The problems that the Turkish economy faced during the September–December 2021 period, which attracted a great deal of attention at home and abroad, was in essence a currency crisis with far-reaching implications for almost all aspects of the political economy. As the Central Bank reduced its policy rate from 19 percent in September to 14 percent in December through successive monthly announcements, the Turkish Lira (TL) experienced an unprecedentedly sharp depreciation—should one say collapse?—from 8.30 TL to the US dollar (US$) at the beginning of September to 8.86, 9.55, and 13.36, at the beginning of the successive months, and continued to fall daily to 17.50 TL on 20 December with no sign of a slowdown in sight.1 The government attempted to halt this fall by selling a total of around US $6 billion of Central Bank reserves during the 1–17 December period, but to no avail. After the announcement by the government of a new scheme—exchange rate protected time deposits (ERPTD)—on the evening of 20 December, there was a sharp fall in the dollar/TL parity to 13.05 TL the following day which has stabilized at around 13.50 TL since then. The new scheme was aimed at reducing the demand for foreign currency by increasing the attractiveness of the Lira. It was intended to protect TL time depositors with three-month, six-month, and one-year terms against the depreciation of the Lira by guaranteeing to compensate them fully (in TL) for depreciation over and above their interest earnings. Whether it was this scheme alone that facilitated this sharp fall remains a matter of conjecture. The most plausible explanation offered so far is that on that day, the Central Bank and public sector banks together sold a total of around US$7 billion dollars. It seems that swap agreements with a number of Gulf
{"title":"The long and bitter fall: an account of events that shook the Turkish economy during September–December 2021","authors":"Fikret Şenses","doi":"10.1017/npt.2022.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2022.5","url":null,"abstract":"The problems that the Turkish economy faced during the September–December 2021 period, which attracted a great deal of attention at home and abroad, was in essence a currency crisis with far-reaching implications for almost all aspects of the political economy. As the Central Bank reduced its policy rate from 19 percent in September to 14 percent in December through successive monthly announcements, the Turkish Lira (TL) experienced an unprecedentedly sharp depreciation—should one say collapse?—from 8.30 TL to the US dollar (US$) at the beginning of September to 8.86, 9.55, and 13.36, at the beginning of the successive months, and continued to fall daily to 17.50 TL on 20 December with no sign of a slowdown in sight.1 The government attempted to halt this fall by selling a total of around US $6 billion of Central Bank reserves during the 1–17 December period, but to no avail. After the announcement by the government of a new scheme—exchange rate protected time deposits (ERPTD)—on the evening of 20 December, there was a sharp fall in the dollar/TL parity to 13.05 TL the following day which has stabilized at around 13.50 TL since then. The new scheme was aimed at reducing the demand for foreign currency by increasing the attractiveness of the Lira. It was intended to protect TL time depositors with three-month, six-month, and one-year terms against the depreciation of the Lira by guaranteeing to compensate them fully (in TL) for depreciation over and above their interest earnings. Whether it was this scheme alone that facilitated this sharp fall remains a matter of conjecture. The most plausible explanation offered so far is that on that day, the Central Bank and public sector banks together sold a total of around US$7 billion dollars. It seems that swap agreements with a number of Gulf","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"66 1","pages":"180 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41662106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Christine M. Philliou, Turkey: A Past Against History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2021, xii + 278 pages.","authors":"Kutluğhan Soyubol","doi":"10.1017/npt.2021.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2021.33","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"66 1","pages":"191 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46564296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Women’s intra-household care burden is one of the main reasons behind women’s low employment rates in Turkey. Many empirical studies have tested this relationship by focusing on the existence of dependent household members, if any. They have largely overlooked the use of care services and the time spent on caring for dependent household members to evaluate women’s care burden. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between women’s care burden and employment prospects and status in Turkey from the perspective of access to care services and the time dimension of the care burden. This relationship is analyzed through the logit model by using latest available data from the 2014–2015 Time Use Survey. The article shows that the time spent by women caring for dependent household members, and access to care services, are the most important factors influencing women’s employment probability in Turkey. Benefiting from informal childcare services increases the employment probability of women approximately twenty-seven times, while benefiting from formal childcare services increases two times and informal adult-care services 2.6 times. Ensuring the accessibility of institutional care services improves women’s employment status by enabling women’s transition from part-time to full-time jobs, and from unskilled to professional jobs.
