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Correcting Life through the Marketplace? Genome Editing and the Commercialization of Academic Research in South Korea 通过市场来纠正生活?基因组编辑与韩国学术研究的商业化
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.1944533
Doogab Yi
Abstract This article follows the scientific and entrepreneurial career of one of the most prominent genetic engineers, Jin-Soo Kim, in order to analyze the fate of a vision of biotechnology in South Korea, in which academy, government, and industry came together to “correct” Korean academic and economic life. I show how the scientific and the economic were intertwined in Kim’s entrepreneurial lives, and so were the public and the private, commerce and law and virtue. As the founder of Toolgen, a biotech company specializing in genome editing, Kim built his career as a pioneer in biotech venture from the late 1990s, at a time when the Korean government tried to find certain opportunities in biotechnology amid the Asian financial crisis. I situate Kim’s early career as a CEO of Toolgen and his return to an academic post at Seoul National University (SNU) within the rise of biotechnology entrepreneurship and the institutionalization of academic patenting in South Korea as an alternative to catch-up industrial and innovation policy that would free the country from the dependence that its own lack of science and technological innovation imposed on it. By 2005, as I show, Kim had emerged as an exemplary entrepreneurial scientist at SNU, a role model for reforming an old, tradition-bound research university into an entrepreneurial university, thereby helping to transform South Korea’s industrial economy into a knowledge economy in an age of globalization. The fate of Toolgen and the scientific career of Kim, however, reflected the emergence of biotechnology entrepreneurship not only of perceived opportunity but of considerable resentments. I will end this paper with a brief discussion of a recent controversy over the ownership of his invention of the CRISPR technology at SNU. His story is thus a vista of the new ideas and sentiments of the 21st century global biotechnology manifested in South Korea.
本文以韩国最杰出的基因工程师之一金振洙(Jin-Soo Kim)的科学和创业生涯为主线,分析了学术界、政府和产业界共同“纠正”韩国学术和经济生活的生物技术愿景在韩国的命运。我展示了科学和经济是如何在金的企业家生活中交织在一起的,公共和私人、商业、法律和美德也是如此。他是专门从事基因编辑的生物技术企业“Toolgen”的创始人,从20世纪90年代末开始,在外汇危机中,韩国政府试图寻找生物技术领域的机会,他成为了生物技术风险投资的先驱。我认为,金基勋早期担任Toolgen首席执行官以及重返首尔国立大学(Seoul National University)担任学术职位,与韩国生物技术创业的兴起和学术专利的制度化有关,这是追赶型产业和创新政策的另一种选择,这种政策将使韩国摆脱自身缺乏科技创新给它带来的依赖。到2005年,正如我所展示的,金已经成为首尔大学的企业家科学家的典范,他是将一所传统的研究型大学转变为创业型大学的榜样,从而帮助韩国在全球化时代将工业经济转变为知识经济。然而,图尔根的命运和金的科学生涯反映了生物技术创业的出现,不仅是看到了机会,还有相当大的怨恨。文章的最后,我将简要讨论最近围绕他在首尔大学发明的CRISPR技术的所有权的争议。因此,他的故事展现了21世纪全球生物技术在韩国的新思想和新情绪。
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引用次数: 0
Taming the Noise: Soundscape and Livability in a Technocratic City-State 驯服噪音:一个技术官僚城邦的音景和宜居性
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.1936749
Sulfikar Amir, D. Sadoway, P. Dommaraju
Abstract For hypergrowing Singapore, noise is an issue of everyday life. As a public problem, noise can be very relative because it deeply relates to the level of tolerance, while tolerance to noise is socially conditioned. But in a city where virtually every public issue is subject to technocratic handling, sound and noise are considered techno-environmental problems that require technocratic remedies. Drawing on the growing literature on soundscape and sound studies, this research note seeks to examine how sound and noise are being problematized in the urban spaces of Singapore. Our research note will examine a case of how cross-cutting issues of sound/noise, technology, and livability manifest at the neighborhood-level. In particular, we will draw upon our ethnographic study to explore noise issues in a high density neighborhood in Singapore. Focusing on one high density neighborhood, our study provides interesting insights into the challenges of devising policies/plans for postcolonial modern cities in a state of perpetual flux. It also shows how technocratic handling faces limitations in dealing with urban noise and public responses in the context of changing soundscapes.
