Laboratory Phonology最新文献

英文中文

An identity bias in phonotactics: Evidence from Cochabamba Quechua 语音战术中的身份偏见:来自科恰班巴克丘亚语的证据

IF 1.5 2区文学 Q1 Health Professions

Laboratory Phonology

Pub Date : 2014-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/lp-2014-0012

Gillian Gallagher

Abstract Speakers of Cochabamba Quechua (CQ) participated in two tasks involving phonotactically illegal nonce forms with pairs of identical (e.g., [p'ap'u]) and non-identical ejectives (e.g., [k'ap'u]). In a repetition task, speakers were more accurate on identical than non-identical ejective pairs, though no asymmetry was found in an ABX discrimination task, nor in acoustic analysis of nonce roots with identical and non-identical ejective pairs. The latent preference for identical ejectives is unexpected given the phonotactics of CQ, which categorically disallows both identical and non-identical ejective pairs. The asymmetry is in accord with the typology, however. Many languages systematically exempt identical segments from a phonotactic restriction that applies to non-identical segments. It is argued that this cross-linguistic identity preference has its roots in a synchronic bias in favor of identical segments.

科恰班巴克丘亚语(Cochabamba Quechua, CQ)的说话者参与了两项涉及语音上非法的nonce形式的任务，这些nonce形式有一对相同的形容词(例如，[p'ap'u])和非相同的形容词(例如，[k'ap'u])。在重复任务中，说话者对相同的弹射音对比不相同的弹射音对更准确，尽管在ABX辨别任务中没有发现不对称，在具有相同和不相同弹射音对的非once词根的声学分析中也没有发现不对称。考虑到CQ的语音策略，对相同射词的潜在偏好是意想不到的，它断然禁止相同和非相同射词对。然而，这种不对称与类型学是一致的。许多语言系统地使相同的音段不受适用于不相同音段的音位法限制。本文认为，这种跨语言认同偏好的根源在于对相同语段的共时性偏好。

引用次数: 12

An experimental study of the role of social factors in language change: The case of loanword adaptations 社会因素在语言变化中的作用的实验研究:以外来词适应为例

IF 1.5 2区文学 Q1 Health Professions

Laboratory Phonology

Pub Date : 2014-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/lp-2014-0013

S. Lev-Ari, S. Peperkamp

Abstract There is great variation in whether foreign sounds in loanwords are adapted or retained. Importantly, the retention of foreign sounds can lead to a sound change in the language. We propose that social factors influence the likelihood of loanword sound adaptation, and use this case to introduce a novel experimental paradigm for studying language change that captures the role of social factors. Specifically, we show that the relative prestige of the donor language in the loanword’s semantic domain influences the rate of sound adaptation. We further show that speakers adapt to the performance of their ‘community', and that this adaptation leads to the creation of a norm. The results of this study are thus the first to show an effect of social factors on loanword sound adaptation in an experimental setting. Moreover, they open up a new domain of experimentally studying language change in a manner that integrates social factors.

摘要外来词的外来音是被改编还是被保留，存在很大的差异。重要的是，外来音的保留会导致语言中的声音变化。我们提出社会因素影响外来词语音适应的可能性，并通过本案例介绍了一种新的实验范式来研究语言变化，以捕捉社会因素的作用。具体来说，我们表明，供体语言在外来词的语义领域的相对威望影响声音适应的速度。我们进一步表明，说话者适应他们“社区”的表现，这种适应导致了一种规范的创造。因此，本研究的结果首次在实验环境中显示了社会因素对外来词语音适应的影响。此外，他们开辟了一个新的领域，以一种整合社会因素的方式实验研究语言变化。

引用次数: 15

Geminate timing in Lebanese Arabic: the relationship between phonetic timing and phonological structure 黎巴嫩阿拉伯语的双元音计时:语音计时与音系结构的关系

IF 1.5 2区文学 Q1 Health Professions

Laboratory Phonology

Pub Date : 2014-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/lp-2014-0009

