Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2023.2268428
Liang Yao
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsLiang YaoLiang Yao is an assistant professor at School of Health Humanities of Peking University, Beijing, China. Her research fields include history of science, technology, and medicine in modern China, social and cultural history, and socioeconomic and business history, with a particular focus on the transnational movement and localization of knowledge and material things. She is now working on a monograph, examining the history of soft drinks in twentieth-century China.
{"title":"More Than Just Cultural Nationalism: A History of Traditional Chinese Medicine in China’s Manned Space Program","authors":"Liang Yao","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2023.2268428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2023.2268428","url":null,"abstract":"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsLiang YaoLiang Yao is an assistant professor at School of Health Humanities of Peking University, Beijing, China. Her research fields include history of science, technology, and medicine in modern China, social and cultural history, and socioeconomic and business history, with a particular focus on the transnational movement and localization of knowledge and material things. She is now working on a monograph, examining the history of soft drinks in twentieth-century China.","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"57 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136346819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-05DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2023.2256107
Mei-chun Lee
AbstractEvery morning, images carrying greetings and pictures of girls, cute animals, or beautiful flowers are circulated among Taiwanese older people on the messaging app LINE. These “good morning images” (GM images) are building a new social network for seniors, and its ritual of exchange has produced a digital subculture. In this article, I will be considering these images as “memes of care.” While memes for younger people are usually humorous and meant to raise a laugh, for older people, GM images are about care and connection. However, care is never innocent and not always desirable, and GM images have joined a sharing culture within LINE that precipitates the spread of unverified, authorless rumors. By examining the “care-ful” feelings, doings, and obligations of GM images, I show how older people actively participate in the practice of digital care so as to open up to “as well as possible” reconfigurations engaged with troubled presents—that is, the pandemic and social isolation on the one hand, and the proliferation of false and misleading information on the other.Keywords: Carememegood morning imagesolder peopledigital communication Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 It is an official ringtone, provided by the messaging app LINE, which sounds exactly like the name of the app.2 In Taiwan, community colleges are part of adult education and vocational training. Unlike those in the United States, they do not confer degrees. Community colleges are closely connected with local communities and offer a wide range of courses for the elderly and retired population as part of the social education program.3 Statistics by the LINE company https://official-blog-tw.line.me/archives/81291901.html (accessed on 22 June 2022).4 See Article 14 of the Special Act for Prevention, Relief and Revitalization Measures for Severe Pneumonia with Novel Pathogens, https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=L0050039 (accessed on 22 June 2022).Additional informationNotes on contributorsMei-chun LeeMei-chun Lee, Assistant Research Fellow, The Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica.
{"title":"Memes of Care: Good Morning Images and Digital Care among Older People in Taiwan","authors":"Mei-chun Lee","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2023.2256107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2023.2256107","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractEvery morning, images carrying greetings and pictures of girls, cute animals, or beautiful flowers are circulated among Taiwanese older people on the messaging app LINE. These “good morning images” (GM images) are building a new social network for seniors, and its ritual of exchange has produced a digital subculture. In this article, I will be considering these images as “memes of care.” While memes for younger people are usually humorous and meant to raise a laugh, for older people, GM images are about care and connection. However, care is never innocent and not always desirable, and GM images have joined a sharing culture within LINE that precipitates the spread of unverified, authorless rumors. By examining the “care-ful” feelings, doings, and obligations of GM images, I show how older people actively participate in the practice of digital care so as to open up to “as well as possible” reconfigurations engaged with troubled presents—that is, the pandemic and social isolation on the one hand, and the proliferation of false and misleading information on the other.Keywords: Carememegood morning imagesolder peopledigital communication Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 It is an official ringtone, provided by the messaging app LINE, which sounds exactly like the name of the app.2 In Taiwan, community colleges are part of adult education and vocational training. Unlike those in the United States, they do not confer degrees. Community colleges are closely connected with local communities and offer a wide range of courses for the elderly and retired population as part of the social education program.3 Statistics by the LINE company https://official-blog-tw.line.me/archives/81291901.html (accessed on 22 June 2022).4 See Article 14 of the Special Act for Prevention, Relief and Revitalization Measures for Severe Pneumonia with Novel Pathogens, https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=L0050039 (accessed on 22 June 2022).Additional informationNotes on contributorsMei-chun LeeMei-chun Lee, Assistant Research Fellow, The Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica.","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135481534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2023.2249739
