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Maintaining energy efficiencies and reducing carbon emissions under a sustainable supply chain management 在可持续的供应链管理下保持能源效率和减少碳排放
IF 1.4 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2022036
Mowmita Mishra, S. Ghosh, B. Sarkar
Currently, most countries are moving towards digitalization, and their energy consumption is increasing daily. Thus, power networks face major challenges in controlling energy consumption and supplying huge amounts of electricity. Again, using excessive power reduces the stored fossil fuels and affects the environment in terms of $ {rm CO_{2}} $ emissions. Keep these issues in mind; this study focuses on energy-efficient products in an energy supply chain management model under credit sales, variable production, and stochastic demand. Here, the manufacturer grants a credit period for the retailer to get more orders; thus, the order quantity is related to the credit period envisaged in this model. Considering such components, supply chain members can reduce negative environmental impacts and significant energy consumption, achieve optimal results and avoid drastic financial losses. Additionally, including a credit period increases the possibility of default risk, for which a certain interest is charged. The marginal reduction cost for limiting carbon emissions, flexible production to meet fluctuating demand, and continuous investment to improve product quality are considered here. The global optimality of system profit function and decision variables (credit period, quality improvement, and production rate) is ensured through the classical optimization method. Interpretive sensitivity analyses and numerical investigations are performed to validate the proposed model. The results demonstrate that the idea of credit sales, flexible production, and quality improvement increases total system profit by $ 28.64% $ and marginal reduction technology reduces $ {rm CO_{2}} $ emissions up to $ 4.01% $.
目前,大多数国家都在向数字化迈进,能源消耗日益增加。因此,电网在控制能源消耗和供应大量电力方面面临着重大挑战。同样,过度使用电力会减少储存的化石燃料,并在二氧化碳排放方面影响环境。记住这些问题;本文研究了信用销售、可变生产和随机需求下的能源供应链管理模型下的节能产品。在这里,制造商授予零售商一个信用期以获得更多订单;因此,订单数量与该模型中设想的信用期有关。考虑到这些组成部分,供应链成员可以减少对环境的负面影响和显著的能源消耗,达到最佳效果,避免巨大的经济损失。此外,包括信用期增加了违约风险的可能性,因此要收取一定的利息。这里考虑了限制碳排放的边际降低成本、灵活生产以满足波动需求、持续投资以提高产品质量。通过经典的优化方法,保证了系统利润函数和决策变量(信贷周期、质量改进和生产率)的全局最优性。通过解释敏感性分析和数值研究验证了所提出的模型。结果表明,信用销售、灵活生产和质量改进的理念使系统总利润增加了28.64%,边际减排技术使系统的二氧化碳排放量减少了4.01%。
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引用次数: 7
Assessing the Potential of Mechanical Aeration Combined with Bioremediation Process in Soils and Coastal Sediments Impacted by Heavy Metals 机械曝气联合生物修复技术在重金属污染土壤和海岸沉积物中的应用前景
IF 1.4 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2022039
Gireshsingh Mungla, S. Facknath, B. Lalljee
Microorganisms make use of heavy metals through enzymatic, non-enzymatic processes or bioaccumulation in bacterial cells in insoluble or particulate forms and by-products. Increasing effectiveness of bioremediation is still being explored and other stimulation techniques cited by various authors used mostly EDTA, nitrogen fertiliser and other amendments. The use of mechanical aeration combined with bioremediation using Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluoresecens offer a greener approach with more efficient remediation capabilities. Zinc exceeded the permissible limit recommended by FAO/WHO by more than two folds while other metals were close to the threshold limit posing a dangerous threat to human health. Implementation of the current package treatment showed statistically significant decreases in heavy metal concentrations in both soils and coastal sediments in a 90 days experiment under atmospheric conditions. For sediments, 21.4% to 100% bioremediation was achieved under mechanical aeration conditions representing an increase of up to 60% efficiency compared to non-aeration while for soil highest efficacy achieved was 63.1%. However, the mechanisms and pathways of bioremediation were noticed to depend according to biotic and abiotic factors. This article provides an insight on the comparison between proposed stimulation technique and other methods reported.
