Each of these books analyzes the relationship between social stratification and modern state-building through case studies on political movements, on the one hand, and opportunistic individuals, on the other. The volume edited by Odile Moreau and Stuart Schaar presents eight case studies that compare and contrast the biographies of individuals that don’t fit squarely into contemporary political, ideological, or economic categories. Stephanie Cronin’s volume is a collection of eleven essays on bureaucratic and economic processes that created new notions of crime and poverty. Central to this edited volume is the concept of social class, which is less fundamental to Moreau and Schaar’s book. The last volume, edited by Ramazan Hakkı Öztan and Alp Yenen, deals with many of the same questions as Stephanie Cronin’s. However, its case studies deal more explicitly with the gray zone between conventional and clandestine politics during a period of upheaval and revolution that transformed the region into a collection of nation-states. Each book is unique but together they provide us with valuable insights into the processes that brought magnates, hustlers, revolutionaries, and criminals into a common political sphere. As such, these volumes contribute significantly to the historiographical debates about transregional political projects, empireand nation-building, and the multiplicity of ways that violence and capital accumulation have interacted with one another in the modern context.1 Striking in their topical breadth, the case studies in these volumes have significant thematic overlap as well as methodological insight. These books are valuable
{"title":"Transgressive moderns: social relations and cultural institutions in Middle Eastern History","authors":"Kaleb Herman Adney","doi":"10.1017/npt.2022.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2022.30","url":null,"abstract":"Each of these books analyzes the relationship between social stratification and modern state-building through case studies on political movements, on the one hand, and opportunistic individuals, on the other. The volume edited by Odile Moreau and Stuart Schaar presents eight case studies that compare and contrast the biographies of individuals that don’t fit squarely into contemporary political, ideological, or economic categories. Stephanie Cronin’s volume is a collection of eleven essays on bureaucratic and economic processes that created new notions of crime and poverty. Central to this edited volume is the concept of social class, which is less fundamental to Moreau and Schaar’s book. The last volume, edited by Ramazan Hakkı Öztan and Alp Yenen, deals with many of the same questions as Stephanie Cronin’s. However, its case studies deal more explicitly with the gray zone between conventional and clandestine politics during a period of upheaval and revolution that transformed the region into a collection of nation-states. Each book is unique but together they provide us with valuable insights into the processes that brought magnates, hustlers, revolutionaries, and criminals into a common political sphere. As such, these volumes contribute significantly to the historiographical debates about transregional political projects, empireand nation-building, and the multiplicity of ways that violence and capital accumulation have interacted with one another in the modern context.1 Striking in their topical breadth, the case studies in these volumes have significant thematic overlap as well as methodological insight. These books are valuable","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"68 1","pages":"114 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49522607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study investigates why and how entrepreneurial municipalism is manifested in the case of Turkey despite limited local government autonomy and capacity in the area of migration governance. This article suggests four entrepreneurial strategies to understand and explain the variation in municipal practices: local networking, community engagement, organizational adaptation, and city branding. The most common strategies adopted by municipalities are local networking and community engagement often based on external funding alternatives that bring rapid and locally contingent, yet less durable and future-oriented solutions to challenges of forced displacement in urban settings. Against this background, this article highlights the importance of pathways that cultivate a culture of diversity and inclusion in the context of sustainable local integration by investing more resources in organizational adaptation and city branding. Finally, this study suggests redefining the concept of municipal capacity in terms of performance by focusing on the entrepreneurial strategies employed by local governments in their day-to-day practices.
{"title":"Expanding the boundaries of the local: entrepreneurial municipalism and migration governance in Turkey","authors":"Saime Özçürümez, Julinda Hoxha","doi":"10.1017/npt.2022.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2022.19","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigates why and how entrepreneurial municipalism is manifested in the case of Turkey despite limited local government autonomy and capacity in the area of migration governance. This article suggests four entrepreneurial strategies to understand and explain the variation in municipal practices: local networking, community engagement, organizational adaptation, and city branding. The most common strategies adopted by municipalities are local networking and community engagement often based on external funding alternatives that bring rapid and locally contingent, yet less durable and future-oriented solutions to challenges of forced displacement in urban settings. Against this background, this article highlights the importance of pathways that cultivate a culture of diversity and inclusion in the context of sustainable local integration by investing more resources in organizational adaptation and city branding. Finally, this study suggests redefining the concept of municipal capacity in terms of performance by focusing on the entrepreneurial strategies employed by local governments in their day-to-day practices.","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"68 1","pages":"95 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42231810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Global Financial Crisis of 2008 was followed by an increased volatility in capital flows, posing considerable macro-financial risks, especially for emerging markets. Turkey addressed these macro-financial risks between 2010 and 2011. Principal decision makers at the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey took policy actions by introducing policy mixes that trigger causal mechanisms informing the behaviour of bankers and their customers at the macro level to contain such risks. Utilising insights from causal mechanisms theory, critical realism, and realist evaluation, this article explores how the Central Bank implemented the policy mix. Our central argument is that at the macro level (i.e., structural and institutional contexts), causal mechanisms link actions with micro-level contexts (i.e., perceptions and reasoning of the target audience), whilst at the micro level, multiple causal mechanisms link policy outcomes with actor behaviour through non-linear feedback mechanisms. Our article contributes to the causal mechanisms literature by linking policy mixes and policy outcomes via causal mechanisms that informed agential actions and outcomes containing macro-financial risks.
