Pub Date : 2022-01-20DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.1971369
Shao Dan
Abstract How did the Communist Party of China (CPC) redefine the social and political roles of medicine and doctors as it developed from an illegitimate or minority party to the ruling political power? From the 1930s to the 1960s, decades replete with ideological shifts, political upheavals and wars, the formula CPC developed for its anti-imperial movements and state-building enterprise changed not only the political and economic fundaments of China’s statehood, but also people’s perception of physician-state-patient relationship. The article will start with a medical dispute that signifies a nostalgic idealization of doctors’ social roles in the 21st century. Following an overview of the major shifts in medical regulations that define doctors’ roles in the early ROC and the CPC regimes, the discussion then highlights three interrelated elements in CPC’s wartime medical experiences: an extremely high standard of morality for medical practitioners; de-commodification of medical services; and mobilization of medical practitioners to support the CPC’s political agenda. The CPC’s wartime medical experiences at the regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive levels are essential to our understanding of the institutionalization of medicine in the early PRC and the changing physician-state-patient relationship in contemporary China.
{"title":"Red Star over Medicine: Redefining Doctor-Patient Relationship in Early CPC History (1930s–1960s)","authors":"Shao Dan","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2021.1971369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2021.1971369","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract How did the Communist Party of China (CPC) redefine the social and political roles of medicine and doctors as it developed from an illegitimate or minority party to the ruling political power? From the 1930s to the 1960s, decades replete with ideological shifts, political upheavals and wars, the formula CPC developed for its anti-imperial movements and state-building enterprise changed not only the political and economic fundaments of China’s statehood, but also people’s perception of physician-state-patient relationship. The article will start with a medical dispute that signifies a nostalgic idealization of doctors’ social roles in the 21st century. Following an overview of the major shifts in medical regulations that define doctors’ roles in the early ROC and the CPC regimes, the discussion then highlights three interrelated elements in CPC’s wartime medical experiences: an extremely high standard of morality for medical practitioners; de-commodification of medical services; and mobilization of medical practitioners to support the CPC’s political agenda. The CPC’s wartime medical experiences at the regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive levels are essential to our understanding of the institutionalization of medicine in the early PRC and the changing physician-state-patient relationship in contemporary China.","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"170 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89947495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.2015122
Meng Zhang
During the 1910–11 Great Manchurian Plague, which caused as many as 60,000 deaths within the space of a few months, face masks made of two layers of gauze and a cotton pad were introduced as standard protocol to protect physicians from inhaling airborne contagions (Lynteris 2018; Zhang 2021). After being appointed the top official of the NorthManchurian Plague Prevention Service (Dongsansheng fangyi shiwu zongchu東 三省防疫事務總處), Wu Liande (Wu Lien-Teh) 伍連德 (1879–1960) realized the importance of wearing a mask in plague prevention services could not be overstated. However, he and other physicians who shared the same commitment to the efficacy of masks also admitted that “it will be very difficult to enforce the wearing of masks” among “untrained laymen,” because for people with little knowledge of infectious diseases, the wearing of a mask “may appear ridiculous or uncalled for” (Wu 1926: 399, 398). Therefore, making indigenous people without medical training utilize a medical device properly became a long-lasting issue that confounded public health promoters in modern China. To further complicate matters, China was semi-colonized, divided into multiple regions by different foreign powers from the late Qing Dynasty through the Republican period (1912–1949). Because of this large and diverse foreign influence, studying all cases of foreign presence is beyond the scope of the paper. This study,
