Pub Date : 2015-06-29DOI: 10.15172/pneu.2015.6/520
M. Slack
In an era when Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine is widely used, the incidence of Hib as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has dramatcally declined. Non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) strains and, occasionally, other encapsulated serotypes of H. influenzae are now the cause of the majority of invasive H. influenzae infectons, including bacteraemic CAP. NTHi have long been recognised as an important cause of lower respiratory tract infecton, including pneumonia, in adults, especially those with underlying diseases. The role of NTHi as a cause of non-bacteraemic CAP in children is less clear. In this review the evidence for the role of NTHi and capsulated strains of H. influenzae will be examined.
{"title":"A review of the role of Haemophilus influenzae in community-acquired pneumonia","authors":"M. Slack","doi":"10.15172/pneu.2015.6/520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15172/pneu.2015.6/520","url":null,"abstract":"In an era when Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine is widely used, the incidence of Hib as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has dramatcally declined. Non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) strains and, occasionally, other encapsulated serotypes of H. influenzae are now the cause of the majority of invasive H. influenzae infectons, including bacteraemic CAP. NTHi have long been recognised as an important cause of lower respiratory tract infecton, including pneumonia, in adults, especially those with underlying diseases. The role of NTHi as a cause of non-bacteraemic CAP in children is less clear. In this review the evidence for the role of NTHi and capsulated strains of H. influenzae will be examined.","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"6 1","pages":"26 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2015-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15172/pneu.2015.6/520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67244970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-29DOI: 10.15172/pneu.2015.6/542
M. Cha, Il-Han Kim
Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) and haptoglobin (Hp) are known to be involved in pathophysiology. This study was conducted to evaluate their diagnostic significance. We employed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the concentrations of both Trx1 and Hp in sera from female patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and those with lung cancer. The Trx1 levels remarkably decreased in cases of female patients with CAP, while the Hp levels increased in both female patients with lung cancer and CAP. In addition, the serum levels of Trx1 were not significantly changed in patients with lung cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases compared to healthy controls. At the cut-off point of 0.396 at A450 nm on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, Trx1 could discriminate between patients with CAP from normal female controls with a sensitivity of 72.5%, a specificity of 89.8%, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.877 ± 0.040. The serum levels of Trx1 in female CAP patients were inversely correlated with the levels of Hp (p < 0.05). The characteristic reduction in serum Trx1 levels, especially in female CAP patients, indicates that Trx1 could be used as a diagnostic marker for CAP. The advantage of serum Trx1 over Hp in discriminating female CAP patients among female patients who have a positive serum level of Hp suggests the use of Trx1 as an excellent combination marker with Hp for the specific diagnosis of CAP and lung carcinoma, because serum Hp levels increase in female patients with lung cancer and those with CAP without selectivity.
{"title":"Decreased serum level of thioredoxin 1 in female patients with pneumonia and its combinational use with haptoglobin for the specific diagnoses of pneumonia and lung cancer","authors":"M. Cha, Il-Han Kim","doi":"10.15172/pneu.2015.6/542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15172/pneu.2015.6/542","url":null,"abstract":"Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) and haptoglobin (Hp) are known to be involved in pathophysiology. This study was conducted to evaluate their diagnostic significance. We employed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the concentrations of both Trx1 and Hp in sera from female patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and those with lung cancer. The Trx1 levels remarkably decreased in cases of female patients with CAP, while the Hp levels increased in both female patients with lung cancer and CAP. In addition, the serum levels of Trx1 were not significantly changed in patients with lung cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases compared to healthy controls. At the cut-off point of 0.396 at A450 nm on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, Trx1 could discriminate between patients with CAP from normal female controls with a sensitivity of 72.5%, a specificity of 89.8%, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.877 ± 0.040. The serum levels of Trx1 in female CAP patients were inversely correlated with the levels of Hp (p < 0.05). The characteristic reduction in serum Trx1 levels, especially in female CAP patients, indicates that Trx1 could be used as a diagnostic marker for CAP. The advantage of serum Trx1 over Hp in discriminating female CAP patients among female patients who have a positive serum level of Hp suggests the use of Trx1 as an excellent combination marker with Hp for the specific diagnosis of CAP and lung carcinoma, because serum Hp levels increase in female patients with lung cancer and those with CAP without selectivity.","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"6 1","pages":"18 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2015-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15172/pneu.2015.6/542","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67245045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.15172/pneu.2014.5/515
J. Räsänen, N. Gavriely
Childhood pneumonia continues to be the number one cause of death in children under five years of age in developing countries. In addition to mortality, pneumonia constitutes an enormous economic and social burden because late diagnosis is associated with high cost of treatment and often leads to chronic health problems. There are several bottlenecks in developing countries in the case flow of a child with lung infection: 1) recognising the symptoms as a reason to seek care, 2) getting the patient to a first-tier health facility, 3) scarcity of trained healthcare personnel who can diagnose the condition and its severity, 4) access to a second-tier facility in severe cases. These factors are commonly present in rural areas but even in more urban settings, access to a physician is often delayed. The Childhood Pneumonia Screener project aims at bridging the diagnostic gap using emerging technology. Mobile “smart” phone communication with several inexpensive dedicated sensors is proposed as a rapid data-collection and transmission unit that is connected to a central location where trained personnel assisted by sophisticated signal processing algorithms, evaluate the data and determine if the child is likely to have pneumonia and what the level and urgency of care should be.
