Although it is presented as a first-person narrative or memoir, George Moore’s Confessions of a Young Man (1888) blurs generic boundaries between fiction and autobiography and between criticism and creative practice. This essay explores the role of translation in Moore’s cultivation of an elusive and slippery narrative identity. Focusing upon his renderings of texts by Stéphane Mallarmé and J.-K. Huysmans, I propose that Moore’s translational practice is decadent in both its choice of subject matter and the particularities of its forms and context. I consider the central role played by translated excerpts within journalistic writings as a mode of textual transmission at the end of the nineteenth century. Within this broader context, Moore repurposed translated material from his nonfictional writings within his fiction to generate a playfully complex web of literary and aesthetic connections. His writings create paradox and irony within communities of interlinguistic allusion that characterize decadence more generally.
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By the end of the nineteenth century, Greek literature was breaking away from its insularity and regionalism as it absorbed European models through translation. Such activity of literary translation took place against a cultural background marked by the so-called Language Question, the desire to move away from archaic Greek and toward simplified Greek. Drawing on the poet Tellos Agras’s apposite metaphor of the translator as a fickle butterfly as opposed to the diligent bee, this article argues that decadent translations in Greek were mercurial and capricious creative statements that cared little about accurate transmission of the source text or about elevating national literature. As a result, Greek decadent translators were criticized for their “xenomania,” practices of imitation, and self-indulgent exoticism. Decadent translations appeared in two distinct waves: in the 1890s as part of the New Athenian School, and then during the neo-symbolist or neoromantic 1920s. Greek decadent translators were cosmopolitan dandies who simultaneously translated and emulated Oscar Wilde, Gabriele D’Annunzio, Jean Moréas, Edgar Allan Poe, and others. Their translations stood out in magazines and newspapers by making use of a format that might be called the “tiny anthology.” The article focuses on translations by the short prose stylist Nikolaos Episkopopoulos, the aristocratic dandy-poet Napoleon Lapathiotis, and Agras himself. The concluding section examines a few notable instances of translation by C. P. Cavafy and, briefly, Nikos Kazantzakis, in which Agras’s “butterfly” metaphor is pushed to extremes of invention and individualism.
到19世纪末，希腊文学通过翻译吸收了欧洲文学模式，逐渐摆脱了其狭隘性和地域主义。这种文学翻译活动是在一个以所谓的语言问题为标志的文化背景下发生的，这种文化背景是人们希望从古希腊语转向简化希腊语。本文借鉴诗人泰罗斯·阿格拉斯(Tellos Agras)将译者比喻为一只善变的蝴蝶而不是勤奋的蜜蜂的恰当比喻，认为希腊语中的颓废翻译是反复无常的、反复无常的创造性陈述，不关心源文本的准确传递或民族文学的提升。结果，希腊颓废的译者被批评为“异域癖”，模仿的做法，和自我放纵的异国情调。颓废主义译本出现在两个不同的浪潮中:在19世纪90年代作为新雅典学派的一部分，然后在新象征主义或新浪漫主义的20世纪20年代。希腊颓废的翻译家是世界主义的花花公子，他们同时翻译和模仿奥斯卡·王尔德、加布里埃尔·达南齐奥、让·莫尔杰斯、埃德加·爱伦·坡等人。他们的翻译在杂志和报纸上脱颖而出，因为他们使用了一种可以被称为“小选集”的格式。本文重点介绍了短篇散文文体家尼古拉·埃皮斯科波普洛斯、贵族贵族诗人拿破仑·拉帕蒂奥提斯和阿格拉斯本人的翻译。结语部分考察了C. P. Cavafy和尼科斯·卡赞扎基斯(Nikos Kazantzakis)的几个著名翻译实例，在这些翻译中，阿格拉斯的“蝴蝶”隐喻被推向了发明和个人主义的极端。
{"title":"The Bee and the Butterfly: Translation Practices in Modern Greek Decadence","authors":"Kostas Boyiopoulos","doi":"10.1086/725768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725768","url":null,"abstract":"By the end of the nineteenth century, Greek literature was breaking away from its insularity and regionalism as it absorbed European models through translation. Such activity of literary translation took place against a cultural background marked by the so-called Language Question, the desire to move away from archaic Greek and toward simplified Greek. Drawing on the poet Tellos Agras’s apposite metaphor of the translator as a fickle butterfly as opposed to the diligent bee, this article argues that decadent translations in Greek were mercurial and capricious creative statements that cared little about accurate transmission of the source text or about elevating national literature. As a result, Greek decadent translators were criticized for their “xenomania,” practices of imitation, and self-indulgent exoticism. Decadent translations appeared in two distinct waves: in the 1890s as part of the New Athenian School, and then during the neo-symbolist or neoromantic 1920s. Greek decadent translators were cosmopolitan dandies who simultaneously translated and emulated Oscar Wilde, Gabriele D’Annunzio, Jean Moréas, Edgar Allan Poe, and others. Their translations stood out in magazines and newspapers by making use of a format that might be called the “tiny anthology.” The article focuses on translations by the short prose stylist Nikolaos Episkopopoulos, the aristocratic dandy-poet Napoleon Lapathiotis, and Agras himself. The concluding section examines a few notable instances of translation by C. P. Cavafy and, briefly, Nikos Kazantzakis, in which Agras’s “butterfly” metaphor is pushed to extremes of invention and individualism.","PeriodicalId":45201,"journal":{"name":"MODERN PHILOLOGY","volume":"121 1","pages":"82 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41560384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay examines the Spanish American reception of English (British) writers on the pages of the Revista Moderna de México (1903–1911), arguably the most significant publication venue for modernismo, the period during which Spanish American writers engaged significantly with European, and particularly French, decadent trends. Analyzing Pedro Henríquez Ureña’s translations of Walter Pater and José Juan Tablada’s rendering of The Food of the Gods, and How It Came to Earth (1904) by H. G. Wells, as well as Tablada’s retrospective look at Aubrey Beardsley’s oeuvre, I argue that the incorporation of Spanish American modernismo into the folds of an international history of decadence enables fresh insights into the latter’s indebtedness to wide-ranging intercultural networks and transactions. Translation brings Beardsley, Pater, and Wells closer to Hispanic audiences, facilitating readerly intimacies with distinct cultural and speculative optics, along with modes of intellectual interpretation that move well beyond the bounds of national or regional peculiarities.
{"title":"Spanish American Modernismo and English Decadence: Beardsley, Pater, and Wells in the Revista Moderna de México (1903–1911)","authors":"M. D. P. Blanco","doi":"10.1086/725113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725113","url":null,"abstract":"This essay examines the Spanish American reception of English (British) writers on the pages of the Revista Moderna de México (1903–1911), arguably the most significant publication venue for modernismo, the period during which Spanish American writers engaged significantly with European, and particularly French, decadent trends. Analyzing Pedro Henríquez Ureña’s translations of Walter Pater and José Juan Tablada’s rendering of The Food of the Gods, and How It Came to Earth (1904) by H. G. Wells, as well as Tablada’s retrospective look at Aubrey Beardsley’s oeuvre, I argue that the incorporation of Spanish American modernismo into the folds of an international history of decadence enables fresh insights into the latter’s indebtedness to wide-ranging intercultural networks and transactions. Translation brings Beardsley, Pater, and Wells closer to Hispanic audiences, facilitating readerly intimacies with distinct cultural and speculative optics, along with modes of intellectual interpretation that move well beyond the bounds of national or regional peculiarities.","PeriodicalId":45201,"journal":{"name":"MODERN PHILOLOGY","volume":"121 1","pages":"57 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46937858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Europe, the late nineteenth century was marked by an explosion of interest in Japanese arts and culture known as japonisme. While japonisme flourished, however, translations of Japanese literature remained extremely limited. This article explores the contribution of Lafcadio Hearn (1850–1904) to the diffusion of Japanese literature in translation, arguing that his works represent a pioneering effort to circulate Japanese literature internationally through the framework of decadence. Focusing in particular on the collection Shadowings (1900), the article suggests that Hearn’s Japanese essays and stories drew on ideas and literary techniques associated with decadent literature in the West and fed, in their turn, a decadent fascination with the exotic, the uncanny, and the relationship between literature and the visual arts. In Shadowings, Hearn suggestively presented translation as an art of shadows, a metaphor that interacted with the theme of the Japanese uncanny while looking back to Théophile Gautier’s definition of decadent aesthetics. Hearn made a highly creative use of translation by mixing different translational forms, ranging from the transliteration of isolated words to entire versions of Japanese source texts. His writings also frequently dramatized encounters with translation in order to present translation as an embodied and collaborative practice involving a network of social relations. In this process, translation shaped not only his cultural and social interactions with Japan but also his self-knowledge as cultural mediator.
