Catalina Amuedo‐Dorantes, Brandyn F. Churchill, Yang Song
The past two decades were characterized by an unprecedented increase in interior immigration enforcement and heightened stress due to fears of family separation and loss of income among undocumented immigrants. Using vital statistics on infant births from the National Center for Health Statistics for the 2003 through 2016 period and a difference-in-differences design, we compare the health outcomes of infants with likely undocumented mothers before and after the intensification of immigration enforcement within US counties. We find that intensified enforcement, especially during the third trimester, increases the likelihood of low birth weight (<2,500 grams). We also present suggestive evidence that the effect could be driven by heightened stress and fears associated with police-based enforcement during pregnancy. The findings underscore the importance of current immigration policies in shaping the birth outcomes of many American children.
{"title":"Immigration Enforcement and Infant Health","authors":"Catalina Amuedo‐Dorantes, Brandyn F. Churchill, Yang Song","doi":"10.1086/718510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718510","url":null,"abstract":"The past two decades were characterized by an unprecedented increase in interior immigration enforcement and heightened stress due to fears of family separation and loss of income among undocumented immigrants. Using vital statistics on infant births from the National Center for Health Statistics for the 2003 through 2016 period and a difference-in-differences design, we compare the health outcomes of infants with likely undocumented mothers before and after the intensification of immigration enforcement within US counties. We find that intensified enforcement, especially during the third trimester, increases the likelihood of low birth weight (<2,500 grams). We also present suggestive evidence that the effect could be driven by heightened stress and fears associated with police-based enforcement during pregnancy. The findings underscore the importance of current immigration policies in shaping the birth outcomes of many American children.","PeriodicalId":45056,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Health Economics","volume":"8 1","pages":"323 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45272765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Evans, Sarah Kroeger, Elizabeth L Munnich, Grace Ortuzar, Kathryn L. Wagner
Hospital readmissions generate enormous costs and are the subject of increased scrutiny among US lawmakers. The Affordable Care Act created the Community-Based Care Transitions Program (CCTP) to test models for improving care transitions after hospital discharge with the goal of reducing 30-day Medicare hospital readmission rates by 20 percent. Few of these demonstrations showed sustained reductions in readmission rates. In contrast to more traditional medically focused programs, the Chicago Southland Coalition for Transition Care (CSCTC) utilized social workers solely to manage care transitions in an effort to address nonmedical obstacles to recovery. Using a difference-in-differences model and the census of Medicare discharges over the 2010–15 period, we evaluate the impact of this program. We select as a comparison group hospitals in the Chicago area with similar pretreatment trends in readmission rates and total discharges. Treatment-on-treated estimates indicate that the CSCTC program reduced 30-, 60-, and 90-day readmission rates by a statistically significant 14 percent or more of the sample mean, and reduced readmission costs an amount equal to CSCTC program cost. Effects are driven by black and Hispanic patients as well as those with dual eligibility for both Medicare and Medicaid.
{"title":"Reducing Readmissions by Addressing the Social Determinants of Health","authors":"W. Evans, Sarah Kroeger, Elizabeth L Munnich, Grace Ortuzar, Kathryn L. Wagner","doi":"10.1086/711725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/711725","url":null,"abstract":"Hospital readmissions generate enormous costs and are the subject of increased scrutiny among US lawmakers. The Affordable Care Act created the Community-Based Care Transitions Program (CCTP) to test models for improving care transitions after hospital discharge with the goal of reducing 30-day Medicare hospital readmission rates by 20 percent. Few of these demonstrations showed sustained reductions in readmission rates. In contrast to more traditional medically focused programs, the Chicago Southland Coalition for Transition Care (CSCTC) utilized social workers solely to manage care transitions in an effort to address nonmedical obstacles to recovery. Using a difference-in-differences model and the census of Medicare discharges over the 2010–15 period, we evaluate the impact of this program. We select as a comparison group hospitals in the Chicago area with similar pretreatment trends in readmission rates and total discharges. Treatment-on-treated estimates indicate that the CSCTC program reduced 30-, 60-, and 90-day readmission rates by a statistically significant 14 percent or more of the sample mean, and reduced readmission costs an amount equal to CSCTC program cost. Effects are driven by black and Hispanic patients as well as those with dual eligibility for both Medicare and Medicaid.","PeriodicalId":45056,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Health Economics","volume":"7 1","pages":"1 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/711725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42460875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we estimate the effect of adult children’s education on parental health using data from the 2011 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). We find that parents of better-educated children have better health, measured by self-rated health status. Using geographic proximity to school as the instrumental variable, we find that an extra year of children’s education could increase the probability of parental good health status by about 7.7 percentage points. This result is corroborated by the estimates based on an alternative identification strategy. We also find suggestive evidence that smoking behavior, use of preventive care, and especially management of chronic conditions are potential channels through which children’s education can improve parental health.