微生物通过酶促、非酶促过程或在细菌细胞中以不溶性或颗粒形式和副产品的生物积累利用重金属。提高生物修复的有效性仍在探索中,各种作者引用的其他刺激技术主要使用EDTA,氮肥和其他改进剂。机械曝气结合枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和荧光假单胞菌的生物修复提供了一种更环保的方法,具有更有效的修复能力。锌超出粮农组织/世卫组织建议的允许限量两倍以上,而其他金属接近对人体健康构成危险威胁的阈值。在大气条件下进行的90天实验中,目前的一揽子处理的实施表明,土壤和沿海沉积物中的重金属浓度在统计上显著降低。对于沉积物,在机械曝气条件下实现了21.4%至100%的生物修复,与不曝气相比,效率提高了60%,而对于土壤,最高效率达到了63.1%。然而,生物修复的机制和途径受到生物和非生物因素的影响。本文对所提出的增产技术与其他已报道的增产方法进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Temperature prediction and analysis based on improved GA-BP neural network 基于改进GA-BP神经网络的温度预测与分析
IF 1.4 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2022042
Ling-Xiao Zhang, Xiaoqi Sun, Shan Gao
In order to predict the temperature change of Laoshan scenic area in Qingdao more accurately, a new back propagation neural network (BPNN) prediction model is proposed in this study. Temperature change affects our lives in various ways. The challenge that neural networks tend to fall into local optima needs to be addressed to increase the accuracy of temperature prediction. In this research, we used an improved genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the weights and thresholds of BPNN to solve this problem. The prediction results of BPNN and GA-BPNN were compared, and the prediction results showed that the prediction performance of GA-BPNN was much better. Furthermore, a screening test experiment was conducted using GA-BPNN for multiple classes of meteorological parameters, and a smaller number of parameter sets were identified to simplify the prediction inputs. The values of running time, root mean square error, and mean absolute error of GA-BPNN are better than those of BPNN through the calculation and analysis of evaluation metrics. This study will contribute to a certain extent to improve the accuracy and efficiency of temperature prediction in the Laoshan landscape.
为了更准确地预测青岛崂山景区的气温变化,提出了一种新的反向传播神经网络(BPNN)预测模型。气温变化以各种方式影响我们的生活。为了提高温度预测的准确性,需要解决神经网络容易陷入局部最优的问题。在本研究中,我们使用一种改进的遗传算法(GA)来优化bp神经网络的权值和阈值来解决这一问题。对比了BPNN和GA-BPNN的预测结果,结果表明GA-BPNN的预测性能要好得多。在此基础上,利用GA-BPNN对多类气象参数进行了筛选试验,识别了较少数量的参数集,简化了预测输入。通过对评价指标的计算和分析,GA-BPNN的运行时间、均方根误差和平均绝对误差均优于BPNN。本研究将在一定程度上有助于提高崂山景观温度预测的准确性和效率。
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引用次数: 1
Clustering analysis of PM2.5 concentrations in the South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, using the Merra-2 Satellite Application and Hierarchical Cluster Method 利用Merra-2卫星应用和分层聚类方法对印尼南苏门答腊省PM2.5浓度进行聚类分析
IF 1.4 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2022043
Muhammad Rendana, Wan Mohd Razi Idris, S. Abdul Rahim
The air quality monitoring system is the most prominent tool for monitoring air pollution levels, especially in areas where forest fires often occur. The South Sumatra Province of Indonesia is one of the greatest contributors to haze events in Indonesia due to peatlands fires. It does not sufficiently possess a ground monitoring system to cover rural areas, and thus, delayed actions can result in severe air pollution within this region. Therefore, the aim of this current study is to analyze the distribution and classification of PM2.5 observed from 2019 to 2021 within the South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The acquisition of PM2.5 data was from the Merra-2 Satellite with a spatial resolution of 0.5˚ × 0.625˚ and an hourly interval. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied in this study for the clustering method. The result of the study revealed that the daily mean of PM2.5 levels varied from 5.9±0.01 to 21.3±0.03 μg/m3. The study area was classified into three classes: high pollution areas (HPA), moderate pollution areas (MPA) and low pollution areas (LPA), based on the HCA method. The average level of PM2.5 observed in HPA was notably higher, at 16.8±0.02 μg/m3, followed by MPA and LPA. Furthermore, this study indicated that the highest level of PM2.5 was found during 2019, with a severe haze event in the study area due to the intensive burning of forests, bush and peatlands. As a whole, the output of this study can be used by authorities for air quality management due to forest fire events in a certain area.