对于高速发展的新加坡来说,噪音是一个日常生活的问题。作为一个公共问题,噪音可能是非常相对的,因为它与容忍程度密切相关,而对噪音的容忍是社会条件决定的。但在一个几乎所有公共问题都由技术官僚处理的城市,声音和噪音被认为是需要技术官僚补救的技术环境问题。根据越来越多的关于声景和声音研究的文献,本研究报告旨在研究新加坡城市空间中声音和噪音是如何成为问题的。我们的研究报告将研究一个案例,说明声音/噪音、技术和宜居性的交叉问题是如何在社区层面体现出来的。特别是,我们将利用我们的人种学研究来探索新加坡高密度社区的噪音问题。我们的研究聚焦于一个高密度的社区,为在不断变化的状态下为后殖民现代城市设计政策/计划的挑战提供了有趣的见解。它还显示了在不断变化的声景背景下,技术官僚在处理城市噪音和公众反应方面面临的局限性。
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引用次数: 3
The Valuation of Contaminated Life: RCA in Taiwan and the Compensation of Toxic Exposure 污染生命的评估:台湾的RCA与毒性暴露补偿
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-27 DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.1921325
P. Jobin
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引用次数: 2
Social Systems Matter: Precision Medicine, Public Health, and the Medical Model 社会系统问题:精准医学、公共卫生和医学模式
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-26 DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.1938440
S. Sun, A. Ching
Abstract Drawing on data from semi-structured interviews conducted in Singapore, Canada, and the United States, this paper shows that biomedical experts are deeply concerned about the shortcomings of the biomedical model of health. Precision public health, when anchored in genomics, can be considered a twenty-first century version of the medical model of health, which originated from nineteenth century germ theory. First, concerns regarding the adoption of genetic testing to identify disease susceptibility, and limitations of genome-based disease prevention exist. This includes limited evidence of the utility of screening measures in reducing mortality, lack of reimbursement for genetic screening, negative implications of genetic screening, and limitations of race/ethnicity-based genetic screening. Second, there are also concerns regarding the treatment of diseases, particularly the management of the costs of treatment and genetic testing in the context of national public health systems. Ultimately, it was found that healthcare-related inequities can be reduced in a universal, publicly funded, single-payer healthcare setting. These findings provide strong evidence supporting the social model of health by highlighting the key role of social systems and non-clinical interventions in precision public health to improve health outcomes for all.
根据在新加坡、加拿大和美国进行的半结构化访谈的数据,本文表明生物医学专家对生物医学健康模式的缺陷深感担忧。精确的公共卫生,当锚定在基因组学时,可以被认为是21世纪的健康医学模型,它起源于19世纪的细菌理论。首先,对采用基因检测来确定疾病易感性以及基于基因组的疾病预防存在局限性的担忧。这包括有限的证据表明筛查措施在降低死亡率方面的效用,缺乏遗传筛查的报销,遗传筛查的负面影响,以及基于种族/民族的遗传筛查的局限性。第二,还有关于疾病治疗的关切,特别是在国家公共卫生系统范围内对治疗和基因检测费用的管理。最终,它被发现,医疗保健相关的不公平可以减少在一个普遍的,公共资助的,单一付款人医疗保健设置。这些发现通过强调社会系统和非临床干预在精确公共卫生中改善所有人健康结果的关键作用,为支持社会卫生模式提供了强有力的证据。
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引用次数: 3
“Invisible” Pollution? Knowledge Gridlock in Regulatory Science on Electronics Toxics “隐形”污染?电子毒物监管科学中的知识僵局
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-06 DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.1924950
Wen-ling Tu
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引用次数: 1
What a Map and a Portrait Have in Common 地图和肖像有什么共同之处啊
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.1963095
Marta Hanson
Abstract This short essay summarizes thoughts inspired by two images chosen for covers of the journal EASTS—a portrait of an East Asian female scientist and a map of the Pacific Ocean region centered on Taiwan. At first glance, they appear to bear no relation to each other until one realizes that they were both produced in 1944 within the Japanese “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”—the map in colonial Taiwan and the portrait in colonial Korea.
这篇短文总结了两幅被选为《东方》杂志封面的图片给我的启发——一幅是东亚女科学家的肖像,另一幅是以台湾为中心的太平洋地区地图。乍一看,它们似乎没有任何关系,直到人们意识到它们都是1944年在日本的“大东亚共荣圈”内制作的——殖民地台湾的地图和殖民地朝鲜的肖像。
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引用次数: 0
A Site of Bounded Imaginaries: Local Narratives of Buan after Protests against a Nuclear Waste Repository 无限想象的场所:抗议核废料储存库后扶安的地方叙事
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.1948268
S. Chung, Kunha Kim, Yeseul Park, Hyomin Kim
Abstract This paper examines a historical case where local residents in South Korea had been alienated from the decision-making processes in nuclear policy as their sociotechnical visions remained marginalized. Narratives of nuclear experts, activists in environmental NGOs (ENGOs), and local residents supporting or resisting against the siting of a repository in a southwestern rural town, Buan, from 2003 to 2005 were used for our comparative textual analyses. Imaginaries of desirable forms of life and order that constitute nationally-shared visions of “good society” profoundly delimit the shapes of futures by enabling key political decisions of a nation. With our findings, we argue that ethical problems of how to recognize and compensate for what has already happened to people around (candidate) sites of nuclear facilities remains a source of latent social conflict. Buan residents’ visions of a “good society” attainable through their practices around nuclear technology were collectively held and publicly narrated yet failed to become widely shared in the nation. If local people’s understanding of what the past has been and what the future should be like continue to stay marginalized, Korean nuclear governance with participatory initiatives will remain in its current form of “partial” inclusiveness.