{"title":"An Unchallengeable Value: Foreign Physicians, Chinese Medical Elites, and Normalizing Masks in Semi-Colonial China","authors":"Meng Zhang","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2021.2015122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2021.2015122","url":null,"abstract":"During the 1910–11 Great Manchurian Plague, which caused as many as 60,000 deaths within the space of a few months, face masks made of two layers of gauze and a cotton pad were introduced as standard protocol to protect physicians from inhaling airborne contagions (Lynteris 2018; Zhang 2021). After being appointed the top official of the NorthManchurian Plague Prevention Service (Dongsansheng fangyi shiwu zongchu東 三省防疫事務總處), Wu Liande (Wu Lien-Teh) 伍連德 (1879–1960) realized the importance of wearing a mask in plague prevention services could not be overstated. However, he and other physicians who shared the same commitment to the efficacy of masks also admitted that “it will be very difficult to enforce the wearing of masks” among “untrained laymen,” because for people with little knowledge of infectious diseases, the wearing of a mask “may appear ridiculous or uncalled for” (Wu 1926: 399, 398). Therefore, making indigenous people without medical training utilize a medical device properly became a long-lasting issue that confounded public health promoters in modern China. To further complicate matters, China was semi-colonized, divided into multiple regions by different foreign powers from the late Qing Dynasty through the Republican period (1912–1949). Because of this large and diverse foreign influence, studying all cases of foreign presence is beyond the scope of the paper. This study,","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"86 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91342053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2022.2032931
W. Kuo
Professor Pinch was a precious resource for East Asian STS. Before serving as an advisory editor to EASTS, a role he took on at our inception, Trevor had traveled to East Asia and lectured to STS communities in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. These connections also led to his supervising several East Asian graduate students at Cornell, the university where he worked for over thirty years. Being a researcher who was not an East Asia specialist, EASTS benefitted greatly from Trevor’s generous and straightforward sharing of his views on STS. This memorial essay was initiated by three of Professor Pinch’s students—EASTS editor Honghong Tinn, Eunjeong Ma, and Hannah Rogers, who contributes the major part of this review of his career. He will be remembered not only for his ground-breaking work but also his enthusiasm for living a meaningful STS life, which he so amply demonstrated to us. — EASTS Editorial Office
{"title":"News and Events","authors":"W. Kuo","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2022.2032931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2022.2032931","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Pinch was a precious resource for East Asian STS. Before serving as an advisory editor to EASTS, a role he took on at our inception, Trevor had traveled to East Asia and lectured to STS communities in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. These connections also led to his supervising several East Asian graduate students at Cornell, the university where he worked for over thirty years. Being a researcher who was not an East Asia specialist, EASTS benefitted greatly from Trevor’s generous and straightforward sharing of his views on STS. This memorial essay was initiated by three of Professor Pinch’s students—EASTS editor Honghong Tinn, Eunjeong Ma, and Hannah Rogers, who contributes the major part of this review of his career. He will be remembered not only for his ground-breaking work but also his enthusiasm for living a meaningful STS life, which he so amply demonstrated to us. — EASTS Editorial Office","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"130 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85864192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.1990541
Yukari Semba
In 1978, two of the world’s first IVF (in vitro fertilization) babies were born in the UK and India. The first of these two revolutionary outcomes was achieved by Patrick Steptoe, Robert Edwards, and Jean Purdy in the UK; the baby, Louise Brown, was born on 25 July. Their names are well known worldwide because the news was reported so enthusiastically around the globe. However, how many people know Subhas Mukerji and his colleagues Sunit Mukherjee and Saroj Kanti Bhattacharya, who are responsible for the world’s second IVF baby, or the baby’s name, Kanupriya Agarwal, who was born in India only three months after Louise? The 1978 IVF birth in India was not widely recognized until 1997 (52). IVF and Assisted Reproduction: A Global History presents the transnational history of IVF and assisted reproduction (AR), including how IVF was achieved, what new assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been produced from IVF, and what issues have arisen after the advent of these technologies. The book consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1, “IVF and Assisted Reproduction: Global Visions, Local Stories,” provides an introduction and outline of the book. Chapter 2, “Towards the Two 1978 Births,” is a pre-1978 history of IVF. IVF is now a popular and standard medical technology for human reproduction. However, the history of ART is not a very long one. Before the 1940s, no one knew what an early human embryo looked like (34). In this chapter, the authors focus mainly on the world’s first two successful IVF births, and they examine how the paths towards IVF were shaped by a range of conditions outside the laboratory and hospital, as well as the local and global political, economic, and socio-cultural conditions that influenced where and how IVF research occurred (38). It is interesting that the authors see “professional hostility” as one of the key elements in the social recognition of ART. Steptoe, Edwards, and Purdy of the British team were recognized as leaders in the research field; they respected communication with other researchers and scientists in their