空气质量监测系统是监测空气污染水平的最重要工具,特别是在经常发生森林火灾的地区。由于泥炭地火灾,印度尼西亚的南苏门答腊省是印度尼西亚雾霾事件的最大贡献者之一。它没有足够的地面监测系统覆盖农村地区,因此,延迟行动可能导致该地区严重的空气污染。因此,本研究的目的是分析2019年至2021年在印度尼西亚南苏门答腊省观测到的PM2.5的分布和分类。PM2.5数据采集自Merra-2卫星,空间分辨率为0.5˚× 0.625˚,时间间隔为h。本研究采用层次聚类分析(HCA)作为聚类方法。研究结果表明,PM2.5的日平均值在5.9±0.01至21.3±0.03 μg/m3之间变化。基于HCA方法,将研究区划分为高污染区(HPA)、中度污染区(MPA)和低污染区(LPA) 3类。HPA区PM2.5平均浓度较高,为16.8±0.02 μg/m3, MPA和LPA次之。此外,该研究表明,2019年PM2.5水平最高,由于森林、灌木和泥炭地的大量燃烧,研究区域出现了严重的雾霾事件。总体而言,本研究的结果可用于某地区森林火灾事件后的空气质量管理。
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引用次数: 0
Contribution of morphological study to the understanding of watersheds in arid environment: A case study (Morocco) 形态学研究对理解干旱环境下流域的贡献:以摩洛哥为例
IF 1.4 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2023002
Mounir Ouaba, M. Saidi
Watershed planning is often based on the analysis of morphometric parameters, especially in poorly gauged or ungauged basins. These physiographic parameters have, in fact, a main role in water runoff. In many arid countries such as Morocco, there is a significant need for morphometric studies of watersheds to initiate integrated water resources management. For this purpose, we have carried out the watersheds delineation and morphometric analyses, using the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and the Geographic Information System (GIS). We have applied this approach based on remote sensing and GIS in four sub-basins of the right bank of the Tensift watershed (Bourrous, Al Wiza, El Hallouf and Jamala). The shape indexes of Gravelius and Horton reveal elongated shapes of the four watersheds. In addition, the maximum slope and the drainage density do not exceed 27.15° and 1 Km/Km2 respectively. The sub-basins do not have a very dense hydrographic network and the Strahler's drainage order is not very high (up to 5). The relief is not very high and do not reach 1000 m. These physiographic conditions do not allow a rapid runoff. The concentration times are precisely quite high (7 to 12 hours for watersheds of 161 to 401 km²). The use of a sufficiently fine DTM resolution and an appropriate GIS software would allow this kind of study to be very useful for effective watershed management.
