Pub Date : 2016-06-06DOI: 10.1558/JMEA.V29I1.31013
Dimitri Nakassis, M. Galaty, W. Parkinson
This collection of papers is the third and final installment in a series meant to update the archaeological study of Aegean Bronze Age economies based on current research in economic anthropology and new archaeological and textual data from Minoan and Mycenaean states. The first collection, titled ‘Redistribution in Aegean Palatial Societies’, was published in the American Journal of Archaeology in 2011 (volume 115.2). The second, titled ‘Crafts, Specialists, and Markets in Mycenaean Greece,’ was published in the American Journal of Archaeology in 2013 (volume 117.3). In these first two collections, we argued that studies of ‘redistribution’ in Aegean palatial societies, whether archaeological, textual, or both, fail to capture the totality of economic activity that must have occurred in Late Bronze Age states and largely ignore the social implications of such activity. Rather, in order to explain the regional distribution of artifacts, some form of ‘market’-based exchange must have occurred. In this introduction we suggest that systems of ‘reciprocity’ preceded and underpinned modes of redistribution and market exchange, and also served to integrate Bronze Age social structures.
{"title":"Reciprocity in Aegean Palatial Societies: Gifts, Debt, and the Foundations of Economic Exchange","authors":"Dimitri Nakassis, M. Galaty, W. Parkinson","doi":"10.1558/JMEA.V29I1.31013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JMEA.V29I1.31013","url":null,"abstract":"This collection of papers is the third and final installment in a series meant to update the archaeological study of Aegean Bronze Age economies based on current research in economic anthropology and new archaeological and textual data from Minoan and Mycenaean states. The first collection, titled ‘Redistribution in Aegean Palatial Societies’, was published in the American Journal of Archaeology in 2011 (volume 115.2). The second, titled ‘Crafts, Specialists, and Markets in Mycenaean Greece,’ was published in the American Journal of Archaeology in 2013 (volume 117.3). In these first two collections, we argued that studies of ‘redistribution’ in Aegean palatial societies, whether archaeological, textual, or both, fail to capture the totality of economic activity that must have occurred in Late Bronze Age states and largely ignore the social implications of such activity. Rather, in order to explain the regional distribution of artifacts, some form of ‘market’-based exchange must have occurred. In this introduction we suggest that systems of ‘reciprocity’ preceded and underpinned modes of redistribution and market exchange, and also served to integrate Bronze Age social structures.","PeriodicalId":45203,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology","volume":"117 1","pages":"61-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2016-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1558/JMEA.V29I1.31013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67566244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comments on Campana and Crabtree 'Communal Hunting in the Natufian of the Southern Levant: The Social and Economic Implications","authors":"P. Rowley-Conwy","doi":"10.1558/JMEA.V4I1.29872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JMEA.V4I1.29872","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45203,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology","volume":"98 1","pages":"121-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2016-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67567741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-01DOI: 10.1558/JMEA.V28I2.29532
Elizabeth A. Murphy
Building upon a long tradition of production organization models developed from the 1970s through the 1990s and incorporating approaches developed by economic anthropologists, this paper proposes a new theoretical framework for the archaeological study of Roman work activities that analyzes not only the way that economic activities were structured but also the sets of practices that accompany the execution of tasks. Working outside of materially-defined industry parameters, this theoretical discussion is developed through the investigation of several case studies of transformative production processes in the Roman world (e.g., potting, textile working, and baking), in which similar customs can be observed that are employed across industry lines. Obviously, in any given society there are numerous ways by which to conduct business activities, and it is argued here that, by observing patterning in the arrangement of labor, movement of raw materials, and locations of production, we can begin to garner insight into broader cultural approaches to economic decision-making as embedded in larger social institutions.
