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Female bodies and dynastic legitimacy in the Nereid Monument at Xanthos 桑托斯尼里德纪念碑中的女性身体与王朝合法性
IF 1.2 1区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1017/s0066154624000048
Patricia Eunji Kim
This article reassesses the so-called Nereid Monument (ca 380 BCE) at Xanthos in Lycia by focusing on the narrative and symbolic role of female figures within its sculptural programme. Constructed as the tomb for the Lycian dynast Erbbina, the monument has been noted for its over-human-size sculpture of Nereids, its historicising city-siege reliefs, as well as its spectacular fusion of visual and architectural styles, motifs and themes from various contexts throughout the Aegean and Anatolia. Building on this scholarship, I turn specifically to the monument’s innovative representations of non-mythological women in prominent areas of its visual programme: Erbbina’s dynastic consort and a distressed woman who is caught in the throes of military violence. By focusing on the role of female bodies in Erbbina’s funerary qua triumphal monument, I argue for the important narrative function of female bodies in articulating dynastic legitimacy and continuity. Finally, this article comments on the importance of femininity in addition to masculinity in dynastic expressions in the fourth century, thus anticipating major art-historical changes in the art of power at the beginning of the Hellenistic period.
本文重新评估了位于利西亚赞托斯的所谓尼厄丽德纪念碑(约公元前 380 年),重点是女性形象在其雕塑方案中的叙事性和象征性作用。该纪念碑是为利西亚王朝的埃尔宾娜建造的陵墓,因其超大型的尼瑞德女神雕塑、具有历史意义的城市浮雕以及将爱琴海和安纳托利亚不同背景下的视觉和建筑风格、图案和主题融合在一起的壮观场面而备受关注。在这一研究成果的基础上,我将具体探讨该纪念碑在其视觉方案的突出领域中对非神话女性的创新表现:埃尔宾娜的王朝妃子和陷入军事暴力的痛苦女性。通过关注女性身体在厄尔宾娜的墓葬和凯旋纪念碑中的作用,我论证了女性身体在表达王朝合法性和连续性方面的重要叙事功能。最后,本文评论了四世纪王朝表达中除男性气质外女性气质的重要性,从而预示了希腊化时期初期权力艺术的重大艺术史变革。
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引用次数: 0
The Byzantine cave monastery of the Ilgarini mağarası (Paphlagonia) – the Chryse Petra of Nikon Metanoite? 伊尔加里尼马格拉斯(Paphlagonia)拜占庭洞穴修道院--尼康梅塔诺伊特的克雷斯佩特拉?
IF 1.2 1区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1017/s0066154624000024
Max Ritter
This paper discusses the hitherto virtually unknown Byzantine cave monastery in the Ilgarini mağarası in the district of Pınarbaşı/Kastamonu based on its building remains, graffiti (mostly crosses), burials and notable finds. The remains were recorded during two brief surveys in 2012 and 2022. To shed light on the history of the site, an attempt is made to contextualise it within the mountainous regions of Middle Byzantine Paphlagonia, as well as with Middle Byzantine texts that relate to monasticism and might refer to the site. Research produces tentative evidence that the Ilgarini mağarası may be identified with the Chryse Petra known from several Byzantine texts, most prominently the Life of St Nikon Metanoite.