{"title":"Children’s Education and Parental Health","authors":"Zhiqiang Liu","doi":"10.1086/711704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/711704","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we estimate the effect of adult children’s education on parental health using data from the 2011 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). We find that parents of better-educated children have better health, measured by self-rated health status. Using geographic proximity to school as the instrumental variable, we find that an extra year of children’s education could increase the probability of parental good health status by about 7.7 percentage points. This result is corroborated by the estimates based on an alternative identification strategy. We also find suggestive evidence that smoking behavior, use of preventive care, and especially management of chronic conditions are potential channels through which children’s education can improve parental health.","PeriodicalId":45056,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Health Economics","volume":"7 1","pages":"95 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/711704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41412370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
US states have implemented many policies to lessen the severity of the opioid crisis. This study investigates prescription drug monitoring programs, the reformulation of OxyContin, and Pill Mill laws on illicit drug possession and sellers. I perform difference-in-differences analyses to study policy-induced substitution to heroin and illicit opioids as measured through rates of heroin and diverted opioid possession and dealers. I find evidence that state policies cause increases in heroin possession and dealers, and that these effects are similar in magnitude to effects spurred by the reformulation of OxyContin.
{"title":"Policy-Induced Substitution to Illicit Drugs and Implications for Law Enforcement Activity","authors":"Justine Mallatt","doi":"10.1086/716462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716462","url":null,"abstract":"US states have implemented many policies to lessen the severity of the opioid crisis. This study investigates prescription drug monitoring programs, the reformulation of OxyContin, and Pill Mill laws on illicit drug possession and sellers. I perform difference-in-differences analyses to study policy-induced substitution to heroin and illicit opioids as measured through rates of heroin and diverted opioid possession and dealers. I find evidence that state policies cause increases in heroin possession and dealers, and that these effects are similar in magnitude to effects spurred by the reformulation of OxyContin.","PeriodicalId":45056,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Health Economics","volume":"8 1","pages":"30 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44163835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucie Schmidt, Lara D. Shore-Sheppard, Tara Watson
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expanded the availability of public health insurance, decreasing the relative benefit of participating in disability programs but also lowering the cost of exiting the labor market to apply for disability benefits. In this paper, we explore the impact of expanded access to Medicaid through the ACA on applications to the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) programs. Using the fact that the Supreme Court decision of June 2012 made the Medicaid expansion optional for the states, we compare changes in county-level SSI and SSDI caseloads in contiguous county pairs across a state border. We find no significant effects of the Medicaid expansion on applications or awards to either SSI or SSDI, and can reject economically meaningful impacts of Medicaid expansions on applications to disability programs.
{"title":"The Impact of the ACA Medicaid Expansion on Disability Program Applications","authors":"Lucie Schmidt, Lara D. Shore-Sheppard, Tara Watson","doi":"10.1086/710525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/710525","url":null,"abstract":"The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expanded the availability of public health insurance, decreasing the relative benefit of participating in disability programs but also lowering the cost of exiting the labor market to apply for disability benefits. In this paper, we explore the impact of expanded access to Medicaid through the ACA on applications to the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) programs. Using the fact that the Supreme Court decision of June 2012 made the Medicaid expansion optional for the states, we compare changes in county-level SSI and SSDI caseloads in contiguous county pairs across a state border. We find no significant effects of the Medicaid expansion on applications or awards to either SSI or SSDI, and can reject economically meaningful impacts of Medicaid expansions on applications to disability programs.","PeriodicalId":45056,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Health Economics","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138540229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An annual flu vaccination is one of the least controversial and most widely recommended preventive health measures. However, only a fraction of those who are suggested to get a flu vaccination actually receive it. We focus on past personal outcomes to understand how individual learning influences patterns over time using medical claims for a 5 percent panel sample of Medicare beneficiaries. We find that individuals learn from personal suffering from the flu and such learning is conditional on whether they had taken a flu vaccination in the same flu season. If they did not get vaccinated for the flu, having the flu later on encourages them to get the flu vaccine the following year. But if they had been vaccinated and still got the flu, their likelihood of getting a flu shot next year is significantly reduced. The outbreak of the H1N1 flu did not break the qualitative pattern of “learning by suffering” but it does change the magnitude of response.
