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Confessional culture, religiosity, and traditionalism: tracing the influence of religion on public attitudes towards European integration 忏悔文化、宗教信仰和传统主义:追踪宗教对公众对欧洲一体化态度的影响
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1080/09637494.2023.2261551
Brent F. Nelsen, James L. Guth
ABSTRACTReligion has long played an important role in the European integration process. Here we review competing confessional visions of ‘Europe’ and summarise empirical findings on their influence on public support for the European Union (EU). In the EU’s early years Catholics – especially if observant – consistently favoured integration more than Protestants, a deep-seated difference that survived statistical controls for other factors. In recent years, however, religion’s impact has changed: (1) religiosity has replaced confessional identity as the most influential religious factor, as the devout in all traditions favour the EU; (2) religious traditionalism, previously tied to religiosity, now plays an independent role, with those defending the authority of the Bible and other traditional forms of religious guidance more sceptical of the EU; and (3) continuing secularisation has eroded support for the EU, both by reducing the ranks of the religious and by ‘decoupling’ religious influences from integration attitudes, especially among the young. We examine these changes in an analysis of the 2019 European Election Study.KEYWORDS: Confessional culturesEuropean Unionintegrationreligiosityreligious traditionalism Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Both data sets used in this analysis are publicly available and unrestricted.2. As we anticipated above, the correlation is higher among those respondents actually asked the traditionalism question (r = .44).3. We have not used interactive terms for Other Religions or Muslims, given their small numbers.Additional informationNotes on contributorsBrent F. NelsenBrent F. Nelsen is Jane Fishburne Hipp Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Furman University. He received his BA from Wheaton College (IL) and his MA and PhD from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His teaching and scholarship focus on Europe and the European Union with an emphasis on religion and politics. His most recent book, co-authored with James L. Guth, is Religion and the Struggle for European Union: Confessional Culture and the Limits of Integration (Georgetown University Press). Recently he was appointed Interim Director of the Tocqueville Center for the Study of Democracy and Society.James L. GuthJames L. Guth (B.S. University of Wisconsin-Madison; Ph. D. Harvard University) is William R. Kenan Professor of Politics and International Affairs and Distinguished Scholar in the Tocqueville Center at Furman University. He is the author or co-author of several books and dozens of scholarly articles on the role of religion in American and European politics. His current research focuses on religious influences on populist politics, public environmental attitudes, and foreign policy issues. In September 2023 he received the inaugural Lifetime Achievement Award from the Religion and Politics Division of the American Political Science Association.
摘要宗教在欧洲一体化进程中一直扮演着重要的角色。在这里,我们回顾了“欧洲”的竞争性忏悔愿景,并总结了它们对公众支持欧盟(EU)的影响的实证研究结果。在欧盟成立之初,天主教徒——尤其是虔诚的天主教徒——一直比新教徒更倾向于一体化,这种根深蒂固的差异在统计控制了其他因素后依然存在。然而,近年来,宗教的影响发生了变化:(1)宗教信仰取代了信仰认同,成为最具影响力的宗教因素,因为所有传统的虔诚者都支持欧盟;(2)以前与宗教虔诚相关的宗教传统主义,现在扮演了一个独立的角色,那些捍卫圣经权威和其他传统宗教指导形式的人对欧盟更加怀疑;(3)持续的世俗化削弱了对欧盟的支持,一方面是宗教阶层的减少,另一方面是宗教影响与一体化态度的“脱钩”,尤其是在年轻人中。我们在对2019年欧洲选举研究的分析中研究了这些变化。关键词:忏悔文化、欧盟一体化、宗教敏感性、宗教传统主义披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。本分析中使用的两个数据集都是公开的,不受限制的。正如我们在上面所预期的那样,在那些实际询问传统主义问题的受访者中,相关性更高(r = .44)。鉴于其他宗教或穆斯林人数较少,我们没有使用互动术语。本文作者布伦特·f·尼尔森是弗曼大学政治与国际事务的简·菲什伯恩·希普教授。他在惠顿学院(IL)获得学士学位,在威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校获得硕士和博士学位。他的教学和学术研究主要集中在欧洲和欧盟,重点是宗教和政治。他最近的一本书是与詹姆斯·l·古斯合著的《宗教与欧盟的斗争:忏悔文化与一体化的极限》(乔治城大学出版社)。最近,他被任命为托克维尔民主与社会研究中心的临时主任。James L. Guth(威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校理学士;威廉·r·凯南政治与国际事务教授,弗曼大学托克维尔中心杰出学者。他是关于宗教在美国和欧洲政治中的作用的几本书和几十篇学术文章的作者或合著者。他目前的研究重点是宗教对民粹主义政治、公众环境态度和外交政策问题的影响。2023年9月,他获得了美国政治科学协会宗教与政治部颁发的首届终身成就奖。