{"title":"Socially Embedded Work Practices and Production Organization in the Roman Mediterranean: Beyond Industry Lines","authors":"Elizabeth A. Murphy","doi":"10.1558/JMEA.V28I2.29532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JMEA.V28I2.29532","url":null,"abstract":"Building upon a long tradition of production organization models developed from the 1970s through the 1990s and incorporating approaches developed by economic anthropologists, this paper proposes a new theoretical framework for the archaeological study of Roman work activities that analyzes not only the way that economic activities were structured but also the sets of practices that accompany the execution of tasks. Working outside of materially-defined industry parameters, this theoretical discussion is developed through the investigation of several case studies of transformative production processes in the Roman world (e.g., potting, textile working, and baking), in which similar customs can be observed that are employed across industry lines. Obviously, in any given society there are numerous ways by which to conduct business activities, and it is argued here that, by observing patterning in the arrangement of labor, movement of raw materials, and locations of production, we can begin to garner insight into broader cultural approaches to economic decision-making as embedded in larger social institutions.","PeriodicalId":45203,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology","volume":"28 1","pages":"221-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1558/JMEA.V28I2.29532","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67565328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-01DOI: 10.1558/JMEA.V28I2.29530
D. Ilan, Y. Rowan
Cave deposits represent a special category of archaeological context that invokes its own set of research questions. The interpretation of these deposits, however, is often based on unfounded assumptions. The idea of ‘cave men’ utilizing caves as domestic space persists to this day, both in the public imagination and in archaeological interpretation. But a cave is not generally a good place to live; the adoption of caves as living space occurs in times of emergency and is short-lived. Yet caves were commonly used for human burial and as the locus of ritual activity. This is strikingly true for the Chalcolithic period (ca. 4500–3600 BC) in the southern Levant. But the idea that people frequently lived in caves in the Chalcolithic persists, bolstered by the presence of quotidian objects excavated in cave contexts. In this study, we focus on Chalcolithic deposits in the caves of the Judean Desert, and suggest that many of them were the loci of mortuary interment and its associated ritual practice. We suggest further that the ‘Ein Gedi sanctuary and the Nahal Mishmar hoard are both associated with the mortuary complex of the Judean Desert.
洞穴沉积物代表了一种特殊的考古背景，它唤起了自己的一套研究问题。然而，对这些矿床的解释往往是基于毫无根据的假设。“穴居人”利用洞穴作为居住空间的想法一直持续到今天，无论是在公众的想象中还是在考古解释中。但洞穴通常不是一个生活的好地方;在紧急情况下，采用洞穴作为生活空间是短暂的。然而，洞穴通常用于人类埋葬和作为仪式活动的场所。在黎凡特南部的铜石器时代(约公元前4500-3600年)，这一点尤为明显。但是，人们在铜器时代经常生活在洞穴里的想法仍然存在，在洞穴环境中出土的日常物品的存在支持了这一观点。在这项研究中，我们将重点放在朱迪亚沙漠洞穴中的铜石器沉积物上，并提出其中许多是殡葬及其相关仪式实践的地点。我们进一步认为，' Ein Gedi圣所和Nahal Mishmar窖藏都与朱迪亚沙漠的陵寝建筑群有关。
{"title":"The Judean Desert as a Chalcolithic Necropolis","authors":"D. Ilan, Y. Rowan","doi":"10.1558/JMEA.V28I2.29530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JMEA.V28I2.29530","url":null,"abstract":"Cave deposits represent a special category of archaeological context that invokes its own set of research questions. The interpretation of these deposits, however, is often based on unfounded assumptions. The idea of ‘cave men’ utilizing caves as domestic space persists to this day, both in the public imagination and in archaeological interpretation. But a cave is not generally a good place to live; the adoption of caves as living space occurs in times of emergency and is short-lived. Yet caves were commonly used for human burial and as the locus of ritual activity. This is strikingly true for the Chalcolithic period (ca. 4500–3600 BC) in the southern Levant. But the idea that people frequently lived in caves in the Chalcolithic persists, bolstered by the presence of quotidian objects excavated in cave contexts. In this study, we focus on Chalcolithic deposits in the caves of the Judean Desert, and suggest that many of them were the loci of mortuary interment and its associated ritual practice. We suggest further that the ‘Ein Gedi sanctuary and the Nahal Mishmar hoard are both associated with the mortuary complex of the Judean Desert.","PeriodicalId":45203,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology","volume":"17 1","pages":"171-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1558/JMEA.V28I2.29530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67565643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-01DOI: 10.1558/JMEA.V28I2.29533
R. Osborne
University museums currently play a small part in the research of Mediterranean archaeologists. One major reason for this is that Mediterranean archaeology has become overwhelmingly concerned with understanding objects in the context in which they were found. Museums re-contextualise objects. In this paper I argue that, far from this being a problem, it is an opportunity—an opportunity to escape from the tyranny of the last resting place, of only understanding where objects ended their ancient social lives, and to uncover what artefacts did in their working lives. After a discussion of some extreme means of re-contextualising, two case studies are explored where the idiosyncrasies of university museum collections (the presence of replicas and the random selection of artefacts) are exploited to show how fundamental issues in Mediterranean archaeology can be pursued through such collections. In the first case the juxtaposition of plaster casts of three statues ascribed to the same sculptor or workshop is made to yield a distinctive approach to understanding interactions between gods and men that offers insight into Greek theological assumptions. In the second a peculiarly shaped field for decoration on particular Athenian pots is shown to encourage reflection on a particular aspect of human inter-relations and to have implications not simply for the way pots exercise agency and for the attitudes of painters, but for interpersonal relations in the Mediterranean societies that consumed such pottery.