{"title":"Learning By Suffering?","authors":"G. Jin, Thomas G. Koch","doi":"10.1086/711564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/711564","url":null,"abstract":"An annual flu vaccination is one of the least controversial and most widely recommended preventive health measures. However, only a fraction of those who are suggested to get a flu vaccination actually receive it. We focus on past personal outcomes to understand how individual learning influences patterns over time using medical claims for a 5 percent panel sample of Medicare beneficiaries. We find that individuals learn from personal suffering from the flu and such learning is conditional on whether they had taken a flu vaccination in the same flu season. If they did not get vaccinated for the flu, having the flu later on encourages them to get the flu vaccine the following year. But if they had been vaccinated and still got the flu, their likelihood of getting a flu shot next year is significantly reduced. The outbreak of the H1N1 flu did not break the qualitative pattern of “learning by suffering” but it does change the magnitude of response.","PeriodicalId":45056,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Health Economics","volume":"7 1","pages":"68 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/711564","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42349206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Appointing or electing professionals to be public officials is a double-edged sword. Experts can use their rich knowledge to implement reforms, but they can also favor their own profession. In this study, we compare physician-trained state health ministers to ministers of other professions in Germany during 1955–2017. German state health ministers have great power to determine hospital capacities and infrastructure. Our results show that physician-trained health ministers increase hospital capacities, capital, and funding by the statutory health insurance (SHI). This prompts hospitals to hire more physicians, but with little impact on hospital outputs. As a result, total factor productivity (TFP) growth in hospital care slows down substantially under physician-ministers. At the same time, job satisfaction of hospital doctors tends to increase. We conclude that, in particular, the medical profession benefits from medical doctors in office.
{"title":"Are Doctors Better Health Ministers?","authors":"Adam Pilny, Felix Roesel","doi":"10.1086/710331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/710331","url":null,"abstract":"Appointing or electing professionals to be public officials is a double-edged sword. Experts can use their rich knowledge to implement reforms, but they can also favor their own profession. In this study, we compare physician-trained state health ministers to ministers of other professions in Germany during 1955–2017. German state health ministers have great power to determine hospital capacities and infrastructure. Our results show that physician-trained health ministers increase hospital capacities, capital, and funding by the statutory health insurance (SHI). This prompts hospitals to hire more physicians, but with little impact on hospital outputs. As a result, total factor productivity (TFP) growth in hospital care slows down substantially under physician-ministers. At the same time, job satisfaction of hospital doctors tends to increase. We conclude that, in particular, the medical profession benefits from medical doctors in office.","PeriodicalId":45056,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Health Economics","volume":"6 1","pages":"498 - 532"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/710331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44473765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In light of persistent shortcomings in nursing home care quality and evidence that lower nurse staffing levels could be harmful to residents, we examine whether staffing levels are affected by changes in Medicare reimbursement rates. We exploit a 2006 change in Medicare’s methodology for adjusting provider payments for geographic differences in costs, a change that generated plausibly exogenous variation in nursing facility reimbursement rates. Our method compares facilities with higher and lower shares of Medicare resident days, which were differentially exposed to the payment changes we examine. Using panel data on US nursing homes from 2003 through 2009, we find that higher Medicare payments increased nurse staffing hours per resident day. Additional results suggest that changes in Medicare payments did not affect other measures of quality.
{"title":"The Effects of Medicare Payment Changes on Nursing Home Staffing","authors":"Daifeng He, Peter McHenry, J. Mellor","doi":"10.1086/710563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/710563","url":null,"abstract":"In light of persistent shortcomings in nursing home care quality and evidence that lower nurse staffing levels could be harmful to residents, we examine whether staffing levels are affected by changes in Medicare reimbursement rates. We exploit a 2006 change in Medicare’s methodology for adjusting provider payments for geographic differences in costs, a change that generated plausibly exogenous variation in nursing facility reimbursement rates. Our method compares facilities with higher and lower shares of Medicare resident days, which were differentially exposed to the payment changes we examine. Using panel data on US nursing homes from 2003 through 2009, we find that higher Medicare payments increased nurse staffing hours per resident day. Additional results suggest that changes in Medicare payments did not affect other measures of quality.","PeriodicalId":45056,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Health Economics","volume":"6 1","pages":"411 - 443"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/710563","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46415408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. V. van Kleef, F. Eijkenaar, R. van Vliet, M. Nielen
Health insurance markets with regulated premiums typically include risk adjustment (RA) to mitigate selection incentives. Even the most sophisticated RA models, however, tend to undercompensate (overcompensate) insurers for people in poor (good) health. One reason RA models are imperfect is that some predictors cannot serve as risk adjustor because they are not available for the entire population. This paper applies an indirect method to exploit such predictive information: constrained regression. Our focus is on the Netherlands where morbidity data from general practitioners (GPs) are available for only around 10 percent of the population. We combine this incomplete sample with complete data (N=16.7 million) on spending and risk adjustors. In a first step, we find that GP morbidity data are predictive net of the Dutch RA model. In a second step, we use the GP morbidity data to impose constraints on the coefficients of the RA model. This results in more RA funds being sent to undercompensated groups. Using a split-sample approach, we simulate two constrained regression models and compare the outcomes to those of an unconstrained model. Our findings indicate that constrained regression can be a useful tool to exploit predictive information that is available for only a sample of the population.