G. Khattab, Jalal Al-Tamimi

Abstract This study investigates medial gemination patterns in Lebanese Arabic (LA). It offers an account of the duration patterns of quantity distinction for vowels and consonants in LA by using the most comprehensive dataset for this variety, and for Arabic in general, so far in terms of the number of speakers (20), the consonant types examined (24), the inspection of vowels preceding and following the consonant in durational analyses, and the inclusion of male and female speakers. The main aim is to show correspondence between phonetic timing in LA and phonological accounts of syllabic structure that are based on moraic weight (Hayes 1989; Broselow 1995; McCarthy and Prince 1995). The study extends predictions of mora-sharing in disyllables with medial clusters that are preceded by a long vowel (e.g., /ˈmaal.ħa/ ‘salty-FEM-SG’) to comparable syllables with a medial geminate (e.g., /ˈmaal.la/ ‘bored-FEM-SG’), which have not been investigated in Arabic before. It shows that vowel shortening preceding medial geminates affects phonologically long but not short vowels, downplaying the commonly referred to closed-syllable shortening effect as the main reason for this phenomenon (Maddieson 1997). Instead, an account based on the interface between phonetic and phonological effects on compensatory vowel shortening offers better predictions.

摘要本研究调查了黎巴嫩阿拉伯语(LA)的内侧生殖模式。它提供了一个关于洛杉矶元音和辅音数量差异的持续模式的说明，通过使用最全面的数据集来实现这一变化，对于一般的阿拉伯语，到目前为止，在说话者的数量(20)，检查的辅音类型(24)，在持续分析中对辅音前后元音的检查，以及包括男性和女性说话者。主要目的是显示语音时序和音节结构的语音记录之间的对应关系，这些音节结构是基于音节权重的(Hayes 1989;Broselow 1995;McCarthy and Prince, 1995)。该研究扩展了双音节中以长元音(例如/ / maal)开头的中间音簇的莫拉共享预测。ħa/ ' salt - fem - sg ')到具有中间双韵母的可比较音节(例如，/ [[]maal])。la/ ' boring - fem - sg ')，之前没有在阿拉伯语中进行过研究。研究表明，中间双发元音之前的元音缩短会影响长元音，但不会影响短元音，从而淡化了通常被认为是造成这种现象的主要原因的封闭音节缩短效应(Maddieson 1997)。相反，基于语音和语音对补偿性元音缩短的影响之间的接口的解释提供了更好的预测。

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引用次数: 46

Variability in English vowels is comparable in articulation and acoustics. 英语元音在发音和声学方面的变化具有可比性。

IF 1.5 2区文学 Q1 Health Professions

Laboratory Phonology

Pub Date : 2014-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/lp-2014-0010

Aude Noiray, Khalil Iskarous, D H Whalen

The nature of the links between speech production and perception has been the subject of longstanding debate. The present study investigated the articulatory parameter of tongue height and the acoustic F1-F0 difference for the phonological distinction of vowel height in American English front vowels. Multiple repetitions of /i, ɪ, e, ε, æ/ in [(h)Vd] sequences were recorded in seven adult speakers. Articulatory (ultrasound) and acoustic data were collected simultaneously to provide a direct comparison of variability in vowel production in both domains. Results showed idiosyncratic patterns of articulation for contrasting the three front vowel pairs /i-ɪ/, /e-ε/ and /ε-æ/ across subjects, with the degree of variability in vowel articulation comparable to that observed in the acoustics for all seven participants. However, contrary to what was expected, some speakers showed reversals for tongue height for /ɪ/-/e/ that was also reflected in acoustics with F1 higher for /ɪ/ than for /e/. The data suggest the phonological distinction of height is conveyed via speaker-specific articulatory-acoustic patterns that do not strictly match features descriptions. However, the acoustic signal is faithful to the articulatory configuration that generated it, carrying the crucial information for perceptual contrast.

语音产生与感知之间的联系性质一直是长期争论的话题。本研究调查了舌高这一发音参数和声学 F1-F0 差异对美式英语前元音高低的语音区分作用。本研究记录了七位成年说话者在 [(h)Vd] 音序中多次重复 /i、ɪ、e、ε、æ/ 的情况。发音（超声波）和声学数据被同时采集，以便直接比较两个领域元音发音的变化。结果显示，不同受试者的三个前元音对/i-ɪ/、/e-ε/和/ε-æ/的发音对比模式各不相同，所有七名受试者的元音发音变异程度与声学中观察到的变异程度相当。然而，与预期相反的是，一些说话者的/ɪ/-/e/的舌高出现了反转，这也反映在声学中，/ɪ/的F1高于/e/。这些数据表明，高度的语音区别是通过特定说话者的发音声学模式来传达的，与特征描述并不完全一致。然而，声学信号忠实于产生它的发音构型，携带着感知对比的关键信息。

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引用次数: 0

Perception of voicing and place of articulation in labial and alveolar English stop consonants 对英语唇部和肺泡顿音的发音和发音位置的感知