{"title":"“Clothed with Poetry”: Lafcadio Hearn’s Decadent Aesthetics of Translation","authors":"S. Evangelista","doi":"10.1086/725415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725415","url":null,"abstract":"In Europe, the late nineteenth century was marked by an explosion of interest in Japanese arts and culture known as japonisme. While japonisme flourished, however, translations of Japanese literature remained extremely limited. This article explores the contribution of Lafcadio Hearn (1850–1904) to the diffusion of Japanese literature in translation, arguing that his works represent a pioneering effort to circulate Japanese literature internationally through the framework of decadence. Focusing in particular on the collection Shadowings (1900), the article suggests that Hearn’s Japanese essays and stories drew on ideas and literary techniques associated with decadent literature in the West and fed, in their turn, a decadent fascination with the exotic, the uncanny, and the relationship between literature and the visual arts. In Shadowings, Hearn suggestively presented translation as an art of shadows, a metaphor that interacted with the theme of the Japanese uncanny while looking back to Théophile Gautier’s definition of decadent aesthetics. Hearn made a highly creative use of translation by mixing different translational forms, ranging from the transliteration of isolated words to entire versions of Japanese source texts. His writings also frequently dramatized encounters with translation in order to present translation as an embodied and collaborative practice involving a network of social relations. In this process, translation shaped not only his cultural and social interactions with Japan but also his self-knowledge as cultural mediator.","PeriodicalId":45201,"journal":{"name":"MODERN PHILOLOGY","volume":"121 1","pages":"104 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43856587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article considers the role of the French translator Georges Hérelle in the circulation of Italian works associated with decadence across languages and borders, exploring his intervention as cultural agent and gatekeeper. It examines in particular Hérelle’s relationship with Matilde Serao and Grazia Deledda, two women writers from the southern Italy, and discusses the key role this relationship played in shaping international understandings of their affiliations with decadence. A focus on translation reveals how Hérelle and other male French intellectuals encouraged Italian female writers to minimize their cosmopolitan ambitions and stick to local inspiration in their work. Hérelle felt entitled to select and adapt Serao’s and Deledda’s work for French readerships, promoting features that reinforced their association with territories (Naples and Sardinia) that French readers perceived as exotic and “savage,” rather than coeval with modern Western societies. He also relentlessly discouraged Deledda and Serao from experimenting with foreign languages and assimilating European (and especially French) literary influences. In doing so, he and his collaborators effectively treated them, to use Gayatri Spivak’s terminology, as “native informants,” whose task was to recount and interpret their native traditions for the enjoyment and consumption of nonnative readerships.
{"title":"Ethnicity, Gender, and the Making of a Transnational Decadent Canon: Georges Hérelle’s Translations of Matilde Serao and Grazia Deledda","authors":"Elisa Segnini","doi":"10.1086/725401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725401","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the role of the French translator Georges Hérelle in the circulation of Italian works associated with decadence across languages and borders, exploring his intervention as cultural agent and gatekeeper. It examines in particular Hérelle’s relationship with Matilde Serao and Grazia Deledda, two women writers from the southern Italy, and discusses the key role this relationship played in shaping international understandings of their affiliations with decadence. A focus on translation reveals how Hérelle and other male French intellectuals encouraged Italian female writers to minimize their cosmopolitan ambitions and stick to local inspiration in their work. Hérelle felt entitled to select and adapt Serao’s and Deledda’s work for French readerships, promoting features that reinforced their association with territories (Naples and Sardinia) that French readers perceived as exotic and “savage,” rather than coeval with modern Western societies. He also relentlessly discouraged Deledda and Serao from experimenting with foreign languages and assimilating European (and especially French) literary influences. In doing so, he and his collaborators effectively treated them, to use Gayatri Spivak’s terminology, as “native informants,” whose task was to recount and interpret their native traditions for the enjoyment and consumption of nonnative readerships.","PeriodicalId":45201,"journal":{"name":"MODERN PHILOLOGY","volume":"121 1","pages":"32 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42821142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years criticism has started to pay serious attention to the international dimensions of decadence. This has involved an effort to explore how decadent forms and themes manifest themselves differently in different geographical contexts, but also to grasp decadence as a transnational movement and as an endeavor to think on a world scale. Regenia Gagnier, for instance, has linked decadence to processes of economic and cultural globalization, while Matthew Potolsky has seen a continuity between the international networking strategies used by Enlightenment intellectuals connected with the so-called Republic of Letters and those employed by decadent authors starting from the second half of the nineteenth century. The latest English-language histories of the movement and companions to decadence reflect this international orientation. Even in the midst of this cosmopolitan turn, however, the specific role and status of translation have been largely overlooked. This special issue ofModern Philology seeks to recover the importance of translation in the circulation of decadence across
近年来，批评开始认真关注颓废的国际层面。这包括探索颓废的形式和主题如何在不同的地理背景下不同地表现出来，以及将颓废作为一种跨国运动和一种世界范围内的思考努力。例如，雷吉亚·加尼耶(Regenia Gagnier)将颓废与经济和文化全球化进程联系起来，而马修·波托尔斯基(Matthew Potolsky)则看到了启蒙运动知识分子与所谓的“文学共和国”(Republic of Letters)相关的国际网络策略与19世纪下半叶开始的颓废作家所使用的策略之间的连续性。最新的英语历史运动和同伴的颓废反映了这种国际取向。然而，即使在这种世界主义的转向中，翻译的特殊作用和地位也在很大程度上被忽视了。这期《现代文献学》特刊试图恢复翻译在整个颓废文学流通中的重要性
