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The Sleep of Reason: Sleep and the Philosophical Soul in Ancient Greece 理性的睡眠:古希腊的睡眠与哲学灵魂
IF 0.5 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.1525/ca.2020.39.1.126
V. Wohl
Freud tracked the psyche along the paths of sleep, following the “royal road” of dreams. For the ancient Greeks, too, the psyche was revealed in sleep, not through the semiotics of dreams but through the peculiar state of being we occupy while asleep. As a “borderland between living and not living” (as Aristotle puts it), sleep offered unique access to the psukhē, that element within the self unassimilable to waking consciousness. This paper examines how Greek philosophers theorized the sleep state and the somnolent psukhē, focusing on Heraclitus, Plato, and Aristotle. Each of the three attempts to reclaim sleep for waking life and to join the sleeping soul to the philosophical self. But that attempt never fully succeeds. Instead sleep consistently emerges as a philosophical blindspot, a state that—unlike dreams—cannot be spoken by philosophy's logos nor fully illuminated by philosophical analysis.
弗洛伊德沿着睡眠的路径,沿着梦的“皇家之路”追踪精神。对于古希腊人来说,心灵也在睡眠中被揭示出来,不是通过梦的符号学,而是通过我们在睡眠中所处的特殊状态。正如亚里士多德所说,作为“活着和不活着之间的边界”,睡眠提供了通往psukhu的独特途径,psukhu是自我内部无法与清醒意识同化的元素。本文考察了希腊哲学家如何将睡眠状态和困倦的psukhu理论化,重点是赫拉克利特、柏拉图和亚里士多德。这三本书都试图让清醒的生命重新获得睡眠,并将沉睡的灵魂与哲学的自我联系起来。但这一尝试从未完全成功。相反,睡眠一直是哲学的盲点,一种不像梦的状态,不能用哲学的逻各斯来描述,也不能用哲学的分析来充分阐明。
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引用次数: 3
Theban Myth in Virgil's Aeneid: The Brothers at War 维吉尔《埃涅阿斯纪:战争中的兄弟》中的底比斯神话
IF 0.5 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.1525/ca.2020.39.1.95
Stefano Rebeggiani
This article offers a thorough study of Virgil's interaction with the myth of Eteocles and Polynices' war for the throne of Thebes, as represented especially in Athenian tragedy. It demonstrates that allusions to the Theban myth are crucial to the Aeneid's construction of a set of tensions and oppositions that play an important role in Virgil's reflection on the historical experience of Rome, especially in connection with the transition from Republic to Empire. In particular, interaction with Theban stories allows Virgil to explore: (1) the dichotomy between similarity and foreignness in the depiction of Rome's enemies; (2) the tension in differing attitudes towards the state as reflected in antithetical character types—namely, the selfless youth who sacrifices himself for the community and the would-be tyrant prepared to go to any lengths to achieve sole power; and, finally, (3) the dichotomy between opposing notions of time defined by teleology, on the one hand, and circularity and repetition on the other, the two representing the differing temporalities of epic and tragedy, respectively.
本文深入探讨了维吉尔与埃特欧克勒斯神话的互动关系,以及波利尼刻争夺底比斯王位的战争,尤其是在雅典悲剧中的表现。它表明,底比斯神话的典故对埃涅伊德构建一系列紧张和对立至关重要,这些紧张和对立在维吉尔反思罗马历史经验中发挥了重要作用,尤其是在从共和国到帝国的过渡中。特别是,与底比斯故事的互动让维吉尔得以探索:(1)在对罗马敌人的描绘中,相似性和陌生性之间的二分法;(2) 对国家不同态度的紧张关系反映在对立的性格类型中——即为社区牺牲自己的无私青年和准备竭尽全力获得唯一权力的潜在暴君;最后,(3)目的论定义的对立时间概念与循环性和重复性之间的二分法,两者分别代表了史诗和悲剧的不同时间性。
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引用次数: 1
Journeys into Slavery along the Black Sea Coast, c. 550-450 BCE 黑海沿岸的奴隶之旅,公元前550-450年
IF 0.5 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.1525/ca.2020.39.1.57
C. S. Parmenter
This article argues that descriptions of the Black Sea found in the Archaic poets, Herodotus, and later geographers were influenced by commercial itineraries circulated amongst Greek slave traders in the north. Drawing on an epigraphic corpus of twenty-three merchant letters from the region dating between c. 550 and 450 BCE, I contrast the travels of enslaved persons recorded in the documents with stylized descriptions found in literary accounts. This article finds that slaves took a variety of routes into—and out of—slavery, and that fear of enslavement was widely felt even among Greeks. Law courts might have been as important as “barbarian” warfare in ensnaring captives for export, and even slave traders themselves risked enslavement alongside their victims. Reconstructing the travels of individual slaves allows us to pursue a study in the spirit of what Joseph C. Miller has called the “biographical turn” in the study of slavery, privileging the experiences of the enslaved over the accounts of their masters. Although the lands around the distant Black Sea were never the leading source of slaves for Aegean cities, the wealth of primary testimony from the region puts it at the forefront in the history of slavery in ancient Greece.