Jung Lee
AbstractRed-crowned white cranes, large migratory birds symbolizing longevity, fidelity, and independence from power across East Asian cultures, came to live in scholar-official households in late Chosŏn. With the residency of this elegant bird in scholarly households around the mid-eighteenth century, a new knowledge practice that took serious interest in things like cranes emerged. This paper illuminates the roles of these highly cross-cultured things in late-Chosŏn knowledge transformation, echoing material turns in various disciplines. Necessitating knowledge to properly possess and accompany them, cranes led to a new scholarly attachment to things. It opened up an unprecedented intellectual attitude that valued curiosity, taste, and facts concerning things and emphasized usefulness of that newly obtained thing-knowledge. Curiosity, taste, facts, and the usefulness of knowledge obtained new meanings in other parts of the world that experienced similar transitions in knowledge practice by and towards things. While delineating the roles of cranes specifically in late-Chosŏn's transformation through the imprints that they left in scholarly acts and works, this paper proposes a new way to connect knowledge transformations in different parts of the globe, via these newly migrating things, moving away from the narrative that requires an origin and transfers.Keywords: Red-crowned white cranesChosŏn KoreaSirhak practical studies“Material turns”diffussionism Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021S1A5B8096301). I thank Buhm-Soon Park, Sophie Roux, and Holly Stephens for inviting me to discuss this work with helpful audiences at the Center for Anthropocene Studies at KAIST, the École normale supérieure, Paris, and Edinburgh University. I also thank the reviewers, Jongtae Lim and Wen-Hua Kuo for careful readings and very helpful comments.Notes1 For debates about the meaning and scope of the term, see Koo (Citation2018) and Lim (Citation2018).2 The growth pattern of the red forehead and the protective behavior match the descriptions in modern ornithology (Won Citation2001).3 It is notable that the “pine and crane” drawing (松鶴圖) portrays cranes on a pine tree, despite this old understanding about cranes’ staying in flat lands, not in forests or on trees. A systematic comparative investigation of the pine and crane drawings of East Asia would be interesting.4 The list of scholars with a penchant for things like flowers, birds, cigarettes, mathematics, books, inkstones, knives, rocks, clocks, and other curios seems endless (Jung Citation2007: 13–23).5 There is no study on the history of curiosity in China, possibly due to the belief of its being essential human nature. But what is essential can also have a history, and I suspect there were similar transitions in Chin
{"title":"Cranes, Cultivating a New Knowledge Practice in Late-Chosŏn Korea: Knowledge Transformations Connected by Things","authors":"Jung Lee","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2023.2249739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2023.2249739","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractRed-crowned white cranes, large migratory birds symbolizing longevity, fidelity, and independence from power across East Asian cultures, came to live in scholar-official households in late Chosŏn. With the residency of this elegant bird in scholarly households around the mid-eighteenth century, a new knowledge practice that took serious interest in things like cranes emerged. This paper illuminates the roles of these highly cross-cultured things in late-Chosŏn knowledge transformation, echoing material turns in various disciplines. Necessitating knowledge to properly possess and accompany them, cranes led to a new scholarly attachment to things. It opened up an unprecedented intellectual attitude that valued curiosity, taste, and facts concerning things and emphasized usefulness of that newly obtained thing-knowledge. Curiosity, taste, facts, and the usefulness of knowledge obtained new meanings in other parts of the world that experienced similar transitions in knowledge practice by and towards things. While delineating the roles of cranes specifically in late-Chosŏn's transformation through the imprints that they left in scholarly acts and works, this paper proposes a new way to connect knowledge transformations in different parts of the globe, via these newly migrating things, moving away from the narrative that requires an origin and transfers.Keywords: Red-crowned white cranesChosŏn KoreaSirhak practical studies“Material turns”diffussionism Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021S1A5B8096301). I thank Buhm-Soon Park, Sophie Roux, and Holly Stephens for inviting me to discuss this work with helpful audiences at the Center for Anthropocene Studies at KAIST, the École normale supérieure, Paris, and Edinburgh University. I