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引用次数: 0
Fear and the construction of minority religions in Japan 恐惧与日本少数民族宗教的建构
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09637494.2023.2212579
E. Baffelli
ABSTRACT This contribution uses examples from ‘new religions’ (shinshūkyō) to discuss how minority religions have been constructed in Japan, highlighting in particular the centrality of fear in the creation and perpetuation of minority status. Groups labelled as new religions have, since the late nineteenth century, provided the blueprint for defining what is considered ‘mainstream’ or ‘proper’ religion, often associated with supposedly ‘traditional’ religions seen as part of Japan’s culture and heritage, and ‘marginal’ or ‘outsider’ religions or religious practices that do not fit the definition of tradition in a given time and are viewed with suspicion, and, at times, controlled or suppressed. This contribution discusses how such marginalisation intersects with empowerment dynamics in the creation and perception of minority status among religious groups in Japan. Fear, I argue, is not only central to how minoritised religious groups are perceived by the external world but has also worked on interactions and relations between religious organisations and society in the other direction, from group members towards the external world. Paying attention to how groups navigate and respond to marginalisation, whether by hiding or eschewing their marginal status or by embracing it as a means of empowerment, is therefore crucial to understanding the dynamics of minoritisation.
本文使用“新宗教”(shinshūkyō)中的例子来讨论少数民族宗教是如何在日本被构建的,特别强调了恐惧在少数民族地位的创造和延续中的中心地位。自19世纪后期以来,被贴上新宗教标签的团体为定义什么是“主流”或“适当”宗教提供了蓝图,通常与被视为日本文化和遗产一部分的所谓“传统”宗教和“边缘”或“外来”宗教或宗教习俗联系在一起,这些宗教或宗教习俗在特定的时间内不符合传统的定义,被怀疑,有时被控制或压制。这篇文章讨论了这种边缘化如何与日本宗教团体中少数群体地位的创造和感知中的赋权动态交叉。我认为,恐惧不仅是外部世界如何看待少数宗教团体的核心,而且还在宗教组织与社会之间的互动和关系中起着另一个方向的作用,从团体成员到外部世界。因此,关注群体如何应对边缘化,无论是隐藏或回避其边缘地位,还是将其作为一种赋权手段,对于理解少数化的动态至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Rage and carnage in the name of God: religious violence in Nigeria 以上帝之名的愤怒和屠杀:尼日利亚的宗教暴力
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09637494.2023.2224622
Zainab Mai-bornu
Abiodun Alao’s book is an interesting contribution to the literature on religious violence in Nigeria – a country where religious and ethnic divides come into play at all times. While a lot has been written on religious issues in Nigeria, particularly focused on drawing connections between Islam and violence, Alao goes a step further, and engages Islam, Christianity, and traditional religion in a balanced way that gives equal attention to each. He explains that the fluid nature of religious violence makes the decision on what to include or exclude challenging, particularly given the blurred boundaries between and among religions across time and practices. Alao’s study is based on long-term observation as a student of Nigerian politics and society, historical research, and interviews with actors around the country. He is sensitive to the limits of his study and makes a careful disclaimer at the beginning: ‘none of Nigeria’s three main religious divisions – Christianity, Islam and traditional religions – is inherently violent or violence prone’ (15). This approach is different from other studies of this topic, which makes the book stand out. The five key arguments underpinning this book are set out by the author thus:
Abiodun Alao的书是对奈及利亚宗教暴力文献的有趣贡献,奈及利亚是一个宗教和种族分裂的国家。虽然有许多关于奈及利亚宗教议题的文章,特别聚焦于伊斯兰教与暴力之间的联系,但Alao更进一步,以平衡的方式,将伊斯兰教、基督教与传统宗教结合在一起,给予同等的关注。他解释说,宗教暴力的流动性使得决定包括或排除什么具有挑战性,特别是考虑到宗教之间和宗教之间的界限随着时间和实践而模糊。Alao的研究是基于作为尼日利亚政治和社会学生的长期观察、历史研究和对全国各地演员的采访。他对自己研究的局限性很敏感,并在一开始就谨慎地做出了免责声明:“尼日利亚的三个主要宗教派别——基督教、伊斯兰教和传统宗教——没有一个本质上是暴力的或有暴力倾向的”(15)。这种方法不同于该主题的其他研究,这使得本书脱颖而出。作者提出了支撑本书的五个关键论点:
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引用次数: 0
Navigating inclusion: ‘home-making’ in the UK Shin Buddhist community 导航包容:英国信佛社区的“家庭制作”
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09637494.2023.2212578
Paulina Kolata
ABSTRACT This contribution focuses on narratives and experiences of belonging and exclusion among convert members of Three Wheels, a Japanese Shin Buddhist temple in London, to investigate how difference is incorporated into transnational Buddhism. Three Wheels, whose members include both diasporic Japanese and convert Buddhist Europeans, occupies a marginal position within both transnational Shin Buddhism and the UK’s Buddhist (and broader religious) landscape. By embracing individual and collective marginality, I argue, priests and members foster affective connections that allow for a shared minority space to emerge where its diverse members can feel at home. To explore the dynamics of this ‘home-making’, I focus specifically on how convert members negotiate their own space in the community and the processes of inclusion and exclusion through which they navigate the linguistic, religious, and cultural barriers they encounter as convert members of a Japanese Buddhist tradition. This discussion of home-making within Three Wheels as a shared minority space highlights the complex dynamics of minority status and marginality in transnational Buddhism. It also shows how, in this case, convert Buddhists have worked with Asian migrants to build what appears to be a successful mixed local Buddhist sangha that accommodates the diverse needs of its members.
摘要:本文关注伦敦日本信教寺庙三轮寺皈依者的归属和排斥的叙述和经历,以探讨差异是如何融入跨国佛教的。三轮,其成员包括散居海外的日本人和皈依佛教的欧洲人,在跨国真宗和英国佛教(以及更广泛的宗教)领域都处于边缘地位。我认为,通过接受个人和集体的边缘性,牧师和成员可以培养情感联系,从而形成一个共享的少数群体空间,让不同的成员有宾至如归的感觉。为了探索这种“造家”的动力,我特别关注皈依者如何在社区中协商自己的空间,以及作为日本佛教传统的皈依者,他们如何应对语言、宗教和文化障碍的包容和排斥过程。在“三轮”中,作为共享的少数民族空间的“家”的讨论凸显了跨国佛教中少数民族地位和边缘性的复杂动态。在这种情况下,它还展示了皈依的佛教徒如何与亚洲移民合作,建立了一个似乎成功的混合当地佛教僧伽,以满足其成员的不同需求。
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引用次数: 0
Religion and minority in Japanese contexts 日本背景下的宗教和少数民族
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09637494.2023.2222623
E. Baffelli, Norihito Takahashi
ABSTRACT This collection brings together five contributions that draw on ethnographic research into a range of cases from Japanese contexts to explore religion and minority from a variety of perspectives. This introduction provides a brief overview of the key questions and themes that the collection addresses. How is minority religion constructed and by whom? What is the impact of minority status on a group or an individual’s marginalisation and exclusion? What are the implications when a particular group, practice, or faction within a larger organisation is defined as ‘minority’? And how do marginalised groups use their minority status to negotiate their place within society or inside their religious community? Taken together, these contributions highlight how minorities emerge within minority groups such as so-called new religions and immigrant religions, how traditional practices or traditions can themselves be minoritised in different social, historical, and geographical contexts, and how minority status can be used as a tool of empowerment as well as exclusion.