这篇文章认为,古代诗人希罗多德和后来的地理学家对黑海的描述受到了北方希腊奴隶贩子之间流传的商业路线的影响。根据公元前550年至450年期间该地区23封商业信件的碑文语料库,我将文件中记录的被奴役者的旅行与文学记述中的风格化描述进行了对比。这篇文章发现,奴隶通过各种途径进入和离开奴隶制,甚至在希腊人中也普遍感受到对奴役的恐惧。法庭在俘虏出口方面可能与“野蛮人”战争一样重要,甚至奴隶贩子自己也冒着被奴役的风险与受害者并肩作战。重建奴隶个体的旅行使我们能够本着约瑟夫·C·米勒所说的奴隶制研究的“传记转向”的精神进行研究,将被奴役者的经历置于其主人的叙述之上。尽管遥远的黑海周围的土地从来都不是爱琴海城市奴隶的主要来源,但该地区丰富的原始证据使其在古希腊奴隶制史上处于前列。
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引用次数: 2
Historicizing Satire in Juvenal 《尤维纳利斯》中讽刺的历史化
IF 0.5 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.1525/ca.2019.38.2.250
Michael Ritter
The implications of the persona theory pose a problem for the interpretation of Juvenal's early satires, because it presents the satirist as intent on nullifying his didactic stances. This leaves us with an unsatisfactory conclusion that excises Juvenal's persistent treatment of themes consistent with contemporaneous authors who were similarly engaged in blackening the reputations of the famous dead. This article argues that a strict application of persona theory isolates Juvenal's satirist from his volatile contemporary climate by excluding him from the reality that these authors—similarly directing their works to the past—were unabashedly writing only after the tyrant was safely dead. Tacitus and Pliny had lamented the servility and silence that predominated during Domitian's reign, in which the Roman world endured fifteen years of terror without uttering a word. Into this literary milieu Juvenal announces his satirist, who begins with an echo of that silence: semper ego auditor tantum? With the death of Domitian and a new atmosphere that permitted the defamation of the deceased, Juvenal injects his venomous voice into the mix, taking advantage of contemporary literary appetites that allowed for the punishment, no matter how belated, if not of the person then of the guilty one's memory. Any evaluation of Juvenal's satiric project must be firmly rooted in this, his most immediate, context.
人物角色理论的含义给朱维纳尔早期讽刺作品的解读带来了问题,因为它将讽刺作家描绘成有意废除其说教立场的人。这给我们留下了一个不令人满意的结论,即朱维纳尔对主题的执着处理与同时代的作家一样,他们同样致力于抹黑著名死者的名誉。这篇文章认为,严格应用人物角色理论将朱维纳尔的讽刺作家与他动荡的当代气候隔离开来,因为他将他排除在现实之外,即这些作家——同样将他们的作品指向过去——只是在暴君安全死后才毫不掩饰地写作。塔西陀和普林尼曾哀叹多米提安统治期间盛行的卑躬屈膝和沉默,在这段时间里,罗马世界经历了十五年的恐怖,一言不发。朱维纳尔在这个文学环境中宣布了他的讽刺作家,他以沉默的回声开始:自我审计员坦图姆?随着Domitian的去世,以及允许诽谤死者的新氛围,Juvenal利用当代文学的欲望,将他恶毒的声音融入其中,这种欲望允许惩罚,无论多么迟来,如果不是惩罚那个有罪的人的话,也可以惩罚那个有罪者的记忆。任何对朱维纳尔讽刺项目的评价都必须牢固地植根于他最直接的背景。
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引用次数: 0
Dancing for Free: Pindar's Kastor Song for Hieron 免费跳舞:品达为希伦创作的卡斯特之歌
IF 0.5 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.1525/ca.2019.38.2.298
P. Wilson
This article studies a neglected melic poem by Pindar, a hyporcheme for Hieron of Syracuse. It places the work in the context of vigorous poetic production associated with Hieron's foundation of the city of Aitna in 476/5 and assembles the relevant fragments, arguing for the inclusion of frr. 105ab, 106, 114 S-M, and for the relevance of sch. Aelius Aristeides Panathenaikos 187, 2 Dindorf. It analyzes and accepts as likely the evidence of the Pindaric sch. vet. Pythian 2.127 Drachmann that this hyporcheme was referred to by Pindar as a Kastoreion or “Kastor song,” and weighs the significance of the further claim that the poet gifted it to Hieron as a “free extra.” A survey of the hyporcheme as a melic form permits some conclusions as to the likely performative qualities of the work. A close reading of the surviving fragments follows, with an emphasis on how they advanced key motifs of Hieron's propaganda: notably, the image of himself as king and founder, and as a promoter of Dorian culture; and his efforts to assume a kind of Spartan mantle. It is also argues that the poem associates Sicily with the invention of the chariot in an effort to counterbalance the greater hippic successes already achieved by Hieron's brothers Gelon and Polyzalos, as well as the Emmenids.