IF 1.5 2区文学 Q1 Health Professions

Laboratory Phonology

Pub Date : 2014-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/lp-2014-0011

N. Silbert

Abstract Distinctive features define a multidimensional structure that must be implemented in speech production and perception. A multilevel Gaussian General Recognition Theory model is presented as a model of multidimensional feature perception. The model is fit to data from three experiments probing identification of noise-masked, naturally-produced labial and alveolar English stop consonants [p], [b], [t], and [d] in onset (syllable-initial) and coda (syllable-final) position. The results indicate systematic perceptual deviations from simple place and voicing structure in individual subjects and at the group level. Comparing onset and coda positions shows that syllable position modulates the deviation patterns, and comparing speech-shaped noise and multi-talker babble indicates that deviations from simple feature structure are reasonably robust to variation in noise characteristics. Possible causes of the observed perceptual confusion patterns are discussed, and extensions of this work to studies of feature structure in speech production and investigation of non-native speech perception are briefly outlined.

特征定义了语音生成和感知过程中必须实现的多维结构。提出了一种多层高斯广义识别理论模型作为多维特征感知模型。该模型适合于三个实验的数据，这些实验探讨了在起音(音节初始)和尾音(音节最终)位置上识别被噪声掩盖的、自然产生的英语唇形和肺泡顿音[p]、[b]、[t]和[d]。结果表明，在个体和群体层面上，对简单的位置和发声结构的感知存在系统性偏差。起音和尾音位置的比较表明，音节位置调节了偏差模式，而语音噪声和多语人的牙牙学语的比较表明，简单特征结构的偏差对噪声特征的变化具有相当的鲁棒性。讨论了观察到的感知混淆模式的可能原因，并简要概述了这项工作的扩展到语音产生中的特征结构研究和非母语语音感知的调查。

引用次数: 8

The perception of voice-initiating gestures 对声音发起手势的感知

IF 1.5 2区文学 Q1 Health Professions

Laboratory Phonology

Pub Date : 2014-02-01 DOI: 10.1515/lp-2014-0003

M. Solé

Abstract This study examines how variation in production is perceived and then (re)interpreted by listeners, thus providing the link between phonetic variation and sound change. We investigate whether listeners can detect the nasal leak that may accompany utterance-initial voiced stops in Spanish, and reinterpret it as a nasal segment. Such reinterpretation may account for a number of sound patterns involving emergent nasals adjacent to voiced stops in oral contexts. Oral pressure, nasal/oral airflow, and audio were recorded for utterance-initial /b d p t/ produced by 10 Spanish speakers. Tokens showing different degrees of nasal leak (nasal C, maximum, medium, and no nasal leak) were placed intervocalically, where both /C/ and /NC/ may occur. The stimuli were presented to Spanish listeners for identification as /VNCV/ or /V(C)CV/. Identification results indicate a higher number of VNCV responses with incremental changes in nasal leak in voiced but not voiceless stimuli. Reaction time analysis showed shorter latencies to nasal identification for larger velum leak stimuli. The results suggest that listeners can `hear' the nasal leak and fail to relate it to voicing initiation, interpreting a nasal segment. Thus a gesture aimed at facilitating voicing initiation may be interpreted as a new target goal.

摘要本研究探讨了听者是如何感知和(重新)解释语音变化的，从而提供了语音变化和语音变化之间的联系。我们调查听者是否能察觉到西班牙语中可能伴随发音起始停顿的鼻漏，并将其重新解释为鼻音段。这样的重新解释可能解释了在口语语境中一些涉及突发性鼻音与浊音顿音相邻的声音模式。我们记录了10名西班牙语使用者的口压、鼻/口气流和语音——初始/b d p t/。显示不同程度鼻漏(鼻C、最大、中等和无鼻漏)的标记被间隔放置，/C/和/NC/可能同时出现。将这些刺激呈现给西班牙语听者以识别为/VNCV/或/V(C)CV/。鉴定结果表明，在发声而非无声刺激下，随着鼻漏量的增加，VNCV反应的数量增加。反应时间分析显示，对于较大的膜漏刺激，鼻识别的潜伏期较短。结果表明，听者可以“听到”鼻漏，但无法将其与发声开始联系起来，从而无法解释鼻段。因此，一个旨在促进发声的手势可以被解释为一个新的目标。