1978年，世界上最早的两个体外受精婴儿在英国和印度出生。这两个革命性成果中的第一个是由英国的帕特里克·斯特普托、罗伯特·爱德华兹和让·珀迪实现的;婴儿路易斯·布朗于7月25日出生。他们的名字在世界范围内众所周知，因为这一消息在全球范围内得到了热烈的报道。然而，有多少人知道Subhas mukkerji和他的同事Sunit Mukherjee和Saroj Kanti Bhattacharya，他们负责世界上第二个试管婴儿，或者婴儿的名字Kanupriya Agarwal，他出生在印度，只比Louise小三个月?1978年印度的试管婴儿直到1997年才得到广泛认可(52)。体外受精和辅助生殖:全球历史介绍了体外受精和辅助生殖(AR)的跨国历史，包括体外受精是如何实现的，体外受精产生了哪些新的辅助生殖技术(ARTs)，以及这些技术出现后出现了哪些问题。这本书共有七章。第1章，“试管婴儿和辅助生殖:全球视野，地方故事，”提供了本书的介绍和大纲。第2章，“走向1978年的两个出生”，是1978年之前试管婴儿的历史。体外受精现在是一种流行的标准的人类生殖医疗技术。然而，ART的历史并不是很长。在20世纪40年代之前，没有人知道早期人类胚胎长什么样。在本章中，作者主要关注世界上第一个成功的试管婴儿出生，他们研究了试管婴儿的道路如何受到实验室和医院以外的一系列条件的影响，以及影响试管婴儿研究发生的地方和全球政治、经济和社会文化条件的影响(38)。有趣的是，作者将“职业敌意”视为社会对ART认可的关键因素之一。英国团队的斯特普托、爱德华兹和珀迪被认为是研究领域的领军人物;他们尊重与其他研究人员和科学家在各自领域的交流
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Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1355/9789814345187-001
Shuaidan Chang, Hsien-Yu Cheng, Chun-Teng Chu
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Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.2020998
A. Bréard
The title of this book reminds me of a dish on the menu in one of my favorite restaurants: the “I cannot make up my mind plate.” It is a response to the problem of decision-making in the face of hunger and too many options to choose from. The author here has a similar problem: confronted with an interest in a large variety of aspects, no clear idea of which direction to head in emerges, and many imprecisions remain in the face of a self-made combinatorial chaos. By the end, the author has cooked up a book that “represents an intersection of the history of mathematics, a description of meditative techniques as described by cultural historians, and the philosophy of language” (xii). The object of study is, put simply, a Chinese mathematical book written in 1259 and published in 1282, the Yigu yanduan 益古演段 (translated as “Development of Pieces [of Areas] [according to] [the collection] Augmenting the Ancient [knowledge]”) by the Yuan dynasty mathematician Li Ye 李冶. Being a collection of sixty-four problems, accompanied with answers, solution procedures (both algebraic and geometrical), and many diagrams, it is the oldest extant text to use the Chinese algebraic method of the so-called “celestial unknown” (tian yuan 天元) to solve problems of the second degree, where also negative coefficients are admitted. All problems concern a kind of configuration of a square and a circular field, inscribed one into the other or intersecting each other in various ways. The basic assumption that the author makes is that Li Ye’s book—like any other—is untranslatable, that meaning lies not in discourse but in the non-discursive parts: the void between the lines, the structural organization of the book, and the two kinds of visual representations contained in it: one for the givens and the other for the coefficients of the polynomial corresponding to geometrical “pieces of areas.” In spite of this philosophical stance on untranslatability, the present study nevertheless does provide translations (literal and modern mathematical translations) of some
{"title":"Charlotte-V Pollet, The Empty and the Full: Li Ye and the Way of Mathematics. Geometrical Procedures by Sections of Areas","authors":"A. Bréard","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2021.2020998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2021.2020998","url":null,"abstract":"The title of this book reminds me of a dish on the menu in one of my favorite restaurants: the “I cannot make up my mind plate.” It is a response to the problem of decision-making in the face of hunger and too many options to choose from. The author here has a similar problem: confronted with an interest in a large variety of aspects, no clear idea of which direction to head in emerges, and many imprecisions remain in the face of a self-made combinatorial chaos. By the end, the author has cooked up a book that “represents an intersection of the history of mathematics, a description of meditative techniques as described by cultural historians, and the philosophy of language” (xii). The object of study is, put simply, a Chinese mathematical book written in 1259 and published in 1282, the Yigu yanduan 益古演段 (translated as “Development of Pieces [of Areas] [according to] [the collection] Augmenting the Ancient [knowledge]”) by the Yuan dynasty mathematician Li Ye 李冶. Being a collection of sixty-four problems, accompanied with answers, solution procedures (both algebraic and geometrical), and many diagrams, it is the oldest extant text to use the Chinese algebraic method of the so-called “celestial unknown” (tian yuan 天元) to solve