本文研究了品达的一首被忽视的唯美诗,这首诗是锡拉丘兹的希伦的拟作。它将作品置于与Hieron在476/ 75年建立Aitna城有关的充满活力的诗歌生产的背景下,并将相关的片段组装起来,主张将frr纳入其中。[105ab, 106, 114] S-M,以及关于Aelius Aristeides Panathenaikos的相关性[187,2]Dindorf。它分析并接受了品达尔史的证据。皮提安2.127德拉赫曼认为这首诗被品达称为“卡斯托里翁”或“卡斯托尔之歌”,并权衡了诗人将其作为“免费赠品”赠送给希伦的进一步说法的重要性。作为一种旋律形式的调查,允许一些结论,作为可能的表现质量的工作。接下来仔细阅读幸存的片段,重点是它们如何推进希伦宣传的关键主题:值得注意的是,他自己作为国王和创始人的形象,作为多里安文化的推动者;以及他试图披挂斯巴达披风的努力。也有人认为,这首诗将西西里与战车的发明联系在一起,以抵消希伦的兄弟杰伦和波利扎罗斯以及埃米尼德已经取得的更大的嬉皮士成功。
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引用次数: 2
Sacred Sounds: The Cult of Pan and the Nymphs in the Vari Cave 圣音:潘教与瓦里洞穴中的睡莲
IF 0.5 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.1525/ca.2019.38.2.185
Carolyn M. Laferrière
Religious ritual in ancient Greece regularly incorporated music, so much so that certain instruments or vocal genres frequently became associated with the religious veneration of specific gods. The Attic cult of Pan and the Nymphs should also be included among this group: though little is often known about the specific ritual practices, the literary and visual evidence associated with the cults make repeated reference to music performed on the panpipes—and to auditory and sensory stimuli more generally—as a prominent feature of the worship of these gods. I consider the Vari Cave, sacred to Pan and the Nymphs, together with the surviving marble votive reliefs from that space, to explore the sounds and sensations associated with the veneration of the rural gods. I argue that the sensory experience offered by the cave and the images within it would have enhanced the worshiper's experience of the ritual and the gods for whom they were performed. In this way, visual and auditory perceptions blurred together to create a powerful experience of the divine.
古希腊的宗教仪式经常包含音乐,以至于某些乐器或声乐流派经常与对特定神的宗教崇拜联系在一起。潘和睡莲的阁楼崇拜也应该包括在这一群体中:尽管人们对具体的仪式实践知之甚少,但与崇拜相关的文学和视觉证据一再提到在潘管上表演的音乐,以及更普遍的听觉和感官刺激,这是崇拜这些神的一个突出特征。我认为潘和睡莲的圣地瓦里洞穴,以及该空间中幸存的大理石还愿浮雕,是为了探索与崇拜乡村神有关的声音和感觉。我认为,洞穴和洞穴中的图像所提供的感官体验会增强崇拜者对仪式和为其表演的神的体验。通过这种方式,视觉和听觉的感知模糊在一起,创造了一种强大的神圣体验。
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引用次数: 6
Galen's Wounds: Dissolutions and the Theoretical Structure of Galen's Disease Taxonomy 盖伦病:盖伦病分类的溶解和理论结构
IF 0.5 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.1525/ca.2019.38.2.275
L. Salas
Galen conceives of wounds, fractures, and similar conditions as belonging to one of the highest genera in his taxonomy of disease. This classification is puzzling, as much from an ancient Greco-Roman perspective as from a contemporary one. In what sense are wounds and other injuries diseases? The classification appears more perplexing in light of Galen's method of conceptual analysis, which takes ordinary language use as a starting point. What, then, motivated Galen's departure from common Greek conceptions of disease? This article examines the class of disease that Galen called “dissolutions of continuity” in the broader context of his system of nosological definition and classification. It concludes that Galen's analysis of wounds is driven by his theory of causation, and by his localization of disease and its mechanism inside the body, a conceptualization typical of Greco-Roman medical writing. This conclusion sheds further light on Galen's method of disease classification and the role of dissolutions within it.