also thank the reviewers, Jongtae Lim and Wen-Hua Kuo for careful readings and very helpful comments.Notes1 For debates about the meaning and scope of the term, see Koo (Citation2018) and Lim (Citation2018).2 The growth pattern of the red forehead and the protective behavior match the descriptions in modern ornithology (Won Citation2001).3 It is notable that the “pine and crane” drawing (松鶴圖) portrays cranes on a pine tree, despite this old understanding about cranes’ staying in flat lands, not in forests or on trees. A systematic comparative investigation of the pine and crane drawings of East Asia would be interesting.4 The list of scholars with a penchant for things like flowers, birds, cigarettes, mathematics, books, inkstones, knives, rocks, clocks, and other curios seems endless (Jung Citation2007: 13–23).5 There is no study on the history of curiosity in China, possibly due to the belief of its being essential human nature. But what is essential can also have a history, and I suspect there were similar transitions in Chin","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136135764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2023.2251784
Jen-der Lee, Chih-hung Chen
AbstractThis article examines the rise and fall of Eumenol, Merck's patent emmenagogue extracted from danggui (當歸), and its destined connections with China. Understood to affect the blood, danggui, one of the most prolifically used substance among Chinese materia medica, had been included in recipes for women aged from before menarche to after menopause since the twelfth century, but it was not until its production and advertisement by the German pharmaceutical company that the multi-functional material was placed on the international stage with a sharpened gendered image. For Merck customers around the world, Eumenol was a long-awaited, harmless emmenagogue made from an obscure Chinese material; for Chinese who had been using the root to treat a wide range of disorders, the branded drug was a scientific refinement of a time-honored medicine. The success of Eumenol gave advocates of Chinese medicine a concrete example with which to rejuvenate their medical traditions, but the later cessation of Chinese imports forced Merck to eventually stop marketing the emmenagogue. Within this intersection of medicinal exchanges, Eumenol emerged as an indispensable piece of the puzzle in terms of both the history of an ancient remedy and the modernization of Chinese medicine.Keywords: EumenoldangguiMerckwomen’s medicineChina AcknowledgementsThe authors are indebted to Chen Ming, Bettina Wahrig, Dominik Merdes, Albert Wu, Ku-ming (Kevin) Chang and Che-chia Chang for directing us to important primary and secondary sources for this research. We thank Sabine Bernschneider-Reif and the staff of the Merck Archives for their generous support. We are also grateful to Sean HL Lei, Michael Stanley-Baker and Wen-hua Kuo for their excellent comments when we presented earlier versions of this article in different venues. This article comes out of the Taiwan-Germany (DE) International Collaborate Project—Materialities in Medical Cultures in/between Europe and East Asia; we thank MOST (now NSTC) for its funding, and we enjoy constant stimulating conversations with our project members. We value the suggestions from the two anonymous reviewers; any errors and mistakes are of course ours alone.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 A physician experimenting on patients with novel drugs, whether at the request of a pharmaceutical company or not, and such procedures at the turn of the twentieth century should not be confused with the standardized clinical trials used in pharmaceutical research since the 1950s. For the changing methods, protocols, and significance of medical experiments in the twentieth century, see Marks (Citation1997).2 According to Dr. Rahn’s report on 1899/1900, sales “increased tremendously” to 4,145.50 marks in 1900, but there is no record of the sales figures for Eumenol in the previous year.3 The way women used Eumenol as pregnancy test reminds us of what physicians and women in late imperial China would
{"title":"EUMENOL—Merck’s Patent Emmenagogue and its Chinese Connections (1896–1961)","authors":"Jen-der Lee, Chih-hung Chen","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2023.2251784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2023.2251784","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis article examines the rise and fall of Eumenol, Merck's patent emmenagogue extracted from danggui (當歸), and its destined connections with China. Understood to affect the blood, danggui, one of the most prolifically used substance among Chinese materia medica, had been included in recipes for women aged from before menarche to after menopause since the twelfth century, but it was not until its production and advertisement by the German pharmaceutical company that the multi-functional material was placed on the international stage with a sharpened gendered image. For Merck customers around the world, Eumenol was a long-awaited, harmless emmenagogue made from an obscure Chinese material; for Chinese who had been using the root to treat a wide range of disorders, the branded drug was a scientific refinement of a time-honored medicine. The success of Eumenol gave advocates of Chinese medicine a concrete example with which to rejuvenate their medical traditions, but the later cessation of Chinese imports forced Merck to eventually stop marketing the emmenagogue. Within this intersection of medicinal exchanges, Eumenol emerged as an indispensable piece of the puzzle in terms of both the