problems of the second degree, where also negative coefficients are admitted. All problems concern a kind of configuration of a square and a circular field, inscribed one into the other or intersecting each other in various ways. The basic assumption that the author makes is that Li Ye’s book—like any other—is untranslatable, that meaning lies not in discourse but in the non-discursive parts: the void between the lines, the structural organization of the book, and the two kinds of visual representations contained in it: one for the givens and the other for the coefficients of the polynomial corresponding to geometrical “pieces of areas.” In spite of this philosophical stance on untranslatability, the present study nevertheless does provide translations (literal and modern mathematical translations) of some","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"136 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84729912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.2013397
F. Neves
Abstract In contexts of scientific production deemed peripheral, knowledge produced is depicted in a condition of inferiority relative to that produced in other contexts; the daily practice of science is then guided by values and procedures, be they conscious or not, of peripheralization. This research note discusses the constitution, reproduction and generalization of peripheralization into what I call a regime of management of irrelevance in science: a scientific process with its own pragmatic and value content, whose elements will be presented in this work. These elements were identified during field research in laboratories and interviews with key interlocutors (research leaders) of biotechnology research teams in Brazil. What matters here is instead of taking the center/periphery dichotomy as an objective structure of the scientific system—a common approach in science and technology studies—it is shown as expecta-tions with practical repercussions.
{"title":"Some Elements of the Regime of Management of Irrelevance in Science","authors":"F. Neves","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2021.2013397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2021.2013397","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In contexts of scientific production deemed peripheral, knowledge produced is depicted in a condition of inferiority relative to that produced in other contexts; the daily practice of science is then guided by values and procedures, be they conscious or not, of peripheralization. This research note discusses the constitution, reproduction and generalization of peripheralization into what I call a regime of management of irrelevance in science: a scientific process with its own pragmatic and value content, whose elements will be presented in this work. These elements were identified during field research in laboratories and interviews with key interlocutors (research leaders) of biotechnology research teams in Brazil. What matters here is instead of taking the center/periphery dichotomy as an objective structure of the scientific system—a common approach in science and technology studies—it is shown as expecta-tions with practical repercussions.","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"30 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84107388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2022.2035960
Kuang-Yi Ku, Liang-Kai Yu
Recent years have witnessed the increasing collaboration between science and visual art/design projects. Kuang-Yi Ku, a Taiwanese artist based in the Netherlands whose artistic practice that converges art, design, and biotechnology is a case in point. Ku ’ s works often deal with the human body, sexuality, interspecies interactions, and medical technology that aim to investigate the relationships among technology, individuals, and the environment. Based on Ku ’ s practices in and observations on the expanded fi eld of “ Art and Science Collaboration ” , he converses with Liang-Kai Yu, PhD researcher in radical museology and queer studies. Firstly, they begin with Ku ’ s speculative approach in bio-art/design that mobilizes not only visual languages in arts but also biomedical technology. Of interest here is whether the future orientation of a speculative approach in art/design could not only stimulate imaginations but also trouble the linear notion towards the future. Secondly, Ku and Yu re fl ect on the increasing demand for social and ecological goals requested by science-based artist residencies and open calls in Europe. This institutional phenomenon concerns the functionality of art and remains a debated subject. Thirdly, they discuss the shared concerns between bio-art/design and STS studies and consider how both fi elds could bene fi t from each other. Finally, the conversation moves back to Ku ’ s bio-artistic projects with a focus on reproductive technology as well as the cross-species future. They address Ku ’ s recent projects such as “ Grandma Mom ” (2021) that questions the patriarchal regime within the medical fi eld and the ongoing “ Queer Termite Project ” that speculates an inter-species architecture in which humans and termites reciprocate one another.
