Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2024.a922051
Nicole Lee Schroeder
Abstract: In the early 1800s, cities across the Atlantic world launched welfare reforms designed to curtail excessive spending. Cities like Philadelphia opened numerous investigations into the rise of poverty and local governments ushered in new practices that depended heavily on institutions like hospitals, prisons, and boarding schools. This article considers the rhetoric used by early Philadelphia reformers to defend reform practices. Relying on hundreds of pension applications, I compare descriptions of the poor offered by government officials with actual pension records. I argue that these reforms evidence a shifting of historic protections for disabled persons, and a refusal on behalf of government officials to acknowledge the rise of a disabled minority in the United States. Changes to the poor laws barred disabled populations from securing home-based care resources, and posed institutionalization as the sole solution to rising poverty rates.
{"title":"“An Emporium of Beggars,” Medical Rhetoric, Disability, and Philadelphia’s Early Nationalist Welfare Crises","authors":"Nicole Lee Schroeder","doi":"10.1353/jer.2024.a922051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2024.a922051","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In the early 1800s, cities across the Atlantic world launched welfare reforms designed to curtail excessive spending. Cities like Philadelphia opened numerous investigations into the rise of poverty and local governments ushered in new practices that depended heavily on institutions like hospitals, prisons, and boarding schools. This article considers the rhetoric used by early Philadelphia reformers to defend reform practices. Relying on hundreds of pension applications, I compare descriptions of the poor offered by government officials with actual pension records. I argue that these reforms evidence a shifting of historic protections for disabled persons, and a refusal on behalf of government officials to acknowledge the rise of a disabled minority in the United States. Changes to the poor laws barred disabled populations from securing home-based care resources, and posed institutionalization as the sole solution to rising poverty rates.","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140088714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915182
Alaina E. Roberts
{"title":"Happy Dreams of Liberty: An American Family in Slavery and Freedom by R. Isabela Morales (review)","authors":"Alaina E. Roberts","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915182","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139019359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915161
David Martínez
Abstract:During the first century of American Indian intellectual history, two points of view developed to define this unique community. First, as Indigenous people, each writer represented was concerned about a particular nation, usually their own, e.g. Boudinot and the Cherokee, Apess and the Marshpee. Moreover, they wanted the whites to see their faces, as Cherokee or Marshpee, as opposed to merely "Indians," which were despised in the white imagination. Secondly, as Indigenous Christians, some, like Copway, were ministers, they evoked their version of the Brotherhood of Man idea as a way of getting whites to see Indigenous people as fellow human beings and as rightful citizens of the U.S. In the end, as Vine Deloria J.r once stated stated publicly: "All we've ever wanted from Christians is for them to behave like Christians."
{"title":"A City Upon Stolen Land: Westward Expansion, Indigenous Intellectuals, and the Origin of Resistance","authors":"David Martínez","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915161","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:During the first century of American Indian intellectual history, two points of view developed to define this unique community. First, as Indigenous people, each writer represented was concerned about a particular nation, usually their own, e.g. Boudinot and the Cherokee, Apess and the Marshpee. Moreover, they wanted the whites to see their faces, as Cherokee or Marshpee, as opposed to merely \"Indians,\" which were despised in the white imagination. Secondly, as Indigenous Christians, some, like Copway, were ministers, they evoked their version of the Brotherhood of Man idea as a way of getting whites to see Indigenous people as fellow human beings and as rightful citizens of the U.S. In the end, as Vine Deloria J.r once stated stated publicly: \"All we've ever wanted from Christians is for them to behave like Christians.\"","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139012991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915172
Chernoh M. Sesay
{"title":"Thirteen Clocks: How Race United the Colonies and Made the Declaration of Independence by Robert G. Parkinson (review)","authors":"Chernoh M. Sesay","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915172","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139022149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915170
Erika Pérez
Abstract:This article examines California Spanish-Mexican and Indigenous women’s counternarratives and critiques of U.S. geopolitical conquest in the former Catholic Spanish and Mexican northwest. California women’s testimonios (oral accounts) and written observations in the nineteenth century repudiated the notion that the West under Spanish and Mexican rule had not already undergone imperial projects of cultural civilization and political progress. They questioned the validity of Anglo assertions of cultural superiority, honor, and progress. While their testimonies reveal parallels between Anglo and Spanish-Mexican aims in colonizing California, these women offer unique perspectives of geopolitical conquest in the age of Manifest Destiny and U.S. imperialism. Furthermore, their accounts directly challenge Anglo American women’s hagiographies of U.S. military men’s exploits in California.
{"title":"Voices from California: Spanish–Mexican and Indigenous Women’s Interventions on Empire and Manifest Destiny","authors":"Erika Pérez","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915170","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines California Spanish-Mexican and Indigenous women’s counternarratives and critiques of U.S. geopolitical conquest in the former Catholic Spanish and Mexican northwest. California women’s testimonios (oral accounts) and written observations in the nineteenth century repudiated the notion that the West under Spanish and Mexican rule had not already undergone imperial projects of cultural civilization and political progress. They questioned the validity of Anglo assertions of cultural superiority, honor, and progress. While their testimonies reveal parallels between Anglo and Spanish-Mexican aims in colonizing California, these women offer unique perspectives of geopolitical conquest in the age of Manifest Destiny and U.S. imperialism. Furthermore, their accounts directly challenge Anglo American women’s hagiographies of U.S. military men’s exploits in California.","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139016001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915168
Jeffery R. Appelhans
Abstract:This article responds to the provocation: what happens if we put minority traditions of thought and ideology—in this case, more specifically Catholics—into the narrative of early America? This article hints at the alternative to our textbooks and lectures: a strange and unexpected inclusion of early American Catholics during a kind of golden era initiated by imperial conflict in the early 1770s which ran to the 1840s. As historians revise broad histories of exclusion and marginalization in early American civil and intellectual life, it points to a Catholic counterpoint—and Catholic ascendence—one that was extant before the Revolution and extended deep into the antebellum era.
