Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915192
{"title":"Index—Volume 43, 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915192","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":"309 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138989732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915153
Yoav Hamdani
Abstract:This article illuminates a lesser-explored aspect of the United States as a “slaveholding republic.” Between 1816–1861, the U.S. Army relied on thousands of enslaved persons who served as officers' servants. In 1816, Congress authorized allowances, rations, and bonuses for officers' private servants while putting an end to the practice of soldiers serving as servants. This legislative move effectively subsidized and incentivized military slaveholding. The paper delves into the political circumstances and legislative maneuvers that led Congress to institutionalize military slavery, establishing mechanisms to sustain, fund, and expand the number of enslaved servants. Military slavery developed gradually with the foundation, bureaucratization, and professionalization of an American military peace establishment. It evolved from 1797 to 1816 through competing policy objectives, resulting in a long-lasting bureaucratic workaround euphemistically termed "servants not soldiers." Facing public criticism over officers’ abuse of soldiers’ labor, the army “outsourced” officers’ servants through a dual process of privatization and racialization, differentiating between “public” and “private” service, between free, white soldiers and enslaved, black servants. Though serving slaveholders’ interests, the adopted solution was a product of bureaucratic contingencies and ad-hoc decision-making and not a policy orchestrated by a cabal of enslavers. Interestingly, a basic question of reimbursement led somewhere unanticipated, ending in government-sponsored enslaved servitude. Acknowledging this contingency does not excuse the actions but underscores how slavery was often "solved" through institutional accommodation rather than political or moral opposition. Thus, slavery directly impacted the U.S. Army, a central national institution, altering the military system at its pivotal, formative moments.
{"title":"“Servants not Soldiers”: The Origins of Slavery in the United States Army, 1797–1816","authors":"Yoav Hamdani","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915153","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article illuminates a lesser-explored aspect of the United States as a “slaveholding republic.” Between 1816–1861, the U.S. Army relied on thousands of enslaved persons who served as officers' servants. In 1816, Congress authorized allowances, rations, and bonuses for officers' private servants while putting an end to the practice of soldiers serving as servants. This legislative move effectively subsidized and incentivized military slaveholding. The paper delves into the political circumstances and legislative maneuvers that led Congress to institutionalize military slavery, establishing mechanisms to sustain, fund, and expand the number of enslaved servants. Military slavery developed gradually with the foundation, bureaucratization, and professionalization of an American military peace establishment. It evolved from 1797 to 1816 through competing policy objectives, resulting in a long-lasting bureaucratic workaround euphemistically termed \"servants not soldiers.\" Facing public criticism over officers’ abuse of soldiers’ labor, the army “outsourced” officers’ servants through a dual process of privatization and racialization, differentiating between “public” and “private” service, between free, white soldiers and enslaved, black servants. Though serving slaveholders’ interests, the adopted solution was a product of bureaucratic contingencies and ad-hoc decision-making and not a policy orchestrated by a cabal of enslavers. Interestingly, a basic question of reimbursement led somewhere unanticipated, ending in government-sponsored enslaved servitude. Acknowledging this contingency does not excuse the actions but underscores how slavery was often \"solved\" through institutional accommodation rather than political or moral opposition. Thus, slavery directly impacted the U.S. Army, a central national institution, altering the military system at its pivotal, formative moments.","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":"241 ","pages":"537 - 568"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138991503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915187
Patrick Browne
{"title":"The Religion-Supported State: Piety and Politics in Early National New England by Nathan S. Rives (review)","authors":"Patrick Browne","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915187","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":"515 ","pages":"688 - 691"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139013456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915189
Beth Barton Schweiger
This study examines how people read, wrote, and imagined American cities from the earliest decades of the republic. Focusing on works of fiction produced or set in Philadelphia, Boston, and New York, it argues that fiction enabled readers to rehearse urbanity at a time when British culture continued to dominate the former colonies. Klimasmith rereads novels, plays, letters
{"title":"Urban Rehearsals and Novel Plots in the Early American City by Betsy Klimasmith (review)","authors":"Beth Barton Schweiger","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915189","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines how people read, wrote, and imagined American cities from the earliest decades of the republic. Focusing on works of fiction produced or set in Philadelphia, Boston, and New York, it argues that fiction enabled readers to rehearse urbanity at a time when British culture continued to dominate the former colonies. Klimasmith rereads novels, plays, letters","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":"121 ","pages":"694 - 696"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139024295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915156
Tim Lockley
Abstract: The West India Regiments, men of African descent embodied into regular regiments of the British Army, played a hitherto unheralded role in the War of 1812. Knowledge of the military prowess of these regiments was widespread in the US in the early nineteenth century, and the British exploited this, mixed with a large amount of rumour and speculation as a terror tactic during the war. The West India Regiments were used as recruiters in the Chesapeake in 1814, and on active campaigns against New Orleans and Georgia in 1815. They were directly and indirectly responsible for the escape of thousands of enslaved people from slave states to British forces and even forced some US commentators to contemplate the recruitment of their own enslaved soldiers as a counterweight. While their military contribution to the war ended up being small, the psychological importance of regiments of black men within easy reach of the southern states lingered long after peace had been agreed.