盖伦认为伤口、骨折和类似的情况属于他的疾病分类学中最高的一类。无论是从古希腊罗马的角度还是从当代的角度来看,这种分类都令人费解。在什么意义上伤口和其他伤害是疾病?盖伦的概念分析方法以日常语言的使用为出发点,这种分类显得更加复杂。那么,是什么促使盖伦背离希腊人对疾病的普遍观念呢?这篇文章在他的疾病定义和分类系统的更广泛的背景下研究了Galen称为“连续性溶解”的疾病。它的结论是,盖伦对伤口的分析是由他的因果理论,以及他对疾病的定位及其在体内的机制所驱动的,这是一种典型的希腊罗马医学著作的概念化。这一结论进一步阐明了盖伦的疾病分类方法以及溶出物在其中的作用。
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引用次数: 2
With the Veil Removed: Women's Public Nudity in the Early Roman Empire 揭开面纱:罗马帝国早期女性的公共裸体
IF 0.5 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.1525/ca.2019.38.2.217
M. Pasco-Pranger
This paper explores the dynamics of women's public nudity in the early Roman empire, centering particularly on two festival occasions—the rites of Venus Verticordia and Fortuna Virilis on April 1, and the Floralia in late April—and on the respective social and spatial contexts of those festivals: the baths and the theater. In the early empire, these two social spaces regularly remove or complicate some of the markers that divide Roman women by sociosexual status. The festivals and the ritual nudity within them focus attention on the negotiations of social boundaries within these spaces, and the occasions for cross-class identification among women they provide.
本文探讨了早期罗马帝国女性在公共场合裸体的动态,主要集中在两个节日场合——4月1日的维纳斯和福图纳·维里利斯的仪式,以及4月下旬的弗洛里亚节——以及这些节日各自的社会和空间背景:浴场和剧院。在帝国早期,这两个社会空间经常消除或使罗马女性社会性别地位的一些标志复杂化。节日和其中的裸体仪式将注意力集中在这些空间内社会边界的谈判上,以及它们提供的女性跨阶级认同的场合。
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引用次数: 0
Classical Greek Ethnography and the Slave Trade 古典希腊民族志与奴隶贸易
IF 0.5 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-04-01 DOI: 10.1525/CA.2019.38.1.36
T. Harrison
This paper draws upon analogy with better documented slave societies (the medieval Islamic world, and the 18th-century Caribbean) to argue, first, that the institution of slavery was a major factor in fostering a discourse on the differences among foreign peoples; and secondly, that Greek ethnographic writing was informed by the experience of slavery, containing implicit justifications of slavery as an institution. It then considers the implications of these conclusions for our understanding of Greek representations of the barbarian world and for Greek contact with non-Greeks.
本文借鉴了有更好文献记载的奴隶社会(中世纪的伊斯兰世界和18世纪的加勒比地区),首先认为奴隶制制度是促进讨论外国人民之间差异的一个主要因素;第二,希腊民族志写作是以奴隶制的经历为基础的,包含了奴隶制作为一种制度的隐含理由。然后,它考虑了这些结论对我们理解希腊人对野蛮世界的描述以及希腊人与非希腊人接触的影响。
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引用次数: 4
Knight's Moves: The Son-in-law in Cicero and Tacitus 骑士的行动:西塞罗和塔西陀的女婿
IF 0.5 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-04-01 DOI: 10.1525/CA.2019.38.1.2
Emily Gowers
While the relationship between fathers and sons, real or metaphorical, is still a dominant paradigm among classicists, this paper considers the rival contribution of Roman sons-in-law to the processes of collaboration and succession. It discusses the tensions, constraints, and obligations that soceri–generi relationships involved, then claims a significant role for sons-in-law in literary production. A new category is proposed here: “son-in-law literature,” with texts offered as recompense for a wife or her dowry, or as substitute funeral orations. Cicero and Tacitus are two authors for whom the relationship played a key role in shaping realities and fantasies of advancement. The idealized in-law bonds of De Amicitia, Brutus, and De Oratore are set against Cicero's intellectual aspirations and real-life dealings with a challenging son-in-law, while Tacitus' relationship to Agricola can be seen to affect both his historiographical discussions of father–son-in-law relationships and the lessons he drew from them about imperial succession.
尽管父亲和儿子之间的关系,无论是真实的还是隐喻的,仍然是古典主义者的主导范式,但本文考虑了罗马女婿对合作和继承过程的竞争性贡献。它讨论了社会一般关系所涉及的紧张,约束和义务,然后声称女婿在文学创作中的重要作用。这里提出了一个新的类别:“女婿文学”,即作为对妻子或她的嫁妆的补偿,或作为替代的葬礼演讲的文本。对西塞罗和塔西佗这两位作家来说,这种关系在塑造现实和进步的幻想方面发挥了关键作用。德·阿米西亚、布鲁图斯和德·奥拉托雷的理想姻亲关系与西塞罗的智力抱负和现实生活中与一个具有挑战性的女婿的交往相抵触,而塔西佗与阿格里科拉的关系可以被视为影响了他对父子关系的历史讨论,以及他从中吸取的关于帝国继承的教训。
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引用次数: 1
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