流域规划通常是基于对形态计量参数的分析,特别是在计量不良或未计量的流域。事实上,这些地理参数在水径流中起着主要作用。在许多干旱国家,例如摩洛哥,非常需要对流域进行形态计量学研究,以便开展综合水资源管理。为此,我们利用数字地形模型(DTM)和地理信息系统(GIS)进行了流域圈定和形态计量学分析。我们在Tensift流域右岸的四个子流域(Bourrous、Al Wiza、El Hallouf和Jamala)应用了基于遥感和GIS的这种方法。格拉维利乌斯和霍顿的形状指标揭示了四个流域的细长形状。最大坡度不超过27.15°,最大排水密度不超过1 Km/Km2。子流域的水文网不密集,斯特拉勒流域级数不高(最高5级),坡度不高,不超过1000 m。这些地理条件不允许径流迅速。集中时间恰好相当高(在161至401平方公里的流域为7至12小时)。使用足够精确的DTM分辨率和适当的地理信息系统软件将使这类研究对有效的流域管理非常有用。
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引用次数: 2
Survey on the factors and social perspectives to participate in home composting schemes in Palestine: Anabta case study 巴勒斯坦参与家庭堆肥计划的因素和社会观点调查:Anabta案例研究
IF 1.4 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2022016
T. Sayara, Ruba Hanoun, Yamen A. S. Hamdan
In this study, a survey was conducted to determine the public opinion regarding the acceptance of using home composters as an alternative approach for household organic waste management. This approach is introduced as a method to replace the landfilling of organic municipal solid waste, which is the main solid waste management currently employed in Palestine, considering Anabta town as a case study. The results showed that people in the target area are welcoming of the home composting idea, and about 99% of participants are interested in owning home composters at their properties, which is regarded as a good reference for implementing the proposed home composting scheme in this area. The results showed that people are interested in the new proposed scheme for organic household waste despite their minimal knowledge and understanding about the composting process's importance and effects. The survey tested the people's expectations and thoughts about the home composting concept and found that the main motives for home composting were reducing the cost of house gardening and using the produced compost in soil nutrition, besides being part of environmental sustainability. On the other side, obstacles were due to people's inexperience of the home composting method, as almost half of participants were expecting an exhausting, long process to produce compost, with the related bad smell and insects during composting progression. Hence, the study found that it is important to spread awareness about the right procedures to apply home composting among participants, in line with environmental awareness campaigns through social media, and provide personalized follow-up with participants.
在这项研究中,进行了一项调查,以确定公众对接受使用家庭堆肥作为家庭有机废物管理的替代方法的意见。以Anabta镇为例,介绍了这种方法,作为取代有机城市固体废物填埋的方法,有机城市固体废物填埋是巴勒斯坦目前采用的主要固体废物管理方法。结果显示,目标地区的市民欢迎家居堆肥的想法,而约99%的参与者有兴趣在其物业拥有家居堆肥机,这是在该地区推行拟议的家居堆肥计划的良好参考。结果显示,尽管人们对堆肥过程的重要性和效果知之甚少,但他们对拟议的有机家庭废物处理方案很感兴趣。调查测试了人们对家庭堆肥概念的期望和想法,发现家庭堆肥的主要动机除了是环境可持续性的一部分外,还可以降低家庭园艺的成本,并将生产的堆肥用于土壤营养。另一方面,障碍是由于人们对家庭堆肥方法缺乏经验,因为几乎一半的参与者预计生产堆肥的过程会很累,很长,在堆肥过程中会产生难闻的气味和昆虫。因此,研究发现,重要的是要在参与者中传播关于应用家庭堆肥的正确程序的意识,与通过社交媒体开展的环境意识运动相一致,并为参与者提供个性化的随访。
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引用次数: 1
Comparison of some schemes for determining the optimal number of rain gauges in a specific area: A case study in an urban area of South Sulawesi, Indonesia 确定特定地区最佳雨量计数量的一些方案的比较:以印度尼西亚南苏拉威西市市区为例
IF 1.4 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2022018
N. Sunusi, Giarno
Improving the accuracy of rainfall forecasts is related to the number of rain gauges needed in an area, so determining the optimal number of rain gauges is very important. This study aimed to determine the best method for calculating the optimal number of rain gauges. Generally, the calculation of the optimal number of rain gauges using the coefficient of variation only takes into account the accumulation of rainfall at the station. The distance between the location and height of the rain gauge is not taken into account. The phenomenon of rain that occurs in the tropics is very dynamic, where one place compared to another tends to have different rain intensity and duration. In addition, the height and distance factors also greatly affect the measured rainfall. Therefore, it is very important to know the best method to calculate the optimal number of rain gauges needed in a particular area. This study implements 3 methods to determine the appropriate method to be used in determining the optimal rain gauge number for urban areas: namely, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) criteria, coefficient of variation, and Kagan-Rodda. In this study, rainfall data from 2010 to 2019 at 5 locations in Makassar were used in calculating the optimal number of rain gauges required. The results showed that the optimal number of rain gauges in Makassar as an urban area following the WMO recommendation was 9–18, where small islands around it are not considered. Another result obtained is that if the rainfall data for the Sudiang area, which is located at the coordinates (119.522° E, 5.085° S), is not included in the calculation, it will greatly reduce the accuracy in determining the optimal number of rain gauges in the Makassar area.