{"title":"The West India Regiments and the War of 1812","authors":"Tim Lockley","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915156","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The West India Regiments, men of African descent embodied into regular regiments of the British Army, played a hitherto unheralded role in the War of 1812. Knowledge of the military prowess of these regiments was widespread in the US in the early nineteenth century, and the British exploited this, mixed with a large amount of rumour and speculation as a terror tactic during the war. The West India Regiments were used as recruiters in the Chesapeake in 1814, and on active campaigns against New Orleans and Georgia in 1815. They were directly and indirectly responsible for the escape of thousands of enslaved people from slave states to British forces and even forced some US commentators to contemplate the recruitment of their own enslaved soldiers as a counterweight. While their military contribution to the war ended up being small, the psychological importance of regiments of black men within easy reach of the southern states lingered long after peace had been agreed.","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":"123 1","pages":"569 - 592"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138986445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915175
James L. Hill
{"title":"East Florida in the Revolutionary Era: 1763–1785 by George Kotlik (review)","authors":"James L. Hill","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915175","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":"1471 ","pages":"671 - 674"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139019329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915188
Lucien J. Frary
{"title":"Russian Colonization of Alaska: Baranov’s Era, 1799–1818 by Andrei V. Grinev (review)","authors":"Lucien J. Frary","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915188","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":"1106 1","pages":"691 - 693"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139019361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a915190
Lucas Dietrich
{"title":"Publishing Plates: Stereotyping and Electrotyping in Nineteenth-Century US Print Culture by Jeffrey M. Makala (review)","authors":"Lucas Dietrich","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a915190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915190","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":"59 3","pages":"696 - 699"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139025353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-26DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a905104
Anders Bright
all. Slavery itself, and not Blackness, they insisted, had conferred immunity on enslaved people. There is much to admire about Olivarius’s book. She shows how a circle of acclimated white male politicians timed elections to coincide with the yellow fever season, ensuring that a larger percentage of voters would be acclimated themselves (and thus would have little interest in using public funds to control the disease). She demonstrates the ways elites took advantage of a deadly disease to maintain a strict social stratification among acclimated whites, unacclimated whites, and nonwhites. A somewhat puzzling omission in this other wise elegant book is the lack of explanation or analy sis of the images in its pages; attention to these images would have added to the richness of the book. That aside, Necropolis is an excellent addition to the lit er a ture on disease, politics, and power, and makes impor tant contributions to each of these areas.
{"title":"Replanting a Slave Society: The Sugar and Cotton Revolutions in the Lower Mississippi Valley by Patrick Luck (review)","authors":"Anders Bright","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a905104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a905104","url":null,"abstract":"all. Slavery itself, and not Blackness, they insisted, had conferred immunity on enslaved people. There is much to admire about Olivarius’s book. She shows how a circle of acclimated white male politicians timed elections to coincide with the yellow fever season, ensuring that a larger percentage of voters would be acclimated themselves (and thus would have little interest in using public funds to control the disease). She demonstrates the ways elites took advantage of a deadly disease to maintain a strict social stratification among acclimated whites, unacclimated whites, and nonwhites. A somewhat puzzling omission in this other wise elegant book is the lack of explanation or analy sis of the images in its pages; attention to these images would have added to the richness of the book. That aside, Necropolis is an excellent addition to the lit er a ture on disease, politics, and power, and makes impor tant contributions to each of these areas.","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":"43 1","pages":"508 - 511"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48550173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-26DOI: 10.1353/jer.2023.a905103
Katherine D. Johnston
tocratic.” None of these conclusions are accurate, but de Tocqueville was wedded to them despite his empirical observations to the contrary. In his political career, he demonstrated the same naiveté concerning the practice of politics. An excellent theorist, one would surmise, would be able to apply those ideas to the building of political co ali tions around much needed reforms. Unfortunately, just as his Democracy in Amer i ca and theoretical work missed the dirty work of politics in the details, so de Tocqueville was unable to work the room in France’s national legislature or make much of an impact on the Second Republic’s constitution or in his brief stint as foreign minister. Despite his legal training and early work in the courts, de Tocqueville also seems to have not fully appreciated the English legal inheritance for Amer i ca’s national experiment, nor the defects in the federal system. He was committed to his dying day to the need to avoid centralization in order to preserve local traditions. With French democracy having succumbed to Bonapartism for the second time, the U.S. on the verge of civil conflict, and 1848 a lost cause, he might well have wondered whether he had made any contribution at all. He should not have worried about that. Though Zunz could have done more to show de Tocqueville’s lasting legacy in the social sciences, political theory, as a key primary source on Jacksonian democracy, and as an analyst of the origins of the French Revolution, this biography stands as a testament to a remarkable thinker and observer of a critical period in both French and American history.
{"title":"Necropolis: Disease, Power, and Capitalism in the Cotton Kingdom by Kathryn Olivarius (review)","authors":"Katherine D. Johnston","doi":"10.1353/jer.2023.a905103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a905103","url":null,"abstract":"tocratic.” None of these conclusions are accurate, but de Tocqueville was wedded to them despite his empirical observations to the contrary. In his political career, he demonstrated the same naiveté concerning the practice of politics. An excellent theorist, one would surmise, would be able to apply those ideas to the building of political co ali tions around much needed reforms. Unfortunately, just as his Democracy in Amer i ca and theoretical work missed the dirty work of politics in the details, so de Tocqueville was unable to work the room in France’s national legislature or make much of an impact on the Second Republic’s constitution or in his brief stint as foreign minister. Despite his legal training and early work in the courts, de Tocqueville also seems to have not fully appreciated the English legal inheritance for Amer i ca’s national experiment, nor the defects in the federal system. He was committed to his dying day to the need to avoid centralization in order to preserve local traditions. With French democracy having succumbed to Bonapartism for the second time, the U.S. on the verge of civil conflict, and 1848 a lost cause, he might well have wondered whether he had made any contribution at all. He should not have worried about that. Though Zunz could have done more to show de Tocqueville’s lasting legacy in the social sciences, political theory, as a key primary source on Jacksonian democracy, and as an analyst of the origins of the French Revolution, this biography stands as a testament to a remarkable thinker and observer of a critical period in both French and American history.","PeriodicalId":45213,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC","volume":"43 1","pages":"505 - 508"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41863168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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