{"title":"Unfolding macroprudential mechanisms: central bank-led mechanisms during the post-Global Financial Crisis Turkish experience","authors":"Sinan Akgünay","doi":"10.1017/npt.2022.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2022.23","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Global Financial Crisis of 2008 was followed by an increased volatility in capital flows, posing considerable macro-financial risks, especially for emerging markets. Turkey addressed these macro-financial risks between 2010 and 2011. Principal decision makers at the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey took policy actions by introducing policy mixes that trigger causal mechanisms informing the behaviour of bankers and their customers at the macro level to contain such risks. Utilising insights from causal mechanisms theory, critical realism, and realist evaluation, this article explores how the Central Bank implemented the policy mix. Our central argument is that at the macro level (i.e., structural and institutional contexts), causal mechanisms link actions with micro-level contexts (i.e., perceptions and reasoning of the target audience), whilst at the micro level, multiple causal mechanisms link policy outcomes with actor behaviour through non-linear feedback mechanisms. Our article contributes to the causal mechanisms literature by linking policy mixes and policy outcomes via causal mechanisms that informed agential actions and outcomes containing macro-financial risks.","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"67 1","pages":"83 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41684600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New Perspectives on Turkey ’ s issue number 67 features five independent articles, a commentary, and seven book reviews. The independent articles, from various fields, all contribute to current scholarly debates in Turkey. Land occupations as a form of peas-ant struggle were a key part of Turkey ’ s recent history and, as social inequalities con-tinue to grow, this subject deserves more attention today. In close connection to this, we feature an article on the unprecedented and largely devastating food inflation problem in Turkey in the last decade. A third subject covered in this issue is institu-tional decision making with a focus on the Central Bank. All related to important topics in today ’ s crisis-ridden environment in Turkey, these articles show the multi-dimensional nature of socioeconomic problems. Another urgent issue in Turkey is climate change. The adverse and uneven impact of the climate crisis notwithstanding, the representation of this key transformation in the media is also important in shap-ing the understanding of and policy making on climate change, as one of the essays in this issue demonstrates. The next research article we feature is on the continuities and ruptures between the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic with a specific focus on architectural history. Burak Gürel, Bermal Küçük, and Sercan Ta
《土耳其新视角》第67期刊载5篇独立文章、1篇评论和7篇书评。来自不同领域的独立文章都为土耳其当前的学术辩论做出了贡献。土地占领作为农民斗争的一种形式是土耳其近代史的一个关键部分，随着社会不平等的继续增长，这个问题在今天值得更多的关注。与此密切相关的是，我们有一篇关于土耳其在过去十年中前所未有的、在很大程度上具有破坏性的食品通胀问题的文章。本问题涉及的第三个主题是制度决策，重点是中央银行。这些文章都与今日土耳其危机重重的环境下的重要议题相关，展现了社会经济问题的多维性。土耳其的另一个紧迫问题是气候变化。尽管气候危机的不利影响和不平衡影响，但正如本期的一篇文章所表明的那样，媒体对这一关键转变的代表对于塑造对气候变化的理解和政策制定也很重要。我们的下一篇研究文章是关于奥斯曼帝国和土耳其共和国之间的连续性和断裂，特别关注建筑史。Burak grel, Bermal k k和Sercan Ta
{"title":"Editors’ Introduction","authors":"Evren M. Dinçer, Biray Kolluoğlu, Deniz Yükseker","doi":"10.1017/npt.2022.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2022.29","url":null,"abstract":"New Perspectives on Turkey ’ s issue number 67 features five independent articles, a commentary, and seven book reviews. The independent articles, from various fields, all contribute to current scholarly debates in Turkey. Land occupations as a form of peas-ant struggle were a key part of Turkey ’ s recent history and, as social inequalities con-tinue to grow, this subject deserves more attention today. In close connection to this, we feature an article on the unprecedented and largely devastating food inflation problem in Turkey in the last decade. A third subject covered in this issue is institu-tional decision making with a focus on the Central Bank. All related to important topics in today ’ s crisis-ridden environment in Turkey, these articles show the multi-dimensional nature of socioeconomic problems. Another