{"title":"De-contextualising and Re-contextualising: Why Mediterranean Archaeology Needs to Get out of the Trench and Back into the Museum","authors":"R. Osborne","doi":"10.1558/JMEA.V28I2.29533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JMEA.V28I2.29533","url":null,"abstract":"University museums currently play a small part in the research of Mediterranean archaeologists. One major reason for this is that Mediterranean archaeology has become overwhelmingly concerned with understanding objects in the context in which they were found. Museums re-contextualise objects. In this paper I argue that, far from this being a problem, it is an opportunity—an opportunity to escape from the tyranny of the last resting place, of only understanding where objects ended their ancient social lives, and to uncover what artefacts did in their working lives. After a discussion of some extreme means of re-contextualising, two case studies are explored where the idiosyncrasies of university museum collections (the presence of replicas and the random selection of artefacts) are exploited to show how fundamental issues in Mediterranean archaeology can be pursued through such collections. In the first case the juxtaposition of plaster casts of three statues ascribed to the same sculptor or workshop is made to yield a distinctive approach to understanding interactions between gods and men that offers insight into Greek theological assumptions. In the second a peculiarly shaped field for decoration on particular Athenian pots is shown to encourage reflection on a particular aspect of human inter-relations and to have implications not simply for the way pots exercise agency and for the attitudes of painters, but for interpersonal relations in the Mediterranean societies that consumed such pottery.","PeriodicalId":45203,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology","volume":"28 1","pages":"241-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1558/JMEA.V28I2.29533","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67565425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Responses to Critical Reviews of Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization. Volume 1: The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 1785-1985","authors":"M. Bernal","doi":"10.1558/JMEA.V3I1.29838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JMEA.V3I1.29838","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45203,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology","volume":"3 1","pages":"111-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2016-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67566663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Small's attempt (JMA this issue) to explain the appearance, at major centers in the late Minoan-Mycenaean world, of dark-surfaced, handmade, and burnished vessels as a response to economic stress by native Aegean smallholders is reviewed. With the possible exception of the terminal Mycenaean material from Kalapodi in Phocis, Small's hypothesis fails to explain the ceramic data presently known: the novel pottery in question is distinguished not merely by its technology but also by a typology of shape and decoration which Small has ignored because he mistakenly considers it more or less universal in the context of a household mode of production. A brief review of such issues as this handmade pottery's distribution, frequency, impact on native Aegean wheelmade wares, and function(s) within the Minoan-Mycenaean world leads to the conclusion that past evaluations of the origins and significance of this material have probably been unduly oversimplified. Future progress on addressing these and related questions is dependent on fuller publication of this fundamentally non-Aegean pottery in the Minoan and Aegean contexts in which it has been found.