{"title":"Between Art, Science, and Queer Ecology: A Conversation Between Kuang-Yi Ku and Liang-Kai Yu","authors":"Kuang-Yi Ku, Liang-Kai Yu","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2022.2035960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2022.2035960","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have witnessed the increasing collaboration between science and visual art/design projects. Kuang-Yi Ku, a Taiwanese artist based in the Netherlands whose artistic practice that converges art, design, and biotechnology is a case in point. Ku ’ s works often deal with the human body, sexuality, interspecies interactions, and medical technology that aim to investigate the relationships among technology, individuals, and the environment. Based on Ku ’ s practices in and observations on the expanded fi eld of “ Art and Science Collaboration ” , he converses with Liang-Kai Yu, PhD researcher in radical museology and queer studies. Firstly, they begin with Ku ’ s speculative approach in bio-art/design that mobilizes not only visual languages in arts but also biomedical technology. Of interest here is whether the future orientation of a speculative approach in art/design could not only stimulate imaginations but also trouble the linear notion towards the future. Secondly, Ku and Yu re fl ect on the increasing demand for social and ecological goals requested by science-based artist residencies and open calls in Europe. This institutional phenomenon concerns the functionality of art and remains a debated subject. Thirdly, they discuss the shared concerns between bio-art/design and STS studies and consider how both fi elds could bene fi t from each other. Finally, the conversation moves back to Ku ’ s bio-artistic projects with a focus on reproductive technology as well as the cross-species future. They address Ku ’ s recent projects such as “ Grandma Mom ” (2021) that questions the patriarchal regime within the medical fi eld and the ongoing “ Queer Termite Project ” that speculates an inter-species architecture in which humans and termites reciprocate one another.","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"124 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84402165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.2015124
Heewon Kim, Hyungsub Choi
In the global response to the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, South Korea has often been hailed as one of the successful cases in containing the disease. Commentators within and outside the country have pointed to preemptive testing, aggressive contact tracing, and the well-organized health care system to treat the identified patients as effectivemeans to “flatten the curve” (You 2020). By June 2020, the South Korean government was confident enough to promote its practices (the so-called “3 T model” of test-trace-treat) as a “global standard” (Korea Times 2020). Based on the model, the country has maintained a relatively low level of new cases, albeit with intermittent spikes. In this paper, we focus on one particular aspect of the South Korean response to COVID-19, that of facial masks, which was an important component in the broader effort to ward off the disease. As in other East Asian contexts, the use of masks has been an entrenched feature in the public responses against infectious diseases since the early twentieth century. Rather than resorting to deep cultural reasons (Friedman 2020), however, we will focus on more recent precedents since the 2000s, during which the South Korean public was exposed to mass masking. During this period, the public awareness toward airborne pollutants (including “Asian dust [hwangsa]” and particulate matter, or PM) surged, to which facial masks were mobilized as a means of personal