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引用次数: 13

Aligning the timelines of phonological acquisition and change. 调整语音习得和变化的时间线。

IF 1.5 2区文学 Q1 Health Professions

Laboratory Phonology

Pub Date : 2014-02-01 DOI: 10.1515/lp-2014-0007

Mary E Beckman, Fangfang Li, Eun Jong Kong, Jan Edwards

This paper examines whether data from a large cross-linguistic corpus of adult and child productions can be used to support an assumed corollary of the Neogrammarian distinction between two types of phonological change. The first type is regular sound change, which is assumed to be incremental and so should show continuity between phonological development and the age-related variation observed in the speech community undergoing the change. The second type is dialect borrowing, which could show an abrupt discontinuity between developmental patterns before and after the socio-historical circumstances that instigate it. We examine the acquisition of two contrasts: the Seoul Korean contrast between lax and aspirated stops which is undergoing regular sound change, and the standard Mandarin contrast between retroflex and dental sibilants which has been borrowed recently into the Sōngyuán dialect. Acquisition of the different contrasts patterns as predicted from the assumed differences between continuous regular sound change and potentially abrupt dialect borrowing. However, there are substantial gaps in our understanding both of the extent of cross-cultural variability in language socialization and of how this might affect the mechanisms of phonological change that must be addressed before we can fully understand the relationship between the time courses of the two.

本文研究了来自成人和儿童作品的大型跨语言语料库的数据是否可以用来支持新语法学家区分两种类型语音变化的假设推论。第一种类型是规则的声音变化，它被认为是渐进的，因此应该在语音发展和经历变化的语言群体中观察到的与年龄相关的变化之间表现出连续性。第二种类型是方言借用，它可以显示出在社会历史环境激发它之前和之后的发展模式之间的突然中断。我们研究了两种对比的习得:汉城朝鲜语中正在经历有规律的声音变化的松弛停顿和吸气停顿之间的对比，以及最近被借用到Sōngyuán方言中的标准普通话中反音和齿音之间的对比。从连续的规则的声音变化和潜在的突然的方言借用之间的假设差异中预测的不同对比模式的习得。然而，我们对语言社会化中跨文化差异的程度以及这种差异如何影响语音变化机制的理解还存在很大的差距，在我们完全理解这两者的时间过程之间的关系之前，必须解决这些差异。

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引用次数: 17

Novelty and social preference in phonetic accommodation 语音适应中的新颖性与社会偏好

IF 1.5 2区文学 Q1 Health Professions

Laboratory Phonology

Pub Date : 2014-02-01 DOI: 10.1515/lp-2014-0006

Molly Babel, Grant L. McGuire, Sophia Walters, A. Nicholls

Abstract Phonetic imitation is the unintentional, spontaneous acquisition of speech characteristics of another talker. Previous work has shown that imitation is strongly moderated by social preference in adults, and that social preference affects children's speech acquisition within peer groups. Such findings have led to the suggestion that phonetic imitation is related to larger processes of sound change in a change-by-accommodation model. This study examines how preferential processing of particular voice types affects spontaneous phonetic accommodation, interpreting the results in the context of how sound change can be propagated through a speech community. To explore this question eight model talkers previously rated as attractive, unattractive, typical, and atypical for each gender were used in an auditory naming paradigm. Twenty participants completed the task, and an AXB measure was used to quantify imitation. Female participants imitated more than male participants, but this varied across model voices. Females were found to rely more on social preference than men, while both groups imitated the atypical voices. The results suggest that females adapt their speech to auditory input more readily, but the nature of the accommodation does not qualify as direct evidence for a change-by-accommodation model given the constrained context of the task.

语音模仿是无意识地、自发地习得另一个说话人的言语特征。先前的研究表明，成人的模仿受到社会偏好的强烈调节，而社会偏好也会影响儿童在同伴群体中的语言习得。这些发现表明，语音模仿与适应变化模型中更大的声音变化过程有关。本研究考察了特定语音类型的优先处理如何影响自发语音适应，并在声音变化如何通过语音社区传播的背景下解释了结果。为了探究这个问题，研究人员在听觉命名范式中使用了8位模特说话者，他们之前被评为有吸引力的、没有吸引力的、典型的和非典型的。20名参与者完成了这项任务，并使用AXB测量来量化模仿。女性参与者比男性参与者更喜欢模仿，但这在不同的模特声音中有所不同。研究发现，女性比男性更依赖社会偏好，而两组人都模仿非典型的声音。研究结果表明，女性更容易使自己的语言适应听觉输入，但这种适应的性质并不能作为一种适应变化模型的直接证据，因为这项任务的背景是有限的。

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引用次数: 66

Incipient tonogenesis in Phnom Penh Khmer: Computational studies 金边高棉语的早期张力发生:计算研究