{"title":"Something New Under the Sun: The Catholic Counterpoint in Early America","authors":"Jeffery R. Appelhans","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915168","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article responds to the provocation: what happens if we put minority traditions of thought and ideology—in this case, more specifically Catholics—into the narrative of early America? This article hints at the alternative to our textbooks and lectures: a strange and unexpected inclusion of early American Catholics during a kind of golden era initiated by imperial conflict in the early 1770s which ran to the 1840s. As historians revise broad histories of exclusion and marginalization in early American civil and intellectual life, it points to a Catholic counterpoint—and Catholic ascendence—one that was extant before the Revolution and extended deep into the antebellum era.","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139017102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915191
Joshua A. Lynn
{"title":"The Papers of Andrew Jackson: Volume XI, 1833 ed. by Daniel Feller, Laura-Eve Moss and Thomas Coens (review)","authors":"Joshua A. Lynn","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139019413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915166
Richard Newman
Abstract:This essay examines the broad impact of African American thought leadership on early American intellectual history. Though marginalized in many mainstream histories of American intellectual life–which often focus on the emergence of Black philosophers and Black professional historians later in the 19th century -- early national Black thinkers helped shape public understanding of critical ideas in American society and politics, including the meaning of citizenship and civil rights, emancipation and equality, and racial justice. African Americans also influenced public discourses on other key topics in American intellectual life, including the nature of human dignity and spiritual redemption in the Second Great Awakening, the meaning of Romanticism and Transcendentalism in American reform culture, and the authority of science and technology in antebellum society. Using the concept of thought leadership as a framing device to understand the power and impact of early Black ideas, I follow recent trends in the field of African American intellectual history that focus on that way that African American men and women became public authorities on key ideas and issues in American culture between the American Revolution and Civil War. Though they did not often occupy positions of educational, institutional, or legal power (the main provinces of intellectual leadership), Black thought leaders had a significant impact on early American intellectual history.
{"title":"Early Black Thought Leaders and the Reframing of American Intellectual History","authors":"Richard Newman","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915166","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay examines the broad impact of African American thought leadership on early American intellectual history. Though marginalized in many mainstream histories of American intellectual life–which often focus on the emergence of Black philosophers and Black professional historians later in the 19th century -- early national Black thinkers helped shape public understanding of critical ideas in American society and politics, including the meaning of citizenship and civil rights, emancipation and equality, and racial justice. African Americans also influenced public discourses on other key topics in American intellectual life, including the nature of human dignity and spiritual redemption in the Second Great Awakening, the meaning of Romanticism and Transcendentalism in American reform culture, and the authority of science and technology in antebellum society. Using the concept of thought leadership as a framing device to understand the power and impact of early Black ideas, I follow recent trends in the field of African American intellectual history that focus on that way that African American men and women became public authorities on key ideas and issues in American culture between the American Revolution and Civil War. Though they did not often occupy positions of educational, institutional, or legal power (the main provinces of intellectual leadership), Black thought leaders had a significant impact on early American intellectual history.","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139014903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915158
A. Kittelstrom
Abstract:This essay introduces the five articles of this issue’s special forum on American intellectual history in the early republic. Including other recent works in the field, the essay evaluates how current scholarship diverges from or corrects the conventional narrative that has centered elite Anglo-Protestant intellectuals from the beginning of the discipline until recently. Defining terms including “America” and “intellectual” is crucial to understanding the various contributions and how they collectively turn away from American exceptionalism, a progressive view of American history, the notion of a collective American mind, and the acceptance of intellectual authority or elite status as indicative of historical value. Indigenous, African American, Catholic, Mexican-American, and Californiana voices reveal American thinkers who were skeptical of Anglo-Protestant premises, had perspectives worth considering, and made contributions to the history of American thought even while historians ignored them. The current generation of scholarship in American intellectual history marks a major revision of the last great disciplinary revision of the field after the rise of the new social history. Yet despite this promise, the institutional deterioration of higher education in the United States imperils the field.
{"title":"Introduction: The Life of the Mind in the Early Republic","authors":"A. Kittelstrom","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915158","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay introduces the five articles of this issue’s special forum on American intellectual history in the early republic. Including other recent works in the field, the essay evaluates how current scholarship diverges from or corrects the conventional narrative that has centered elite Anglo-Protestant intellectuals from the beginning of the discipline until recently. Defining terms including “America” and “intellectual” is crucial to understanding the various contributions and how they collectively turn away from American exceptionalism, a progressive view of American history, the notion of a collective American mind, and the acceptance of intellectual authority or elite status as indicative of historical value. Indigenous, African American, Catholic, Mexican-American, and Californiana voices reveal American thinkers who were skeptical of Anglo-Protestant premises, had perspectives worth considering, and made contributions to the history of American thought even while historians ignored them. The current generation of scholarship in American intellectual history marks a major revision of the last great disciplinary revision of the field after the rise of the new social history. Yet despite this promise, the institutional deterioration of higher education in the United States imperils the field.","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139019475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915180
Jacob C. Jurss
{"title":"The Contagion of Liberty: The Politics of Smallpox in the American Revolution by Andrew Wehrman (review)","authors":"Jacob C. Jurss","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915180","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138989170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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