摘要本文考察了一个历史案例,韩国当地居民在核政策的决策过程中被疏远,因为他们的社会技术愿景仍然被边缘化。2003年至2005年,我们使用了西南农村小镇扶安的核专家、环保非政府组织(ENGOs)活动家和当地居民支持或反对核废料储存库选址的叙述来进行比较文本分析。对理想的生活形式和秩序的想象,构成了国家共同的“好社会”愿景,通过促成一个国家的关键政治决策,深刻地界定了未来的形态。根据我们的研究结果,我们认为,如何认识和补偿核设施(候选)地点周围人们已经发生的事情的伦理问题仍然是潜在社会冲突的根源。扶安居民通过他们的核技术实践来实现“良好社会”的愿景是集体持有和公开叙述的,但未能在全国广泛分享。如果当地居民对过去和未来的理解继续被边缘化,韩国的参与性核治理将停留在目前的“部分”包容形式。
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引用次数: 0
Susan Greenhalgh and Li Zhang, eds., Can Science and Technology Save China? Susan Greenhalgh和Li Zhang主编。科技能拯救中国吗?
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.1974165
Jieying Zhang
This edited volume, composed of eight anthropological studies, explores the modernization and governance of contemporary China through the lens of STS. The overarching question is straightforward, as per the title: can science and technology save China? In short, the authors examine the essence of the Chinese dream of “national rejuvenation/salvation through science and technology” (科技强/救国 keji qiang/jiu guo). The volume addresses several questions, namely how this dream is articulated and circulated through Chinese society, what discourses, practices, moralities, and subjectivities are invoked and produced by this state-science-and-technology-driven modernization project, and whether China has realized its dream of national rejuvenation/salvation through science and technology. The volume’s eight essays offer rich ethnographic descriptions of various science and technology fields in contemporary China, e.g. public health, biomedicine, environmental science, pollution control, mental health, and psychology. As a cumulative work, they formulate the following themes.
这个编辑卷,由八个人类学研究组成,通过STS的镜头探索当代中国的现代化和治理。正如标题所说,首要问题很直接:科技能拯救中国吗?简而言之,作者审视了“民族复兴/科技救国”的中国梦的本质。这本书探讨了几个问题,即这个梦想是如何在中国社会中表达和传播的,这个国家科技驱动的现代化项目调用和产生了哪些话语、实践、道德和主体性,以及中国是否通过科技实现了民族复兴/拯救的梦想。该卷的八篇文章提供了丰富的民族志描述在当代中国的各种科学和技术领域,如公共卫生,生物医学,环境科学,污染控制,心理健康和心理学。作为一个累积的工作,他们制定了以下主题。
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引用次数: 0
Data and Databases: Emerging Objects of Research 数据和数据库:新兴的研究对象
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.1969626
Yi-Tang Lin
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引用次数: 0
Weeds are Herbs: Botanic Arts of Foraging, Classifying, and Cooking 杂草是草本植物:采集、分类和烹饪的植物艺术
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.1963096
Zongzheng Lin, En Chao
As a continuation of our attempt to use our cover images to stimulate STS to reach out toward interdisciplinary dialogue, as we did with “Dialogue across Borders: Angela Su’s Chimeric Antibodies” (14.4), in this issue we are delighted to present a brief yet meaningful exchange between Zo Lin, one member of the boundary-crossing artist/activist duo “Weed Day,” and our cover team member En-Chieh Chao, an anthropologist and STSer based in NSYSU, Southern Taiwan. Taken shortly before the opening of the Taipei Biennial 2020, which we featured in Issue 15.1, the images chosen for the present issue are timely and, echoing the cover and theme of nature/culture on the development of Southeast Asian urban landscapes (15.2), amazingly appropriate as visual threads for readers to think along.
正如我们在《跨界对话:苏安琪的Chimeric Antibodies》(14.4)中所做的那样,我们继续尝试用我们的封面图片来刺激STS进行跨学科的对话,在这一期中,我们很高兴地呈现跨界艺术家/活动家二人组“杂草日”成员之一的林佐与我们的封面团队成员,台湾南部新中山大学的人类学家兼STSer Chao En-Chieh之间简短而有意义的交流。这些照片拍摄于2020台北双年展开幕前不久,我们在第15.1期中有过专题报道。本期所选的照片非常及时,与东南亚城市景观发展的自然/文化主题(15.2)的封面和主题相呼应,作为读者思考的视觉线索非常合适。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal
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