本文根据其建筑遗迹、涂鸦(主要是十字架)、墓葬和重要发现,讨论了迄今为止几乎不为人知的位于 Pınarbaşı/Kastamonu 地区 Ilgarini mağarası 的拜占庭洞穴修道院。在 2012 年和 2022 年的两次简短调查中记录了这些遗迹。为了揭示该遗址的历史,我们试图将其与拜占庭中叶的巴普拉戈尼亚山区以及与修道院有关并可能涉及该遗址的拜占庭中叶文本联系起来。研究得出的初步证据表明,伊尔加里尼修道院可能与拜占庭时期多部文献(最著名的是《圣尼康-梅塔诺伊特的生平》)中记载的克里斯-佩特拉(Chryse Petra)相吻合。
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引用次数: 0
A new look at an ancient city: An outline of the chronological and urban development of the Hittite capital Ḫattuša 古城新貌:赫梯首都Ḫattuša的年代和城市发展概述
IF 1.2 1区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1017/s0066154624000012
Andreas Schachner
The intense use of scientific dating over the last three decades makes it possible for the first time reasonably to connect the topographically diverse parts of the Hittite capital Ḫattuša. Not only was the decision to found a city at this site based on pre-Hittite parameters, but at the same time, it also becomes clear that the settlement is one of the very few in Anatolia which was continuously used from the end of the third millennium BC through the second millennium until the beginning of the Iron Age. Furthermore, the accumulation of radiocarbon dates in individual, archaeologically intensively studied areas of the site makes it now possible to understand the development as a dynamic and fluent process. Based on the results outlined here, permanent moves back and forth of the settled areas within a geographically defined space can be reconstructed. The Hittite city of Ḫattuša was always a construction site. Next to densely built-up districts there existed at all times large expanses of either ruins of buildings or of open spaces, which could have been used as pasture or arable land. The settlement’s map, regularly reproduced as its overall plan, thus represents a status reconstructed or idealised by modern research. Most probably the settlement was at no time occupied to this extent, and accordingly never looked like this in its history.
在过去的三十年里,科学测年法的广泛应用使我们第一次合理地将赫梯都城Ḫattuša 地形各异的部分联系起来。在该遗址建城的决定不仅是基于前赫梯时代的参数,同时还清楚地表明,该定居点是安纳托利亚少数几个从公元前第三个千年末期到第二个千年期直至铁器时代初期一直在使用的定居点之一。此外,该遗址个别考古研究集中区域的放射性碳年代的积累,使我们现在有可能将其发展理解为一个动态和流畅的过程。根据本文概述的结果,可以重建定居区域在地理界定空间内的永久性来回移动。赫梯城市Ḫattuša 一直是一个建筑工地。在建筑密集的地区旁边,一直存在着大片的建筑废墟或空地,它们可能被用作牧场或耕地。因此,定期复制的定居点地图作为其总体规划,代表了现代研究重建或理想化的状态。该定居点很可能在任何时候都没有被占到这种程度,因此在其历史上也从未有过这种面貌。
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引用次数: 0
Coinage networks in fifth-century BCE Ionia 公元前五世纪爱奥尼亚的钱币网络
IF 1.2 1区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1017/s006615462400005x
Michael Loy
This article revisits ‘the problem of Classical Ionia’, the long-persisting idea put forward by John Manuel Cook in 1961 that Ionia experienced regional economic impoverishment in the fifth century BCE. By looking comprehensively at the dataset of coinage available from fifth-century Ionia, this article argues that there is actually significant evidence for regional networking in Classical Ionia, and that various communities, even if not continually emitting new coinages at all points in the fifth century, adopted various strategies for maintaining their economic reach and extending their network of trading partners. Formal network analysis is applied to the coinage dataset, taking the shared weight standards to which communities minted their coins as indicative of participation in common economic networks. The network patterns are tested against two other patterns, specifically the distribution of fifth-century Chian and Samian amphoras, and the pattern of Ionian-coin-containing hoards from within and beyond Ionia. Together, these patterns strengthen the case for a high-level Ionian economic resilience, offering a radically different position to Cook and reaffirming that continuing economic networking was crucial to the activities of fifth-century Ionian states.