提高降雨预报的准确性与一个地区所需雨量计的数量有关,因此确定雨量计的最佳数量是非常重要的。本研究旨在确定计算雨量计最佳数目的最佳方法。一般而言,利用变异系数计算雨量计的最佳数目时,只考虑站内的雨量累积。雨量计的位置和高度之间的距离没有考虑在内。热带地区的降雨现象是非常动态的,一个地方与另一个地方相比,往往有不同的降雨强度和持续时间。此外,高度和距离因素对实测雨量也有较大影响。因此,了解计算特定地区所需雨量计的最佳数量的最佳方法是非常重要的。本研究实现了3种确定城市地区最优雨量计数值的合适方法:WMO标准、变异系数和Kagan-Rodda。本研究利用望加锡5个地点2010年至2019年的降雨数据,计算所需雨量计的最佳数量。结果表明,在不考虑周边小岛的情况下,按照WMO的建议,望加锡市区的最佳雨量计数量为9-18个。另一个结果是,如果不考虑位于坐标(119.522°E, 5.085°S)的苏江地区的降雨数据,将大大降低确定望加锡地区最佳雨量计数量的精度。
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引用次数: 2
Carbon tax as the most appropriate carbon pricing mechanism for developing countries and strategies to design an effective policy 碳税作为最合适的碳定价机制,为发展中国家设计有效的政策策略
IF 1.4 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/environsci.20220012
Izlawanie Muhammad
The global consensus on the threat of climate change risk leads to an agreement to mitigate higher greenhouse gas emissions and limit global mean temperature rise to below 2 ℃ and, ideally, below 1.5 ℃ by 2050. In achieving the mean temperature target, international organisations like the World Bank, Organisation of Economic Co-operation Development and United Nations strongly suggest that policymakers implement a carbon pricing policy. A carbon tax is a market-based policy that has gained attention from many policymakers to reduce carbon emissions and increase the government's revenue. Designing a feasible carbon tax framework is crucial to ensure effectiveness and public acceptability. However, policy design in developing countries may be more complicated than in developed countries due to insufficient income and resources, social inequity, and poverty. This paper discusses the features of a carbon tax and the dimensions of designing an effective carbon tax policy for developing nations. A simplified framework for carbon tax implementation in developing countries is provided. The framework should be a foundation for developing countries to implement and develop a feasible and acceptable carbon tax policy.
关于气候变化风险威胁的全球共识导致达成了一项协议,以减少温室气体排放,并将全球平均气温上升限制在2℃以下,理想情况下,到2050年将全球平均气温上升限制在1.5℃以下。为了实现平均温度目标,世界银行、经济合作发展组织和联合国等国际组织强烈建议政策制定者实施碳定价政策。碳税是一项以市场为基础的政策,已受到许多决策者的关注,以减少碳排放,增加政府收入。设计一个可行的碳税框架对于确保有效性和公众可接受性至关重要。然而,由于收入和资源不足、社会不平等和贫困,发展中国家的政策设计可能比发达国家更为复杂。本文讨论了碳税的特征以及为发展中国家设计有效的碳税政策的维度。为发展中国家实施碳税提供了一个简化的框架。该框架应成为发展中国家实施和制定可行和可接受的碳税政策的基础。
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引用次数: 4
The bioeconomy needs economic, ecological and social sustainability 生物经济需要经济、生态和社会的可持续性
IF 1.4 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2022003
M. Kircher
The economic concept of the circular bioeconomy addresses not only the sectors of the traditional bioeconomy but also, in particular, the sectors of bio-based chemicals and energies as well as waste management. This concept is basically based on closing material cycles, in particular, but not only, that of carbon. Managing these material cycles is costly, which is why economic sustainability and, in the current transition phase, competitiveness with fossil-based value chains remain a constant challenge. Because of the large material turnover of the mentioned industries, in the interest of environmental sustainability the circular bioeconomy has to respect the limits of natural resources. With the raw material shift from fossil to renewable resources, regional economic structures and jobs will change and, in addition, circularity requires a change in consumption behavior. Both are challenges that need to be addressed in the interest of social acceptance and sustainability. The article focuses on the economic, but addresses also the ecological and social aspects, discusses options for achieving a comprehensively sustainable circular bioeconomy, and identifies research needs necessary for the further development of the bioeconomy.