IF 1.5 2区文学 Q1 Health Professions

Laboratory Phonology

Pub Date : 2014-02-01 DOI: 10.1515/lp-2014-0008

James P. Kirby

Abstract In the colloquial Phnom Penh dialect of Khmer (Cambodian), lexical use of F0 is emerging together with an intermediate VOT category and breathy phonation following the loss of /r/ in onsets (e.g., `teacher' > []). I show how this incipient tonogenesis might arise in a series of computational simulations tracing the evolution of multivariate phonetic category distributions in a population of ideal observers. Acoustic production data from a fieldwork study conducted in Phnom Penh was used as the starting point for the simulations. After establishing that the basic framework predicted relative stability over time, two possible responses to a phonetic production bias were considered: one in which agents correctly identified the source of (and thereby compensated for) the effects of the bias, and one in which agents misattributed the acoustic effects of the bias as a property of the onset. Good qualitative fits to the empirical production data were found for the latter group of learners, while the outcome for compensating learners resembled production data from a related dialect. These results are consistent with the sudden and discontinuous nature of many sound changes, and suggest that what appear to be enhancement effects may also emerge under different assumptions about the number of cue dimensions accessible to or deemed relevant by the learner.

在高棉语(柬埔寨语)的口语金边方言中，F0的词汇使用与中间VOT类别和喘气发音一起出现，在开始音中失去/r/(例如，' teacher' >[])。我展示了这种早期的张力发生是如何在一系列的计算模拟中出现的，这些模拟追踪了理想观察者群体中多元语音类别分布的演变。在金边进行的实地研究的声波生产数据被用作模拟的起点。在确定了基本框架预测随着时间的推移相对稳定性之后，我们考虑了对语音产生偏差的两种可能的反应:一种是agent正确识别了偏差的来源(并因此补偿了偏差的影响)，另一种是agent错误地将偏差的声学效应归因于开始的属性。对于后一组学习者，发现了与经验生产数据的良好定性拟合，而补偿学习者的结果类似于相关方言的生产数据。这些结果与许多声音变化的突发性和不连续性是一致的，并且表明，在学习者可以获得或认为相关的线索维度的数量不同的假设下，似乎是增强效应也可能出现。

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引用次数: 21

Sound change in the individual: Effects of exposure on cross-dialect speech processing 个体的声音变化:暴露对跨方言语音加工的影响

IF 1.5 2区文学 Q1 Health Professions

Laboratory Phonology

Pub Date : 2014-02-01 DOI: 10.1515/lp-2014-0004

Cynthia G. Clopper

Abstract Speech perception is highly robust to variation, but familiarity with a particular source of variation can nevertheless lead to significant processing benefits. In the domain of cross-dialect speech perception, familiar local and standard varieties have been shown to facilitate lexical and semantic processing relative to unfamiliar dialects. However, more recent research suggests that individuals with exposure to both a local non-standard variety and a regional or national standard variety exhibit a mix of lexical processing costs and benefits, suggesting that familiarity with multiple different linguistic systems can result in both independent processing benefits for each variety as well as competition among variable multi-dialect representations. In an exemplar model of language processing, this complex pattern of results suggests several loci for sound change within an individual language user. Although the processing benefits associated with the local variety may contribute to long-term maintenance of variation through divergence from a regional or national standard, the processing benefits associated with the standard may contribute to dialect leveling and convergence towards the standard. Competition between these forces for maintenance and leveling will be observed most strongly in individuals with extensive exposure to both a non-standard local variety and a regional or national standard.

语音感知对变化具有很强的鲁棒性，但熟悉特定的变化来源仍然可以带来显著的处理优势。在跨方言语音感知领域，熟悉的本地方言和标准方言相对于不熟悉的方言更容易促进词汇和语义处理。然而，最近的研究表明，接触当地非标准变体和地区或国家标准变体的个体表现出词汇加工成本和收益的混合，这表明熟悉多种不同的语言系统既会导致每种变体的独立加工收益，也会导致多种方言表征之间的竞争。在语言处理的范例模型中，这种复杂的结果模式表明，在单个语言使用者中，声音变化有几个位点。虽然与当地方言相关的加工利益可能有助于通过偏离地区或国家标准而长期保持差异，但与标准相关的加工利益可能有助于方言的平衡和向标准趋同。在广泛接触非标准本地品种和地区或国家标准的个体中，这些力量之间的维持和平衡竞争最为强烈。

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引用次数: 28

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