约翰-曼努埃尔-库克(John Manuel Cook)于 1961 年提出的 "古典爱奥尼亚问题 "由来已久,即爱奥尼亚在公元前五世纪经历了地区性经济贫困。通过全面研究五世纪爱奥尼亚的钱币数据集,本文认为,古典爱奥尼亚地区网络化的证据确凿,各个社区即使没有在五世纪的各个时期不断发行新钱币,也采取了各种策略来保持其经济影响力并扩展其贸易伙伴网络。我们对钱币数据集进行了正式的网络分析,将各社区铸造钱币所遵循的共同重量标准作为参与共同经济网络的指标。该网络模式与另外两种模式进行了检验,特别是五世纪基安和萨米安长颈鹿的分布,以及爱奥尼亚境内外含有爱奥尼亚钱币的囤积模式。这些模式共同加强了高层次的爱奥尼亚经济恢复力,提供了与库克完全不同的立场,并再次证实了持续的经济网络对五世纪爱奥尼亚国家的活动至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
ANK volume 73 Cover and Back matter ANK卷73封面和背面问题
IF 1.2 1区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1017/s006615462300011x
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引用次数: 0
Interpreting the subterranean building (the crypt) in the northern courtyard of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople 解读君士坦丁堡圣索菲亚大教堂北院的地下建筑(地下室)
IF 1.2 1区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0066154623000091
Çiğdem Özkan Aygün, Ioanna P. Arvanitidou, E. Gounari
Abstract This article discusses a subterranean building, situated north of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, which was investigated during a recent interdisciplinary survey conducted by Çiğdem Özkan Aygün. Although it is generally accepted that the edifice had more than one phase of use, the date of its original construction and utilisation has been problematic since the building is not mentioned in any written sources and was either not included in other archaeological excavations and surveys or not studied intensively. The aim of this paper is to present the underground building in detail and to propose a date for its construction based on the new survey data and on ancient written sources about the church of Hagia Sophia. Archaeological data from previous surveys are also taken into account. The subterranean building’s different phases of use are documented, and it is proposed that it was originally used as a reliquary, then later, after a number of alterations, became a cistern.
本文讨论了位于君士坦丁堡圣索菲亚大教堂北部的一座地下建筑,这是Çiğdem Özkan ayg最近进行的一项跨学科调查的结果。虽然人们普遍认为这座建筑有多个使用阶段,但其最初的建造和使用日期一直存在问题,因为该建筑没有在任何书面资料中提及,也没有包括在其他考古发掘和调查中,或者没有进行深入研究。本文的目的是详细介绍地下建筑,并根据新的调查数据和关于圣索菲亚教堂的古代书面资料提出其建造日期。以前调查的考古数据也被考虑在内。地下建筑的不同使用阶段被记录下来,并提出它最初被用作圣物箱,后来,经过多次改建,成为一个蓄水池。
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引用次数: 0
ANK volume 73 Cover and Front matter 银行第73卷封面和正面问题
IF 1.2 1区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1017/s0066154623000108
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引用次数: 0
The episcopal palace of Parnassos in Cappadocia and its Early Byzantine floor mosaics 卡帕多西亚的帕纳索斯主教宫殿及其早期拜占庭地板马赛克
IF 1.2 1区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0066154623000078
M. Arslan, P. Niewöhner, Y. Yeğin
Abstract The Roman mansio or way station and Byzantine bishopric of Parnassos in Cappadocia is chiefly known through inscriptions and bishops’ lists and identified with the small Turkish village of Parlasan/Değirmenyolu. It came as a surprise when a salvage excavation unearthed a large building with sumptuous floor mosaics beyond the outskirts of the village. Previous excavation reports misrepresented the building as a basilica church, when it was in fact an apsed hall and may be identified as the reception unit of an elite residence, as this article shows. A large central room had an elevated apse where the landlord would have sat. An animal mosaic in front of the apse is comparable to similar compositions in fourth-to-sixth-century urban palaces but avoids any reference to pagan mythology and employs stylistic features that are otherwise known from church floors. A mosaic inscription identifies the reception unit as belonging to the bishop and thus as part of the episcopal palace. This discovery is augmented by the find of a Late Roman sarcophagus and three Early Christian gravestones. Later, after the original palace was mostly destroyed, the building complex underwent a second, utilitarian phase that appears to date from the Invasion Period, when the Arabs raided central Anatolia from the seventh to ninth centuries.