本作品集汇集了五篇关于民族志研究的文章,这些文章在日本背景下研究了一系列案例,从不同的角度探讨了宗教和少数民族。本引言简要概述了该集合所涉及的关键问题和主题。少数民族宗教是如何建构的,又是由谁建构的?少数群体地位对一个群体或个人的边缘化和排斥有什么影响?当一个较大组织内的特定群体、实践或派别被定义为“少数群体”时,意味着什么?边缘群体如何利用他们的少数民族身份来谈判他们在社会或宗教团体中的地位?总之,这些贡献突出了少数群体如何在所谓的新宗教和移民宗教等少数群体中出现,传统习俗或传统如何在不同的社会、历史和地理背景下成为少数群体,以及少数群体地位如何被用作赋权和排斥的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Editors’ introduction 编辑的介绍
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09637494.2023.2222601
Marat S. Shterin, Daniel Nilsson Dehanas
This special issue of Religion, State & Society is distinctive for our journal both for its topical novelty and for its elaboration of themes long important to our readership. This is our first special issue focusing on Japan – a country with an immensely rich religious landscape, both historically and contemporarily, with complex intersections between religion and the country’s social fabric and political structures. In exploring religion in Japanese contexts, it engages with the broader themes of minority religions and their relationship with wider society and the state. These minority-related themes have always been central to our journal, as is evident in the sample of articles celebrating our fiftieth volume and in recent special issues on the European Court of Human Rights and Minority Religions (45/3– 4), Conflict, Politics, and the Christian East (48/5), and The Governance of Religious Diversity: Global Comparative Perspectives (50/4), among others. These publications have provided a wealth of data and theoretical ideas for understanding the situation of different types of religious minorities, from ethno-religious groups to new religions, and in relation to different forms of governance, political regimes, and legal institutions. In this collection, our guest editors Erica Baffelli, Professor of Japanese Studies at the University of Manchester, and Norihito Takahashi, Professor at the Department of Global Diversity Studies, Toyo University, Japan, and other contributors, take an incisive look at a variety of groups and further elaborate the very concept of minority religion. The five case studies they present show that far from being fixed, minority status is fluid and varies across historical and social contexts, with majority traditions potentially becoming marginalised minorities and minority subgroups emerging within minorities, based on gender, geographical location, ethnicity, or variations in practices. This status tends to be a matter of contention, as ways in which it is constructed by various stakeholders – from religious minorities themselves through academics to the state – have far-reaching implications, ranging from empowerment to exclusion, for those associated with various religious groups and movements. Given the pervasiveness and variety of religious minorities as well as the increasing complexity of the politics around them in our fast-changing globalised world, the findings and insights presented in this issue will be of great interest for readers well beyond Japan.
这期《宗教、国家与社会》特刊对我们的杂志来说是与众不同的,因为它的主题新颖,对我们的读者来说,它的主题阐述很重要。这是我们第一期以日本为主题的特刊,这个国家在历史上和当代都有着极其丰富的宗教景观,宗教与国家的社会结构和政治结构之间有着复杂的交集。在探索日本背景下的宗教时,它涉及了更广泛的主题,即少数民族宗教及其与更广泛的社会和国家的关系。这些与少数群体相关的主题一直是本刊的核心,这一点在庆祝本刊第五十卷的文章样本和最近的特刊《欧洲人权法院和少数民族宗教》(45/3 - 4)、《冲突、政治和基督教东方》(48/5)、《宗教多样性的治理:全球比较视角》(50/4)等中显而易见。这些出版物为了解不同类型的宗教少数群体(从民族宗教群体到新兴宗教)的状况以及与不同形式的治理、政治制度和法律制度的关系提供了丰富的数据和理论思想。在这个合集里,我们的特约编辑Erica Baffelli(曼彻斯特大学日本研究教授)和Norihito Takahashi(日本东洋大学全球多样性研究系教授)以及其他撰稿人对各种各样的群体进行了深入的研究,并进一步阐述了少数民族宗教的概念。他们提出的五个案例研究表明,少数群体的地位远非固定不变,而是流动的,在不同的历史和社会背景下有所不同,多数传统可能会因性别、地理位置、种族或实践变化而成为边缘化的少数群体,少数群体内部也会出现少数群体。这种地位往往是一个有争议的问题,因为各种利益相关者(从宗教少数群体本身到学术界到国家)构建这种地位的方式,对与各种宗教团体和运动有关的人具有深远的影响,从赋予权力到排斥。鉴于宗教少数群体的普遍性和多样性,以及在快速变化的全球化世界中,他们周围的政治日益复杂,本期所呈现的发现和见解将引起日本以外读者的极大兴趣。
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引用次数: 0
Spirituality and alternativity in contemporary Japan: beyond religion? 当代日本的精神性与替代性:超越宗教?