循环生物经济的经济概念不仅涉及传统的生物经济部门,而且还特别涉及生物基化学品和能源部门以及废物管理。这个概念基本上是基于闭合的材料循环,特别是,但不仅仅是碳。管理这些材料循环的成本很高,这就是为什么在目前的过渡阶段,经济可持续性以及与基于化石的价值链的竞争力仍然是一个持续的挑战。由于上述行业的大量材料周转,为了环境可持续性的利益,循环生物经济必须尊重自然资源的限制。随着原材料从化石向可再生资源的转变,区域经济结构和就业将发生变化,此外,循环要求消费行为发生变化。为了社会的接受和可持续性,这两个挑战都需要解决。本文着重于经济方面,但也涉及生态和社会方面,讨论了实现全面可持续循环生物经济的选择,并确定了进一步发展生物经济所需的研究需求。
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引用次数: 3
Water quality assessment of Dodiongan Falls in Bonbonon, Iligan City, Philippines 菲律宾Iligan市Bonbonon的Dodiongan瀑布水质评价
IF 1.4 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2022031
Cyril A. Cabello, Nelfa D. Canini, Barbara C. Lluisma
Water is an essential element that sustains life on this planet, yet it is threatened by human activities. With little attention paid to the waterfall as a source of a domestic water supply and a tourist spot for recreation, this study was designed to investigate one of the waterfalls in Iligan City, Philippines: Dodiongan Falls. The location of the study is a neighborhood of the city garbage dumpsite that due to an uncontrollable situation, releases dark-colored secretion from the treatment box as has been verified by the residents in the area; this posed a threat to their food security and livelihood. Assessing the physicochemical parameters, heavy metal concentration and Escherichia coli counts is very crucial in interpreting its water quality. All parameters such as the pH, alkalinity, turbidity, lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and the E. Coli test were done following the standard procedures. The results revealed that the pH, alkalinity, turbidity, total lead (less than 0.01 mg/L) and total mercury concentration (less than 0.001 mg/L) at the three sites were in conformity with the guidelines of the World Health Organization and Philippine national water quality standards. However, the E. Coli count has increased downstream from 220 to 1,600 MPN per 100 ml, which exceeded the standard limit. With these findings, it is paramount that the creation of a management plan be initiated as soon as possible by the different governmental agencies in order to bring back the life of Dodiongan Falls.
水是维持地球上生命的基本元素,但它正受到人类活动的威胁。由于很少有人注意到瀑布作为家庭供水和旅游休闲的来源,本研究旨在调查菲律宾伊利甘市的一个瀑布:多迪安瀑布。研究地点位于城市垃圾场附近,由于无法控制的情况,从处理箱中释放出深色分泌物,这已得到该地区居民的证实;这对他们的粮食安全和生计构成了威胁。理化参数、重金属浓度和大肠杆菌数量的测定是解释其水质的关键。所有参数如pH值、碱度、浊度、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和大肠杆菌检测均按照标准程序进行。结果表明,三个地点的pH值、碱度、浊度、总铅(小于0.01 mg/L)和总汞浓度(小于0.001 mg/L)均符合世界卫生组织准则和菲律宾国家水质标准。然而,大肠杆菌数量从每100毫升220个增加到1,600个,超过了标准限值。因此,为了恢复多洞安瀑布的生命,政府各部门应尽快制定管理计划。
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引用次数: 1
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