在全球应对新型冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行的过程中，韩国经常被誉为遏制这种疾病的成功案例之一。国内外的评论人士指出，先发制人的检测、积极的接触者追踪以及组织良好的医疗保健系统对已确定的患者进行治疗，是“使曲线变平”的有效手段(You 2020)。到2020年6月，韩国政府有足够的信心将其做法(所谓的“测试-追踪-治疗”的“3t模式”)推广为“全球标准”(Korea Times 2020)。根据该模型，该国保持了相对较低的新病例水平，尽管间歇性地出现高峰。在本文中，我们重点关注韩国应对COVID-19的一个特定方面，即口罩，这是抵御疾病的更广泛努力的重要组成部分。与东亚其他地区一样，自20世纪初以来，戴口罩一直是公众应对传染病的一个根深蒂固的特征。然而，我们不会求助于深层的文化原因(Friedman 2020)，而是将重点放在2000年代以来的更近的先例上，在此期间，韩国公众暴露在大规模掩面之下。在此期间，公众对空气污染物(包括“亚洲尘埃”和颗粒物(PM))的意识激增，口罩作为个人手段被动员起来
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Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2021.2015125
Jaehwan Hyun, Akihisa Setoguchi, M. Brazelton
The history of face masks has become a very popular topic in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for news reporters and public health experts. In mass media, history is spotlighted to find answers to the question “why do Asians wear masks” despite the lack of scientific evidence—which sociologist Mitsutoshi Horii, the author of Masks and the Japanese マスクと日本人 [Masuku to nihonjin], has been ceaselessly asked by journalists after the coronavirus outbreak (Horii 2020). The answer has been sought mainly in terms of cultural norms. BBC News explained that mask-wearing symbolizes politeness in Asian countries, while The New York Times found the prevalent mask-wearing in Asia over the West from “Asia’s collectivism” (Breeden et al. 2020; Wong 2020). A short commentary written by Chinese scholars at the University of Oxford that appeared in The Lancet followed the cultural norm thesis, claiming that Asia’s societal and cultural paradigm supports mask-usage hygienic practices without any empirical evidence (Feng et al. 2020). Practical reasons are suggested as well. In contrast to the “West,” Asian people have gone through frequent epidemic outbreaks, such as the 2002–2004 SARS crisis, so that they find it more acceptable to cover their faces (Jennings 2020). While sharing the questions addressed by mass media, medical professionals use mask history in more didactic ways. After national and international quarantine authorities reconsidered the role of mass masking in preventing community transmission in the early summer of 2020, they began to cite the long history of mask usage to halt the spread of epidemics—despite a lack of scientific understanding—and suggest that it is still a “simple but powerful tool to help combat” the coronavirus (Issacs 2020; Matuschek et al. 2020; Ike et al. 2021). In this narrative, the Manchurian Plague of 1910–1911 is
鉴于新冠肺炎大流行，口罩的历史已经成为一个非常热门的话题，特别是对新闻记者和公共卫生专家来说。在大众媒体中，尽管缺乏科学证据，但历史仍然受到关注，以寻找“为什么亚洲人戴口罩”这个问题的答案——《口罩和日本人》的作者、社会学家堀井光敏在冠状病毒爆发后不断被记者问到这个问题(堀井2020)。人们主要从文化规范的角度来寻找答案。BBC新闻解释说，在亚洲国家，戴口罩象征着礼貌，而《纽约时报》则认为，“亚洲集体主义”(Breeden et al. 2020;黄2020)。牛津大学的中国学者在《柳叶刀》上发表的一篇简短评论遵循了文化规范的论点，声称亚洲的社会和文化范式支持使用口罩的卫生习惯，但没有任何经验证据(Feng etal . 2020)。实际原因也被提出。与“西方”相比，亚洲人经历了频繁的流行病爆发，例如2002-2004年的SARS危机，因此他们更容易接受遮住脸(Jennings 2020)。在分享大众媒体所提出的问题的同时，医疗专业人员以更具说教性的方式使用了口罩历史。在国家和国际检疫当局在2020年初夏重新考虑大规模口罩在预防社区传播方面的作用后，他们开始引用口罩使用的悠久历史来阻止流行病的传播——尽管缺乏科学的理解——并表示它仍然是“帮助对抗冠状病毒的简单但强大的工具”(Issacs 2020;Matuschek et al. 2020;Ike et al. 2021)。在这种叙述中，1910-1911年的满洲瘟疫是
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