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09637494.2023.2220551
I. Reader
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引用次数: 0
‘Seen’ as religious: social and institutional invisibility of Risshō Kōseikai’s youth “被视为”的宗教:risshhi Kōseikai青年的社会和制度隐形
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09637494.2023.2213516
Aura Di Febo
ABSTRACT This contribution investigates how young members of the Japanese lay Buddhist group Risshō Kōseikai have constructed their identity as a minority within both a society increasingly disengaged from religion and a rapidly ageing religious organisation. I argue that younger members of Kōseikai experience a condition of double ‘invisibility’ stemming from the intersection of outward and inward marginalisation. Kōseikai youths’ social interactions are informed by a fear of ‘being seen as religious’ resulting from widespread mistrust and negative public perceptions of religion (and new religions in particular). This has translated into a reticence to disclose their religiosity outside the congregation for fear of encountering prejudice and discrimination. But they also experience marginalisation as a minority within a rapidly ageing religious institution. Kōseikai youth have struggled to reconcile the high expectations of senior members with competing commitments and a lack of influence and decision-making power, which has curtailed their capacity for action and religious agency. Members of the older generation, often oblivious to shifting social circumstances and weakening religious commitment among youth, have resisted young members’ calls for change. Invisibility, however, has not only been suffered but also consciously chosen by members, thus reinforcing their marginalisation.
这篇文章调查了日本居士佛教团体立宗Kōseikai的年轻成员如何在一个日益脱离宗教的社会和一个迅速老龄化的宗教组织中构建他们作为少数群体的身份。我认为,Kōseikai的年轻成员经历了一种双重“隐形”的状态,这种状态源于外向和内向边缘化的交集。Kōseikai年轻人的社会交往受到“被视为有宗教信仰”的恐惧的影响,这种恐惧源于公众对宗教(尤其是新兴宗教)的普遍不信任和负面看法。这就导致他们不愿在会众之外透露自己的宗教信仰,因为他们害怕遭遇偏见和歧视。但在一个迅速老龄化的宗教机构中,他们也经历了作为少数群体的边缘化。Kōseikai青年一直在努力调和高级成员的高期望与相互竞争的承诺以及缺乏影响力和决策权,这削弱了他们的行动能力和宗教机构。老一辈的成员往往无视社会环境的变化和年轻人对宗教信仰的削弱,抵制年轻成员要求变革的呼吁。然而,不被关注不仅是成员所遭受的,而且也是他们有意识地选择的,从而加强了他们的边缘化。
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引用次数: 0
Conflict and coexistence among minorities within minority religions: a case study of Tablighi Jama’at in Japan 少数民族宗教内部的冲突与共存:以日本Tablighi Jama 'at为例
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09637494.2023.2222616
Hirofumi Okai, Norihito Takahashi
ABSTRACT Research on religion and minorities in Japan has tended to focus on the relationship between majority and minority religions or between religion and social minorities. This contribution turns to consider the relationship between minorities within ‘minority religions’ and their efforts to coexist. It takes the case of the global Islamic movement Tablighi Jama’at, which started to become powerfully active in Japan with the arrival of large numbers of Muslim migrant workers from various countries in the late 1980s. Since then, Tablighi Jama’at has undergone significant expansion and diversification in Japan. Drawing on both participant observation and interviews, this contribution discusses these developments and related processes of religious and social localisation, which have created tensions between core members, first-generation migrants who make up the majority of participants, and the growing number of second-generation members and Japanese converts who were until recently in a relatively inferior position. This contribution reveals that there can be multiple subgroups within minority groups. The intersection of these various elements can also define power relations and the majority/minority status of people within minority groups. However, the case of Tablighi Jama’at in Japan also shows that power relations between subgroups are potentially fluid.