history of an ancient remedy and the modernization of Chinese medicine.Keywords: EumenoldangguiMerckwomen’s medicineChina AcknowledgementsThe authors are indebted to Chen Ming, Bettina Wahrig, Dominik Merdes, Albert Wu, Ku-ming (Kevin) Chang and Che-chia Chang for directing us to important primary and secondary sources for this research. We thank Sabine Bernschneider-Reif and the staff of the Merck Archives for their generous support. We are also grateful to Sean HL Lei, Michael Stanley-Baker and Wen-hua Kuo for their excellent comments when we presented earlier versions of this article in different venues. This article comes out of the Taiwan-Germany (DE) International Collaborate Project—Materialities in Medical Cultures in/between Europe and East Asia; we thank MOST (now NSTC) for its funding, and we enjoy constant stimulating conversations with our project members. We value the suggestions from the two anonymous reviewers; any errors and mistakes are of course ours alone.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 A physician experimenting on patients with novel drugs, whether at the request of a pharmaceutical company or not, and such procedures at the turn of the twentieth century should not be confused with the standardized clinical trials used in pharmaceutical research since the 1950s. For the changing methods, protocols, and significance of medical experiments in the twentieth century, see Marks (Citation1997).2 According to Dr. Rahn’s report on 1899/1900, sales “increased tremendously” to 4,145.50 marks in 1900, but there is no record of the sales figures for Eumenol in the previous year.3 The way women used Eumenol as pregnancy test reminds us of what physicians and women in late imperial China would ","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135059183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-15DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2023.2233832
Pratama Yudha Pradheksa, Putri Cahya Arimbi, D. Tamitiadini
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Pub Date : 2023-08-15DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2023.2219165
Han-Ho Jeong, C. Jeon
{"title":"Can Coding Education Go Completely Online? Time, Work, and Relationship in Online Courses","authors":"Han-Ho Jeong, C. Jeon","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2023.2219165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2023.2219165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"138 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75056050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2023.2232676
H. Fujimoto
In his first monograph A Medicated Empire, Timothy M. Yang examines the relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and the nation-state by spotlighting one entrepreneur, Hoshi Hajime (1873–1951). Today, his name is best known as the father of Hoshi Shin’ichi (1926–1997), the most successful science fiction writer in Japan, but Hajime found great commercial success by founding Hoshi Pharmaceuticals, which formally started in 1911 and whose ownership was eventually transferred from the Hoshi family in 1952. By tracing the work of Hoshi Hajime and his company, Yang illustrates how an energetic industrialist started a business and tried to expand it during the rise of the Japanese Empire from the late Meiji era to the early Shōwa era. This book consists of four parts and eight chapters. In Part I, the author sketches the prehistory and the beginning of Hoshi Pharmaceuticals. Born in a rural area in Fukushima Prefecture, Hoshi Hajime went to Tokyo to study business. Like contemporary ambitious men, he also traveled abroad and entered Columbia University for further study. He completed his Master’s course in 1901 and gained expertise in management and business. During his stay in the United States, Hoshi launched a newspaper and grasped an applied sense of enterprise. This international experience shaped his career, but, at the same time, his business dealings were largely indebted to his extensive network of leading figures in Japan, such as Itō Hirobumi and Nitobe Inazō. Among them, Gotō Shinpei was the most decisive for Hoshi’s career, since Gotō strongly supported Hoshi’s newspaper business in the United States as well as his future work in Taiwan. After returning to Japan, in 1906 Hoshi chose medicine as his new business and rapidly achieved commercial success, resulting in the establishment of Hoshi Pharmaceuticals in 1911. In Part II, Yang analyzes the early success of Hoshi Pharmaceuticals in terms of marketing, advertising, and logistics. Since the company entered the pharmaceutical market much later than major drug firms such as Takeda and Shionogi, it targeted not prescription drugs but instead patent and household drugs. To make his medicines
在他的第一本专著《药物帝国》中，Timothy M. Yang通过关注一位企业家Hajime(1873-1951)来研究制药工业与民族国家之间的关系。如今，他的名字最为人所知的是日本最成功的科幻作家星新一(1926-1997)的父亲，但他因创立星制药公司而获得了巨大的商业成功。星制药公司于1911年正式成立，最终于1952年从星氏家族转移。通过追溯萩生星和他的公司的工作，杨向我们展示了一个精力充沛的实业家是如何在明治晚期到Shōwa早期日本帝国崛起的过程中创业并试图扩大业务的。这本书由四部分八章组成。在第一部分中，作者概述了Hoshi制药的史前史和开始。Hoshi Hajime出生在福岛县的一个农村地区，后来去东京学习商业。和同时代有抱负的人一样，他也出国旅行，进入哥伦比亚大学深造。他于1901年完成硕士课程，并获得了管理和商业方面的专业知识。他在美国期间创办了一份报纸，掌握了一种实用的企业意识。这段国际经历塑造了他的职业生涯，但与此同时，他的商业往来在很大程度上要归功于他在日本的广泛人脉，如伊藤博民和稻津新部。其中，对星氏事业最具决定性的是星氏新平，因为星氏大力支持星氏在美国的报纸事业，也支持星氏日后在台湾的工作。1906年回到日本后，Hoshi选择医药作为他的新事业，并迅速取得了商业上的成功，并于1911年成立了Hoshi制药公司。在第二部分中，杨从营销、广告和物流方面分析了Hoshi Pharmaceuticals的早期成功。由于该公司进入制药市场的时间比武田和盐野义等主要制药公司晚得多，因此它的目标不是处方药，而是专利和家用药物。为他制药
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Pub Date : 2023-05-10DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2023.2197786
K. Shannon