urgent issue in Turkey is climate change. The adverse and uneven impact of the climate crisis notwithstanding, the representation of this key transformation in the media is also important in shap-ing the understanding of and policy making on climate change, as one of the essays in this issue demonstrates. The next research article we feature is on the continuities and ruptures between the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic with a specific focus on architectural history. Burak Gürel, Bermal Küçük, and Sercan Ta","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"67 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48348855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
s, Worldwide Political Science Abstracts, Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life Book Design Emre Çıkınoğu, BEK
s、 《世界政治学文摘》、《历史文摘》和《美国：历史与生活书籍设计》
{"title":"NPT volume 67 Cover and Front matter","authors":"A. Tozoğlu, Bir Muhasebesi, Fikret Şenses","doi":"10.1017/npt.2022.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2022.31","url":null,"abstract":"s, Worldwide Political Science Abstracts, Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life Book Design Emre Çıkınoğu, BEK","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"67 1","pages":"f1 - f4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41742074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NPT volume 67 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/npt.2022.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2022.32","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"67 1","pages":"b1 - b2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42713055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ümit Kurt, The Armenians of Aintab: The Economics of Genocide in an Ottoman Province. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021.","authors":"Janet Klein","doi":"10.1017/npt.2022.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2022.21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"67 1","pages":"140 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45985126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
which the newly becoming Turkish Republic and the other signatories to the Treaty of Lausanne engaged, and how surviving Armenians lost any hopes about returning home and reclaiming the properties they were forced to abandon. It was not only the result of a “complex legislative framework” (p. 167) from Ankara but also the desertion by France. In the meantime, Aintab’s newly wealthy “Turkish-Muslim class : : : consolidated its economic status by seizing” (p. 167) Armenian properties. Through a series of legal and diplomatic maneuvers, these earlier liquidation laws the CUP put forth in 1915 were reenacted in a different guise and allowed to let stand because France had turned its attention elsewhere. Kurt closes his study of the genocide in Aintab by examining two things: the first is how perpetrators of the violence (including those who goaded authorities into extending deportation orders to Aintab) had “their own pecuniary motives” (p. 213). But this was only part of it. As Kurt notes, “Viewing the entirety of the process, the function of appropriation was as important as the individual purposes; huge numbers of people were bound together in a circle of profit that was at the same time a circle of complicity” (p. 213). This work rejects the idea that local actors were passive agents of the Ottoman center. Instead, it shows the interplay between the center and local points in the empire. It highlights the class component, and ultimately shows how the dispossession of Armenians served to create and strengthen a “national” bourgeoisie in Aintab. Readers may ponder what would Turkey be like today if it had not been constructed on the appropriation of wealth and death of so many of its people. Although Muslims in places like Aintab took over Armenian properties and businesses (and in some cases became – upon taking that wealth – big industrialists), Turkey really suffered from its lack of precisely those people who had made its economic base diverse. Kurt doesn’t say this, but his account makes us wonder – did the nationalist Turks shoot themselves in the foot when it came to rebuilding and constructing an economically viable republic? This beautifully crafted, richly researched book tells a powerful story that is sure to interest a wide audience of specialists and nonspecialists alike.