日本对宗教与少数群体的研究往往侧重于多数宗教与少数宗教之间的关系或宗教与社会少数群体之间的关系。这篇文章转而考虑“少数宗教”中少数群体之间的关系以及他们共存的努力。它以全球伊斯兰运动Tablighi Jama 'at为例,该运动在20世纪80年代末随着大量来自各国的穆斯林移民工人的到来,开始在日本变得非常活跃。从那时起,Tablighi Jama 'at在日本经历了显著的扩张和多样化。根据参与者的观察和访谈,本文讨论了这些发展以及宗教和社会本地化的相关过程,这些发展和过程在核心成员、占参与者大多数的第一代移民、以及越来越多的第二代成员和日本皈依者之间造成了紧张关系,这些成员直到最近才处于相对较低的地位。这一贡献揭示了在少数群体中可能存在多个子群体。这些不同因素的交集也可以定义权力关系和少数群体中人的多数/少数地位。然而,日本Tablighi Jama 'at的案例也表明,子群体之间的权力关系可能是不稳定的。
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引用次数: 0
An unwelcome minority: banning Buddhist practices, marginalising itinerants, and constructing heritage in a Japanese pilgrimage 不受欢迎的少数群体:禁止佛教活动,边缘化巡回旅行者,在日本朝圣中建立遗产
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-26 DOI: 10.1080/09637494.2023.2200368
I. Reader
ABSTRACT The Shikoku Pilgrimage is nowadays esteemed as a symbol of cultural heritage and tradition in Japan. Its origins are in the ascetic travels of itinerant devotees of the Buddhist figure Kōbō Daishi, who is the central focus of pilgrim devotion and is depicted in pilgrimage lore as a mendicant. These early ascetics relied on the Buddhist practice of mendicancy and were supported by the Shikoku custom of settai (almsgiving). However, in 2007, the pilgrimage temples banned pilgrims from alms solicitation within their precincts, claiming that those doing it (mostly itinerants who are a tiny minority among the pilgrim community) were not genuine pilgrims – even though they were following a practice central to the origins of the pilgrimage. This ban reflects historical patterns in different eras of pilgrims being marginalised, decried as antithetical to the ethos of the society, harassed, and even banned. In discussing the underlying reasons for the recent mendicancy ban, I show how it reflects a wider pattern of marginalising minorities within the pilgrimage community and reveals how religious and political authorities perceive the pilgrimage in any given era.
如今,四国朝圣被视为日本文化遗产和传统的象征。它的起源是佛教人物Kōbō大师的巡回信徒的苦行旅行,他是朝圣者虔诚的中心焦点,在朝圣传说中被描绘成一个乞丐。这些早期的苦行僧依靠佛教的行乞,并得到四国的布施习俗的支持。然而,在2007年,朝圣寺庙禁止朝圣者在他们的管辖范围内乞讨,声称那些这样做的人(主要是朝圣者社区中极少数的巡回旅行者)不是真正的朝圣者——尽管他们遵循了朝圣起源的核心实践。这一禁令反映了不同时代朝圣者被边缘化、被谴责为与社会风气对立、被骚扰甚至被禁止的历史模式。在讨论最近禁令的潜在原因时,我展示了它如何反映了朝圣社区中边缘化少数民族的更广泛模式,并揭示了宗教和政治当局如何看待任何特定时代的朝圣。
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引用次数: 0
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Religion State & Society
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