{"title":"Childhood Pneumonia Screener: a concept","authors":"J. Räsänen, N. Gavriely","doi":"10.15172/pneu.2014.5/515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15172/pneu.2014.5/515","url":null,"abstract":"Childhood pneumonia continues to be the number one cause of death in children under five years of age in developing countries. In addition to mortality, pneumonia constitutes an enormous economic and social burden because late diagnosis is associated with high cost of treatment and often leads to chronic health problems. There are several bottlenecks in developing countries in the case flow of a child with lung infection: 1) recognising the symptoms as a reason to seek care, 2) getting the patient to a first-tier health facility, 3) scarcity of trained healthcare personnel who can diagnose the condition and its severity, 4) access to a second-tier facility in severe cases. These factors are commonly present in rural areas but even in more urban settings, access to a physician is often delayed. The Childhood Pneumonia Screener project aims at bridging the diagnostic gap using emerging technology. Mobile “smart” phone communication with several inexpensive dedicated sensors is proposed as a rapid data-collection and transmission unit that is connected to a central location where trained personnel assisted by sophisticated signal processing algorithms, evaluate the data and determine if the child is likely to have pneumonia and what the level and urgency of care should be.","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"5 1","pages":"52 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15172/pneu.2014.5/515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67244785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Chewapreecha, S. Harris, N. Croucher, C. Turner, L. Cheng, A. Pessia, D. Aanensen, -. S.J.Salt, er, A. Mather, A. Page, D. Harris, F. Nosten, J. Corander, J. Parkhill, P. Turner, S. Bentley, D. Bogaert
{"title":"Pneumococcal colonization and carriage","authors":"C. Chewapreecha, S. Harris, N. Croucher, C. Turner, L. Cheng, A. Pessia, D. Aanensen, -. S.J.Salt, er, A. Mather, A. Page, D. Harris, F. Nosten, J. Corander, J. Parkhill, P. Turner, S. Bentley, D. Bogaert","doi":"10.1007/BF03399438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399438","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"3 1","pages":"5 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF03399438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52101320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Dawid, T. Kochan, W. Wholey, N. LaCross, R. Mostowy, N. Croucher, C. Chewapreecha, S. Salter, P. Turner, C. Turner, L. Po, X. Didelot
{"title":"The Promiscuous Pneumococcus---Evolution and Biology","authors":"S. Dawid, T. Kochan, W. Wholey, N. LaCross, R. Mostowy, N. Croucher, C. Chewapreecha, S. Salter, P. Turner, C. Turner, L. Po, X. Didelot","doi":"10.1007/BF03399442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399442","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"34 1","pages":"122 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF03399442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52101392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Rett, S. Pelton, S. S. Huang, M. Dutta-Linn, J. Finkelstein, R. Weatherholtz, L. Grant, K. Mosso, C. Donaldson, J. Dallas, R. Reid, M. Santosham, L. Hammitt, K. L. O'Brien
{"title":"Antibiotic Resistance and Clonal Spread","authors":"M. Rett, S. Pelton, S. S. Huang, M. Dutta-Linn, J. Finkelstein, R. Weatherholtz, L. Grant, K. Mosso, C. Donaldson, J. Dallas, R. Reid, M. Santosham, L. Hammitt, K. L. O'Brien","doi":"10.1007/BF03399444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399444","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"3 1","pages":"204 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF03399444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52101439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Luong, S. Lee, S. Pyo, D. Rhee, K. Matsubara, N. Ishiwada, J. Nishi, B. Chang, Y. Akeda, N. Iwanaga, T. Kajihara, T. Takazono, Y. Imamura, K. Yanagihara, S. Kohno
{"title":"Man versus Microbe---who gets pneumococcal disease and why?","authors":"T. Luong, S. Lee, S. Pyo, D. Rhee, K. Matsubara, N. Ishiwada, J. Nishi, B. Chang, Y. Akeda, N. Iwanaga, T. Kajihara, T. Takazono, Y. Imamura, K. Yanagihara, S. Kohno","doi":"10.1007/BF03399440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399440","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"3 1","pages":"80 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF03399440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52101354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Alderson, R. Malley, P. Anderson, C. Thompson, R. Morrison, D. Briles, J. King, N. Green, J. Hural, J. Flores, A. Tate, J. Maisonneuve, C. Keech, R. Prymula, S. Silfverdal, J. Wysocki, P. Albrecht, N. François, A. Gardev, D. Borys
{"title":"Next generation vaccines","authors":"M. Alderson, R. Malley, P. Anderson, C. Thompson, R. Morrison, D. Briles, J. King, N. Green, J. Hural, J. Flores, A. Tate, J. Maisonneuve, C. Keech, R. Prymula, S. Silfverdal, J. Wysocki, P. Albrecht, N. François, A. Gardev, D. Borys","doi":"10.1007/BF03399441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399441","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"3 1","pages":"92 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF03399441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52101369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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