{"title":"Hasan Kayalı, Imperial Resilience: The Great War’s End, Ottoman Longevity, and Incidental Nations. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021, 249 pages.","authors":"N. L. Basaran Lotz","doi":"10.1017/npt.2022.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2022.25","url":null,"abstract":"which the newly becoming Turkish Republic and the other signatories to the Treaty of Lausanne engaged, and how surviving Armenians lost any hopes about returning home and reclaiming the properties they were forced to abandon. It was not only the result of a “complex legislative framework” (p. 167) from Ankara but also the desertion by France. In the meantime, Aintab’s newly wealthy “Turkish-Muslim class : : : consolidated its economic status by seizing” (p. 167) Armenian properties. Through a series of legal and diplomatic maneuvers, these earlier liquidation laws the CUP put forth in 1915 were reenacted in a different guise and allowed to let stand because France had turned its attention elsewhere. Kurt closes his study of the genocide in Aintab by examining two things: the first is how perpetrators of the violence (including those who goaded authorities into extending deportation orders to Aintab) had “their own pecuniary motives” (p. 213). But this was only part of it. As Kurt notes, “Viewing the entirety of the process, the function of appropriation was as important as the individual purposes; huge numbers of people were bound together in a circle of profit that was at the same time a circle of complicity” (p. 213). This work rejects the idea that local actors were passive agents of the Ottoman center. Instead, it shows the interplay between the center and local points in the empire. It highlights the class component, and ultimately shows how the dispossession of Armenians served to create and strengthen a “national” bourgeoisie in Aintab. Readers may ponder what would Turkey be like today if it had not been constructed on the appropriation of wealth and death of so many of its people. Although Muslims in places like Aintab took over Armenian properties and businesses (and in some cases became – upon taking that wealth – big industrialists), Turkey really suffered from its lack of precisely those people who had made its economic base diverse. Kurt doesn’t say this, but his account makes us wonder – did the nationalist Turks shoot themselves in the foot when it came to rebuilding and constructing an economically viable republic? This beautifully crafted, richly researched book tells a powerful story that is sure to interest a wide audience of specialists and nonspecialists alike.","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"67 1","pages":"143 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46638673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Initially known as “the Turkish Godfather,” Turkish TV series Çukur (2017–2021) occasionally received criticism from government ministers and the government’s media regulatory board. This was surprising because Turkey’s and Çukur’s cultural universes converged around the masculinist protection of family and territory. So, why this political backlash despite the convergence? Wouldn’t that convergence of masculinity produce similar political imaginations? In this article we argue that in shaping the family and urban space, Çukur’s masculinities remain precarious vis-à-vis the hegemonic masculinity in “New Turkey.” Rather than being the society’s building blocks, Çukur’s families are suffocating spaces. At the same time, as opposed to cultivating neoliberal responsibility, Çukur’s familialism emerges as a space of solidarity in a precarious neighborhood to which state forces can hardly enter. Therefore, the neighborhood (mahalle) is not a space of consumption and surveillance but a haven against urban precarities. Despite their hierarchies and authoritarianism, Çukur’s men reject unquestioned political loyalty, conspicuous consumption, and entrepreneurship while endorsing the various impasses in family and urban life. Showing that absolute political obedience and economic dependence is not the only way out of neoliberal authoritarianism, Çukur confirms popular culture’s power in representing liminal spaces outside the state’s oppressive power and the markets’ commodifying logics.
{"title":"Contested masculinities and political imaginations in “New Turkey” and Çukur as authoritarian spaces of protection","authors":"Ergin Bulut, Zeynep Serinkaya Winter","doi":"10.1017/npt.2022.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2022.24","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Initially known as “the Turkish Godfather,” Turkish TV series Çukur (2017–2021) occasionally received criticism from government ministers and the government’s media regulatory board. This was surprising because Turkey’s and Çukur’s cultural universes converged around the masculinist protection of family and territory. So, why this political backlash despite the convergence? Wouldn’t that convergence of masculinity produce similar political imaginations? In this article we argue that in shaping the family and urban space, Çukur’s masculinities remain precarious vis-à-vis the hegemonic masculinity in “New Turkey.” Rather than being the society’s building blocks, Çukur’s families are suffocating spaces. At the same time, as opposed to cultivating neoliberal responsibility, Çukur’s familialism emerges as a space of solidarity in a precarious neighborhood to which state forces can hardly enter. Therefore, the neighborhood (mahalle) is not a space of consumption and surveillance but a haven against urban precarities. Despite their hierarchies and authoritarianism, Çukur’s men reject unquestioned political loyalty, conspicuous consumption, and entrepreneurship while endorsing the various impasses in family and urban life. Showing that absolute political obedience and economic dependence is not the only way out of neoliberal authoritarianism, Çukur confirms popular culture’s power in representing liminal spaces outside the state’s oppressive power and the markets’ commodifying logics.","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"68 1","pages":"49 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45949829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deniz Yonucu Police, Provocation, Politics: Counterinsurgency in Istanbul. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2022. xvii + 199 pages.","authors":"Fırat Genç","doi":"10.1017/npt.2022.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2022.22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"67 1","pages":"150 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42837343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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