{"title":"Exploiting Incomplete Information in Risk Adjustment Using Constrained Regression","authors":"R. V. van Kleef, F. Eijkenaar, R. van Vliet, M. Nielen","doi":"10.1086/710526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/710526","url":null,"abstract":"Health insurance markets with regulated premiums typically include risk adjustment (RA) to mitigate selection incentives. Even the most sophisticated RA models, however, tend to undercompensate (overcompensate) insurers for people in poor (good) health. One reason RA models are imperfect is that some predictors cannot serve as risk adjustor because they are not available for the entire population. This paper applies an indirect method to exploit such predictive information: constrained regression. Our focus is on the Netherlands where morbidity data from general practitioners (GPs) are available for only around 10 percent of the population. We combine this incomplete sample with complete data (N=16.7 million) on spending and risk adjustors. In a first step, we find that GP morbidity data are predictive net of the Dutch RA model. In a second step, we use the GP morbidity data to impose constraints on the coefficients of the RA model. This results in more RA funds being sent to undercompensated groups. Using a split-sample approach, we simulate two constrained regression models and compare the outcomes to those of an unconstrained model. Our findings indicate that constrained regression can be a useful tool to exploit predictive information that is available for only a sample of the population.","PeriodicalId":45056,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Health Economics","volume":"6 1","pages":"477 - 497"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/710526","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45321859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alice Chen, Michael R Richards, C. Whaley, Xiaoxi Zhao
Medicare accounts for roughly 20 percent of medical expenditures in the United States and is the dominant payer for many treatments. Consequently, Medicare payment policy may have diffuse consequences. Using a contemporary bundled payment reform (the “CJR” program) and a difference-in-differences research design, we estimate Medicare’s spillover reach. We find that altered treatment decisions for targeted joint replacement procedures are closely, though not perfectly, mirrored between traditional Medicare, Medicare Advantage, and the nonelderly commercially insured populations. Results for untargeted procedures performed by CJR-affected physicians also show suggestive evidence consistent with a secondary spillover effect; however, this behavior change does not extend to less related procedures. Our findings align with the “norms hypothesis” for physician decision making but do not imply rigid and uniform treatment choices. Instead, key decision nodes appear to gain greater salience under Medicare’s new incentive structure, which leads to revised treatment choices for different payer-procedure combinations. Ignoring the breadth of externalities from Medicare policies risks understating their social welfare impact.
{"title":"The Extent of Externalities from Medicare Payment Policy","authors":"Alice Chen, Michael R Richards, C. Whaley, Xiaoxi Zhao","doi":"10.1086/718769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718769","url":null,"abstract":"Medicare accounts for roughly 20 percent of medical expenditures in the United States and is the dominant payer for many treatments. Consequently, Medicare payment policy may have diffuse consequences. Using a contemporary bundled payment reform (the “CJR” program) and a difference-in-differences research design, we estimate Medicare’s spillover reach. We find that altered treatment decisions for targeted joint replacement procedures are closely, though not perfectly, mirrored between traditional Medicare, Medicare Advantage, and the nonelderly commercially insured populations. Results for untargeted procedures performed by CJR-affected physicians also show suggestive evidence consistent with a secondary spillover effect; however, this behavior change does not extend to less related procedures. Our findings align with the “norms hypothesis” for physician decision making but do not imply rigid and uniform treatment choices. Instead, key decision nodes appear to gain greater salience under Medicare’s new incentive structure, which leads to revised treatment choices for different payer-procedure combinations. Ignoring the breadth of externalities from Medicare policies risks understating their social welfare impact.","PeriodicalId":45056,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Health Economics","volume":"8 1","pages":"181 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45851463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：