Abstract During the last decades of the nineteenth century, public health policy in Japan transformed from a stricter focus on anti-disease measures to a more discursive and long-term strategy, one that attempted to train local and prefectural administrators to implement top-down directives regarding hygiene (eisei 衛生). This paper uses the early speeches and articles published by The Sanitary Society of Japan (Dai Nippon Shiritsu Eiseikai 大日本私立衛生会, lit. “Great Japan Private Hygiene Association”), the nation’s largest forum for the discussion and dissemination of knowledge related to hygiene, to analyze how and why this change took place. Founded in 1883 by leading figures in medicine and the medical social sciences, the Society attempted to reformulate popular understandings of hygiene and health after widespread manipulation of the government’s early public health programs. I argue that the Society repurposed and reformulated supposedly native Japanese healing practices in order to ground unfamiliar medical concepts, including the term “hygiene” (eisei) itself, within the familiar vocabulary of supposedly shared medical traditions. In recuperating and mobilizing these ideas, the organization broadened the discourse of hygiene while also immuring the concept within a circle of medical elites.
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Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2023.2201985
Emily Baum
China’s Cold War Science Diplomacy offers compelling corrections to two persistent stereotypes about the early People’s Republic of China (PRC, 1949–1976): first, that the PRC was almost entirely isolated from the international community, particularly in matters related to the exchange of scientific and technological information; and second, that the Mao Zedong years were little more than an aberration in China’s historical development, one that was quickly counteracted by Deng Xiaoping’s Reform and Opening beginning in 1978. Marshaling a wide array of sources from China, the United States, and the United Kingdom, Gordon Barrett effectively refutes these assumptions, describing instead how PRC scientists were able to maintain international ties and intellectual engagement throughout the Cold War period. While these relationships necessarily reflected the shifting political and ideological goals of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), they nevertheless reveal how PRC scientists pursued personal, professional, and scholarly exchanges as part of a wider platform intended to showcase “New China” through international science diplomacy. Barrett’s analysis proceeds chronologically, describing how the PRC’s science diplomacy efforts changed shape as the regime’s political objectives and international alliances shifted. In the 1950s, as Chapter 1 recounts, PRC scientists were hamstrung by having been shut out of many international organizations as a result of the United States’ alliance with the Republic of China (Taiwan). One society in which they were able to participate was the World Federation of Scientific Workers (WFSW). Taking part in WFSW-sponsored meetings and conferences enabled PRC-based scientists to maintain contact with their international colleagues, stay current on technical developments in their fields, and promote the accomplishments and legitimacy of the PRC on a global scale. Reflecting the politically moderate stance of the PRC at the time, membership in the Federation also provided Chinese scientists an opportunity to foster ties with European socialists and pursue cross-bloc communication in scientific affairs, thereby increasing the PRC’s international standing within the wider socialist world.
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Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/18752160.2023.2203565
Michael Shiyung Liu, J. Cook
Despite Hippocrates’ statement that “war is the only proper school for a surgeon,” contemporary historians of medicine have long overlooked the complicated relationship between the two. The interconnection between war and medicine has, however, covertly entered military and medical discourse for centuries. In Susan Sontag’s study on the spread of syphilis and tuberculosis during and at the close of the First World War, she references public education campaigns where diseases were cast as an invasion of the body. She states that “military metaphors became a credible and precise means of conceptualizing disease” (Sontag 1990: 97). Additionally, the characteristics of modern counterinsurgency add to the increasingly prominent role of the medical sciences in shaping the viewpoints of national security. Some forms of warfare cast the enemy as a disease of the societal body against which protection can be procured. Research and even political propaganda have begun to explore the strategies in which national security is being redefined as a medical problem, as well as the deepening connections between medicine and warfare (Elbe 2010; Howell 2011). The bio-politics in Nazi-era Germany significantly illuminated how terrifying the application of a medical metaphor to national security and war could be. For example, Andreas Musolff’s study on Hitler’s Mein Kampf focused on “the conceptualization of the German nation as a human body that had to be cured from a deadly disease caused by Jewish parasites” (Musolff 2007: 21), Metaphors of disease and medical treatments that are used to characterize the insurgency-counterinsurgency dynamic constantly elucidate this hybrid character of modern war. Treating the brutal nature of warfare and the philanthropy of
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