major developments are noteworthy during this period. The first is the broadening of psychotherapy's scope to include childhood disorders, severe personality disorders, as well as psychotic and psychosomatic disorders. These are revealed to be complex multifactorial disorders. The second is the development of research in biology and then on the brain in relation to the context of reality, including early developmental phases, stress, and trauma. What are the consequences of this evolution on current theories and practices?</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>To answer these questions, we approached this evolution by associating the history of psychotherapy methods (P. Janet) with four major actors in the neuroscientific field who have published on: evolution, development, and consciousness (G.M. Edelman); modern biology and psychoanalysis (E. Kandel); clinical and neurobiological psychotherapy of complex disorders (A.R. Schore); and the socialization of sensorimotor contingencies (A. Lübbert). These five authors have engaged in a multidisciplinary approach open to psychotherapy.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Their work significantly contributes to understanding the conditions that influence the effects and mechanisms of psychotherapy. They shed light on the changes it produces and help grasp their origin and part of the cause. Biology and psychology wo
{"title":"La psychothérapie à la lumière des neurosciences","authors":"Jean-Michel Thurin Ph D sciences cognitives (psychiatre, compétent enfant/adolescent, chercheur associé CESP, resp. pédagogique D.U. psychothérapies : des théories aux pratiques) , Dr en sciences du langage Monique Thurin (psychologue clinicienne) , François Journet (psychiatre) , Huguette Le Guillou (psychologue psychothérapeute) , Marie-Michelle Narzabal (psychologue clinicienne, psychothérapeute) , Sandrine Bonneton (psychiatre, pédopsychiatre) , Luc Surjous (psychiatre, pédopsychiatre) , Michel Botbol (professeur émérite de psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent, président de l’Association mondiale de psychiatrie dynamique)","doi":"10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evopsy.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>What is psychotherapy today? Why evaluate its therapeutic mechanisms? How can these practices be taught? These are the three essential and complementary questions that the journal <em>L’Évolution Psychiatrique</em> invited us to answer.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The elucidation of therapeutic mechanisms, “Why and how does psychotherapy produce effects?” has already been a focal point for questioning practices and theories at the beginning of the twentieth century. Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud both sought a scientific answer to this question. Janet approached it through a historical study of psychotherapy methods and their results, justified by various mechanisms. Based on 250 cases that he himself treated through hypnotic suggestion, he considered that it was not about creating new resources but rather about using those that the mind already possesses. Freud, during the same period, saw psychotherapy as a process that allows the unconscious to become conscious. He noted that although he had abandoned hypnosis, he rediscovered suggestion in the form of transference. He expressed doubts about the reception that evaluation might receive and predicted the upcoming importance of biology. The elucidation of change processes and their mechanisms became the central question in psychotherapy research in the early 2000s (Kazdin, Kraemer et al.). Developmental psychopathology and methodologies applicable to psychotherapies conducted in natural settings are included. Medical and psychological methodologies for evaluative research are quickly distinguished. Two major developments are noteworthy during this period. The first is the broadening of psychotherapy's scope to include childhood disorders, severe personality disorders, as well as psychotic and psychosomatic disorders. These are revealed to be complex multifactorial disorders. The second is the development of research in biology and then on the brain in relation to the context of reality, including early developmental phases, stress, and trauma. What are the consequences of this evolution on current theories and practices?</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>To answer these questions, we approached this evolution by associating the history of psychotherapy methods (P. Janet) with four major actors in the neuroscientific field who have published on: evolution, development, and consciousness (G.M. Edelman); modern biology and psychoanalysis (E. Kandel); clinical and neurobiological psychotherapy of complex disorders (A.R. Schore); and the socialization of sensorimotor contingencies (A. Lübbert). These five authors have engaged in a multidisciplinary approach open to psychotherapy.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Their work significantly contributes to understanding the conditions that influence the effects and mechanisms of psychotherapy. They shed light on the changes it produces and help grasp their origin and part of the cause. Biology and psychology wo","PeriodicalId":45007,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Psychiatrique","volume":"89 4","pages":"Pages 713-748"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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