David Small试图解释在米诺斯-迈锡尼世界晚期的主要中心出现的深色表面，手工制作和抛光的容器，作为对当地爱琴海小农经济压力的回应。可能除了来自福基斯卡拉波迪的迈锡尼晚期材料之外，斯莫尔的假设未能解释目前已知的陶瓷数据:所讨论的新型陶器不仅以其技术而闻名，而且还以其形状和装饰的类型而闻名，斯莫尔忽略了这一点，因为他错误地认为它或多或少在家庭生产方式的背景下是普遍的。对这种手工陶器的分布、使用频率、对爱琴海本土轮制陶器的影响以及在米诺斯-迈锡尼世界中的作用等问题进行简要回顾，就会得出这样的结论:过去对这种材料的起源和意义的评估可能过于简单化了。解决这些问题和相关问题的未来进展取决于在米诺斯和爱琴海环境中发现的这种基本非爱琴海陶器的更全面的出版。
{"title":"Some Comments on Interpreting the Dark-Surfaced Handmade Burnished Pottery of the 13th and 12th Century BCE Aegean","authors":"J. Rutter","doi":"10.1558/JMEA.V3I1.29836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JMEA.V3I1.29836","url":null,"abstract":"David Small's attempt (JMA this issue) to explain the appearance, at major centers in the late Minoan-Mycenaean world, of dark-surfaced, handmade, and burnished vessels as a response to economic stress by native Aegean smallholders is reviewed. With the possible exception of the terminal Mycenaean material from Kalapodi in Phocis, Small's hypothesis fails to explain the ceramic data presently known: the novel pottery in question is distinguished not merely by its technology but also by a typology of shape and decoration which Small has ignored because he mistakenly considers it more or less universal in the context of a household mode of production. \u0000A brief review of such issues as this handmade pottery's distribution, frequency, impact on native Aegean wheelmade wares, and function(s) within the Minoan-Mycenaean world leads to the conclusion that past evaluations of the origins and significance of this material have probably been unduly oversimplified. Future progress on addressing these and related questions is dependent on fuller publication of this fundamentally non-Aegean pottery in the Minoan and Aegean contexts in which it has been found.","PeriodicalId":45203,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology","volume":"3 1","pages":"29-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2016-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67566554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Greece and the Levant","authors":"Sarah P. Morris","doi":"10.1558/JMEA.V3I1.29839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JMEA.V3I1.29839","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45203,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology","volume":"3 1","pages":"57-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2016-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1558/JMEA.V3I1.29839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67567165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bernal's stated scholarly purpose is to open up new areas of research. He implicitly asks archaeologists to question whether what has been assigned as Greek is in fact Greek. This may indeed open up new areas in Near Eastern archaeology, as illustrated by the case of Al Mina. Bernal's basic thesis is that the Aryan model of Greek development had anti-Semetic underpinnings which denied the Phoneticians any role. However, other factors which Bernal ignores also contributed to the scholarly demise of the Phoneticians: (1) 'Hyphenization' such as the one Bernal himself uses, 'Egypto-Phonetician'; (2) the 'Bibliocentric' nature of much Near Eastern archaeology and the related lack of excavated material through which the role of the Phoneticians could be assessed; (3) religious anti-Phoenicianism. Finally, observations are made about the political implications of the book.
{"title":"Black Athena and the Phoenicians","authors":"P. Bikai","doi":"10.1558/jmea.v3i1.29840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v3i1.29840","url":null,"abstract":"Bernal's stated scholarly purpose is to open up new areas of research. He implicitly asks archaeologists to question whether what has been assigned as Greek is in fact Greek. This may indeed open up new areas in Near Eastern archaeology, as illustrated by the case of Al Mina. Bernal's basic thesis is that the Aryan model of Greek development had anti-Semetic underpinnings which denied the Phoneticians any role. However, other factors which Bernal ignores also contributed to the scholarly demise of the Phoneticians: (1) 'Hyphenization' such as the one Bernal himself uses, 'Egypto-Phonetician'; (2) the 'Bibliocentric' nature of much Near Eastern archaeology and the related lack of excavated material through which the role of the Phoneticians could be assessed; (3) religious anti-Phoenicianism. Finally, observations are made about the political implications of the book.","PeriodicalId":45203,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology","volume":"3 1","pages":"67-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2016-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1558/jmea.v3i1.29840","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67566807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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