{"title":"Introduction: Decadence and Translation","authors":"M. Creasy, S. Evangelista","doi":"10.1086/725794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725794","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years criticism has started to pay serious attention to the international dimensions of decadence. This has involved an effort to explore how decadent forms and themes manifest themselves differently in different geographical contexts, but also to grasp decadence as a transnational movement and as an endeavor to think on a world scale. Regenia Gagnier, for instance, has linked decadence to processes of economic and cultural globalization, while Matthew Potolsky has seen a continuity between the international networking strategies used by Enlightenment intellectuals connected with the so-called Republic of Letters and those employed by decadent authors starting from the second half of the nineteenth century. The latest English-language histories of the movement and companions to decadence reflect this international orientation. Even in the midst of this cosmopolitan turn, however, the specific role and status of translation have been largely overlooked. This special issue ofModern Philology seeks to recover the importance of translation in the circulation of decadence across","PeriodicalId":45201,"journal":{"name":"MODERN PHILOLOGY","volume":"121 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42908978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.32
Kait F Al, Laura Allen, Samantha Bedell, Jeremy P Burton, Barbra de Vrijer
Background: The microbiota acquired at birth is known to play an intimate role in later life health and disease and has been shown to be affected by the mode of birth. There has been recent interest in microbiota correction by maternal vaginal seeding in Cesarean section-born infants; however, the safety of this practice has been debated. The aim of this study was to assess how other factors, such as timing of sampling, maternal obesity, vaginal Group B Streptococcus colonization (GBS), and antibiotic exposure, affect the maternal and infant microbiota. Methods: Maternal vaginal and saliva samples were collected at three time periods: 35-37 weeks gestation (prenatal), within 24-36 hours after birth (birth), and at ~6 weeks postpartum. Infant saliva and stool samples were collected at ~6 weeks postpartum. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was utilized to assess the taxonomic and inferred functional compositions of the bacterial communities from both mothers and infants. Results: Samples from 36 mothers and 32 infants were obtained. Gestational age, breastfeeding, mode of birth, and gravidity were associated with taxonomic alterations in the infant samples, while obesity, antibiotic use, and GBS status were not. Maternal samples were predominantly affected by time, whereby significant alterations including increased microbial diversity were seen at birth and persisted to 6 weeks postpartum. Conclusion: This study provides information on the relationship between health and delivery factors and changes in vaginal and infant microbiota. These results may better direct clinicians and mothers in optimizing the infant microbiota towards health during infancy and later life.
{"title":"Assessing the impact of pregnancy and birth factors on the maternal and infant microbiota.","authors":"Kait F Al, Laura Allen, Samantha Bedell, Jeremy P Burton, Barbra de Vrijer","doi":"10.20517/mrr.2023.32","DOIUrl":"10.20517/mrr.2023.32","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The microbiota acquired at birth is known to play an intimate role in later life health and disease and has been shown to be affected by the mode of birth. There has been recent interest in microbiota correction by maternal vaginal seeding in Cesarean section-born infants; however, the safety of this practice has been debated. The aim of this study was to assess how other factors, such as timing of sampling, maternal obesity, vaginal Group B <i>Streptococcus</i> colonization (GBS), and antibiotic exposure, affect the maternal and infant microbiota. <b>Methods:</b> Maternal vaginal and saliva samples were collected at three time periods: 35-37 weeks gestation (prenatal), within 24-36 hours after birth (birth), and at ~6 weeks postpartum. Infant saliva and stool samples were collected at ~6 weeks postpartum. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was utilized to assess the taxonomic and inferred functional compositions of the bacterial communities from both mothers and infants. <b>Results:</b> Samples from 36 mothers and 32 infants were obtained. Gestational age, breastfeeding, mode of birth, and gravidity were associated with taxonomic alterations in the infant samples, while obesity, antibiotic use, and GBS status were not. Maternal samples were predominantly affected by time, whereby significant alterations including increased microbial diversity were seen at birth and persisted to 6 weeks postpartum. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study provides information on the relationship between health and delivery factors and changes in vaginal and infant microbiota. These results may better direct clinicians and mothers in optimizing the infant microbiota towards health during infancy and later life.</p>","PeriodicalId":45201,"journal":{"name":"MODERN PHILOLOGY","volume":"86 1","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10688794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82141420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Stranger Fictions: A History of the Novel in Arabic Translation","authors":"M. Booth","doi":"10.1086/726587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726587","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45201,"journal":{"name":"MODERN PHILOLOGY","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60731428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Writing the Mind: Social Cognition in Nineteenth-Century American Fiction","authors":"Kassie Jo Baron","doi":"10.1086/726591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726591","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45201,"journal":{"name":"MODERN PHILOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49133028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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