{"title":"A new perspective on women’s care burden and employment in Turkey","authors":"Çisel Ekiz Gökmen","doi":"10.1017/npt.2021.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2021.21","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Women’s intra-household care burden is one of the main reasons behind women’s low employment rates in Turkey. Many empirical studies have tested this relationship by focusing on the existence of dependent household members, if any. They have largely overlooked the use of care services and the time spent on caring for dependent household members to evaluate women’s care burden. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between women’s care burden and employment prospects and status in Turkey from the perspective of access to care services and the time dimension of the care burden. This relationship is analyzed through the logit model by using latest available data from the 2014–2015 Time Use Survey. The article shows that the time spent by women caring for dependent household members, and access to care services, are the most important factors influencing women’s employment probability in Turkey. Benefiting from informal childcare services increases the employment probability of women approximately twenty-seven times, while benefiting from formal childcare services increases two times and informal adult-care services 2.6 times. Ensuring the accessibility of institutional care services improves women’s employment status by enabling women’s transition from part-time to full-time jobs, and from unskilled to professional jobs.","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"66 1","pages":"11 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47640643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Remembering Mehmet Genç (1934–2021), economic historian of the Ottoman Empire","authors":"Ş. Pamuk","doi":"10.1017/npt.2021.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2021.25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"65 1","pages":"3 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43712798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NPT volume 65 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/npt.2021.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2021.31","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"65 1","pages":"f1 - f4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48739238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ten years ago, the anniversary of fifty years of migration from Turkey to Germany was marked and celebrated: conferences were organized, there were discussion rounds and exhibitions. This year we are marking sixty years of migration from Turkey, and again various events are planned. Yet one gets the impression that the relevance of Turkish migration for social transformation—and above all for urban development—is hastily added to discussions at ten-year intervals while hardly anything is actually done on the subject in between. Restrictive ways of dealing withmigrants and their descendants continue tobeperpetuated.Racismand institutional discrimination remain apart of everyday normality. Postmigrant members of the second and third migrant generations are still being confronted with negative attributions and they continue to have restricted access to social resources. This commentary seeks to set out a radical shift in perspective and to focus on the truly significant contribution of Turkish migration for urban development in Germany.1 I discuss this through the ways in which the city of Cologne experienced migration based on several qualitative studies that we have carried out over the past fifteen years. My main thesis is that cities like Cologne are hardly conceivable without migration. Turkish migrants who arrived in Cologne as so-called “guest workers” (Gastarbeiter) at the beginning of the 1960s and well into the 1970s, many of whom found employment in the Ford plants and with other firms, made a key contribution to the repopulation of Cologne, even though this is scarcely noted in public memory.
{"title":"Sixty years of migration from Turkey: postmigrant reflections on urban development","authors":"Erol Yıldız","doi":"10.1017/npt.2021.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2021.30","url":null,"abstract":"Ten years ago, the anniversary of fifty years of migration from Turkey to Germany was marked and celebrated: conferences were organized, there were discussion rounds and exhibitions. This year we are marking sixty years of migration from Turkey, and again various events are planned. Yet one gets the impression that the relevance of Turkish migration for social transformation—and above all for urban development—is hastily added to discussions at ten-year intervals while hardly anything is actually done on the subject in between. Restrictive ways of dealing withmigrants and their descendants continue tobeperpetuated.Racismand institutional discrimination remain apart of everyday normality. Postmigrant members of the second and third migrant generations are still being confronted with negative attributions and they continue to have restricted access to social resources. This commentary seeks to set out a radical shift in perspective and to focus on the truly significant contribution of Turkish migration for urban development in Germany.1 I discuss this through the ways in which the city of Cologne experienced migration based on several qualitative studies that we have carried out over the past fifteen years. My main thesis is that cities like Cologne are hardly conceivable without migration. Turkish migrants who arrived in Cologne as so-called “guest workers” (Gastarbeiter) at the beginning of the 1960s and well into the 1970s, many of whom found employment in the Ford plants and with other firms, made a key contribution to the repopulation of Cologne, even though this is scarcely noted in public memory.","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"65 1","pages":"120 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47288269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NPT volume 65 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/npt.2021.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2021.32","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"65 1","pages":"b1 - b3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41390791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In search of justice in income distribution and easy access to necessities by everyone, basic income (BI) has become one of the main topics of conversation. However, there is no comprehensive study on the cost and effect of BI in Turkey. This study aims to set a theoretical framework for BI, compare different views on the topic, evaluate implementations from the world, and analyze the feasibility of a BI program in Turkey by estimating its costs and distributional consequences using a tax–benefit microsimulation. The results show that, although it improves the income distribution, implementing a basic income scheme financed by income tax would impose a significant burden on the upper half of the income distribution due to widespread poverty and income inequality. In the baseline, individual-based scenario, every individual aged 15 or above is granted a BI equal to the poverty line, while children below age 15 are granted 30 percent of this amount. This plan costs 17.77 percent of the gross domestic product and it is covered by multiplying current income tax by 3.54. Implementation of this plan decreases the poverty rate from 12.43 percent to zero and the Gini index from 0.388 to 0.181.
{"title":"Basic income and its applicability in Turkey","authors":"Senem Çakmak Şahin, İ. Kılıç","doi":"10.1017/npt.2021.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2021.27","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In search of justice in income distribution and easy access to necessities by everyone, basic income (BI) has become one of the main topics of conversation. However, there is no comprehensive study on the cost and effect of BI in Turkey. This study aims to set a theoretical framework for BI, compare different views on the topic, evaluate implementations from the world, and analyze the feasibility of a BI program in Turkey by estimating its costs and distributional consequences using a tax–benefit microsimulation. The results show that, although it improves the income distribution, implementing a basic income scheme financed by income tax would impose a significant burden on the upper half of the income distribution due to widespread poverty and income inequality. In the baseline, individual-based scenario, every individual aged 15 or above is granted a BI equal to the poverty line, while children below age 15 are granted 30 percent of this amount. This plan costs 17.77 percent of the gross domestic product and it is covered by multiplying current income tax by 3.54. Implementation of this plan decreases the poverty rate from 12.43 percent to zero and the Gini index from 0.388 to 0.181.","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"65 1","pages":"6 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47096253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In pursuit of intellectual discovery: an interview with Michael E. Meeker","authors":"Ali Sipahi","doi":"10.1017/npt.2021.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2021.24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"65 1","pages":"100 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41924596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Houri Berberian, Roving Revolutionaries: Armenians and the Connected Revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman Worlds. Oakland: University of California Press, 2019, xviii + 320 pages.","authors":"Yaşar Tolga Cora","doi":"10.1017/npt.2021.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2021.26","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45032,"journal":{"name":"New Perspectives on Turkey","volume":"65 1","pages":"151 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47149749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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