摘要卡帕多西亚Parnassos的罗马车站和拜占庭主教区主要通过铭文和主教名单而闻名,并与土耳其小村庄Parlasan/Değirmenyolu联系在一起。令人惊讶的是,一次打捞挖掘在村庄郊区发现了一座带有华丽地板马赛克的大型建筑。正如本文所示,之前的挖掘报告将该建筑误传为巴西利卡教堂,而事实上它是一个后堂,可能被确定为精英住宅的接待单元。一个大的中央房间有一个高架后堂,房东可以坐在那里。后堂前的动物马赛克与四至六世纪城市宫殿的类似构图相当,但避免提及异教徒神话,并采用了教堂地板上的风格特征。马赛克铭文表明接待单元属于主教,因此是主教府的一部分。这一发现得到了一个晚期罗马石棺和三个早期基督教墓碑的发现。后来,在最初的宫殿大部分被毁后,该建筑群经历了第二个实用阶段,似乎可以追溯到入侵时期,当时阿拉伯人在七至九世纪袭击了安纳托利亚中部。
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引用次数: 0
Theches: an elusive mountain 这是一座难以捉摸的山
IF 1.2 1区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0066154623000054
Shane Brennan, Christopher J. Tuplin
Abstract This article deals with the location of Mount Theches, the vantage point from which Xenophon’s Ten Thousand famously got their first sight of the sea after a long and arduous march across eastern Anatolia. It discusses what the written sources can and cannot tell us about this iconic spot, comments on the currently favoured identification (stressing its dependence on an assumption about the route the army followed to and from the vantage point), and presents three other places that can come into contention if different assumptions are made about the route. The aim is not to insist that one or other of these is the correct solution but rather to underline the point that, since we do not (and are never likely to) know how the Ten Thousand approached Theches, and since there are many points in the Pontic Mountains behind Trabzon from which the sea can be glimpsed in the far distance, the identity of Theches is a problem that does not admit of more than conjectural solution. This prompts broader reflections on the textual and the topographical, and the relationship between landscape and narrative.
本文讨论了切斯山的位置,色诺芬的一万人在经过漫长而艰苦的行军穿越安纳托利亚东部后,正是从切斯山的有利位置第一次看到了大海。它讨论了书面资料可以和不能告诉我们的关于这个标志性地点的信息,对目前受欢迎的识别的评论(强调它依赖于对军队到达和离开有利位置的路线的假设),并提出了其他三个地方,如果对路线做出不同的假设,可能会引起争论。我们的目的并不是坚持认为其中的一个或另一个是正确的答案,而是强调这一点,因为我们不知道(也不可能)知道一万大军是如何接近切什的,因为在特拉布宗后面的本蒂克山脉中有许多地方可以从远处瞥见大海,切什的身份是一个只能通过猜测来解决的问题。这引发了对文本和地形的更广泛的思考,以及景观和叙事之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Cosmopolitan Capito: architectural benefaction by a Roman official in Late Julio-Claudian Miletus Cosmopolitan Capito:罗马官员在Julio Claudian Miletus晚期的建筑捐赠
IF 1.2 1区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0066154623000066
J. Tomas
Abstract This article explores the architectural benefactions of Gnaeus Vergilius Capito, a wealthy resident of Late Julio-Claudian Miletus, who held a number of positions in the Roman imperial administration prior to constructing the baths and theatre stage building in his home city. Through a detailed study of the archaeological and epigraphic evidence associated with Vergilius Capito, this article sheds light on when and why he built his public monuments and will demonstrate how members of the provincial elite like Capito, who had also been involved in local and wider imperial society, were represented through architecture. It will also show how culturally bilingual individuals could play a fundamental role in promoting Roman cultural influence in Greek provincial settings and will advocate a more individual-focussed approach when discussing the influence of Rome on its provinces. The article concludes that Capito’s Roman-Milesian citizenship enabled him to mediate between the world of the Greek polis and that of the Roman imperial system and uses the medium of architectural benefaction as a vehicle for driving cultural change in provincial settings.
本文探讨了Gnaeus Vergilius Capito的建筑贡献,他是Julio-Claudian Miletus晚期的富有居民,在他的家乡建造浴场和剧院之前,他曾在罗马帝国行政部门担任过多个职位。通过对与Vergilius Capito相关的考古和铭文证据的详细研究,本文揭示了他建造公共纪念碑的时间和原因,并将展示像Capito这样的省级精英成员,他们也参与了当地和更广泛的帝国社会,是如何通过建筑来表现的。它还将展示文化双语个人如何在促进罗马文化在希腊各省的影响方面发挥重要作用,并将在讨论罗马对其各省的影响时提倡更注重个人的方法。文章的结论是,卡皮托的罗马-米利都公民身份使他能够在希腊城邦和罗马帝国体系的世界之间进行调解,并利用建筑的媒介作为推动各省文化变革的工具。
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引用次数: 0
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Anatolian Studies
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