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The Attorney General, Politics, and the Public Interest: Contributions to an Evolving Constitutional Convention 司法部长、政治和公共利益:对不断演变的制宪会议的贡献
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-01-14 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2021.42
Michael Murphy
Abstract The prosecutorial independence of the Attorney General (AG) is a firmly established constitutional convention in Canada, but it is also an evolving convention, subject to ongoing contestation and debate. This article is a contribution to that debate. It defends a normative constitutional framework wherein the AG’s authority to make final decisions in matters of criminal prosecution is balanced against a corresponding duty to consult with cabinet and the prime minister on the public interest implications of prosecutorial decisions when the circumstances warrant. Within this normative framework, respectful contestation and debate amongst ministers, the prime minister, and the AG in determining the public interest merits of prosecution is welcomed, even encouraged, and if conducted with the requisite integrity, objectivity, and transparency, it is regarded not as a threat but as a valuable check and balance on AG independence and an indispensable form of quality control on the exercise of prosecutorial discretion.
摘要总检察长的检察独立性是加拿大一项牢固确立的宪法公约,但它也是一项不断发展的公约,需要不断的争论和辩论。这篇文章是对这场辩论的贡献。它捍卫了一个规范的宪法框架,在该框架中,检察官在刑事起诉事项上做出最终决定的权力与在情况允许时就检察决定的公共利益影响与内阁和总理协商的相应义务相平衡。在这一规范性框架内,欢迎甚至鼓励部长、总理和检察官在确定起诉的公共利益价值方面进行相互尊重的辩论和辩论,如果以必要的完整性、客观性和透明度进行,它不是一种威胁,而是对检察官独立性的一种有价值的制衡,也是行使检察自由裁量权的一种不可或缺的质量控制形式。
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引用次数: 0
Coming in from the Cold: Canada’s National Housing Strategy, Homelessness, and the Right to Housing in a Transnational Perspective 从寒冷中走出来:跨国视角下的加拿大国家住房战略、无家可归者和住房权
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-01-12 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2021.40
David DesBaillets, Sarah E. Hamill
Abstract Canada’s National Housing Strategy (NHS) commits the government to eliminating chronic homelessness and promises that realizing the right to housing is a key objective. In this article, we explore how the Canadian government could realize the right to housing in the context of eliminating chronic homelessness. We argue that it is helpful to look at how other jurisdictions have successfully reduced homelessness. In this article we examine Finland and Scotland’s approaches because they offer certain similarities in how homelessness is addressed, yet they also differ, most crucially in how they understand the right to housing. We argue that both of these jurisdictions offer important lessons for Canada to draw on as it seeks to reduce long-term homelessness.
摘要加拿大国家住房战略(NHS)承诺政府消除长期无家可归的现象,并承诺实现住房权是一个关键目标。在这篇文章中,我们探讨了加拿大政府如何在消除长期无家可归的情况下实现住房权。我们认为,看看其他司法管辖区是如何成功减少无家可归现象的是有帮助的。在这篇文章中,我们研究了芬兰和苏格兰的做法,因为它们在解决无家可归问题的方式上有一些相似之处,但它们也有所不同,最关键的是在如何理解住房权方面。我们认为,这两个司法管辖区都为加拿大寻求减少长期无家可归现象提供了重要的经验教训。
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引用次数: 0
Ethics and Confidentiality: Reflections and Lessons Learned Post-Parent and Bruckert v R and Magnotta 伦理与保密:《父母后》和布鲁克特诉R和马格诺塔案的反思与经验教训
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-22 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2021.41
A. Mcclelland, C. Bruckert
Abstract In May 2012, a former research assistant contacted the Montréal police about an interview he had conducted with Luka Magnotta for the SSHRC-funded research project Sex Work and Intimacy: Escorts and their Clients four years previously. That call ultimately resulted in the Parent and Bruckert v R and Magnotta case. Now, a decade later, we are positioned to reflect on the collective lessons learned (and lost) from the case. In this paper, we provide a lay of the Canadian confidentiality landscape before teasing out ten lessons from Parent c R. To do so, we draw on personal archives, survey results from sixty researchers, twelve key informant interviews with qualitative sociolegal and criminology researchers, and documentary analysis of university research policies. The lessons, which range from the clichéd, to the practical, to the frustrating, have implications for the individual work of Canadian researchers and for the collective work of academic institutions.
摘要2012年5月,一名前研究助理联系了蒙特利尔警方,询问他四年前为SSHRC资助的研究项目“性工作与亲密关系:陪护及其客户”与卢卡·马格诺塔进行的一次采访。这一呼吁最终导致了Parent和Bruckert诉R和Magnotta案。现在,十年过去了,我们能够反思从这起案件中吸取(和失去)的集体教训。在这篇论文中,我们先介绍了加拿大的保密情况,然后从Parent c R中总结出十个教训。为此,我们利用了个人档案、60名研究人员的调查结果、12名关键线人对定性社会学和犯罪学研究人员的访谈,以及对大学研究政策的文献分析。这些教训从陈词滥调到实用,再到令人沮丧,对加拿大研究人员的个人工作和学术机构的集体工作都有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Police Violence as Organizational Crime 警察暴力作为组织犯罪
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2021.27
S. Rich
Abstract This paper argues that patterns of pervasive police violence can and should be treated as organizational crime in Canada. It uses the documented events of police violence in Val d’Or, Quebec, that emerged in 2015 to show how a similar fact pattern might fit all of the elements of organizational crime as defined in the Criminal Code. The article also suggests that this is an example where legal imagination is important, in order to shift our collective understanding of what organizational crime is and where it occurs.
摘要本文认为,在加拿大,普遍存在的警察暴力模式可以而且应该被视为有组织犯罪。它使用了2015年在魁北克Val d 'Or出现的警察暴力事件的记录,以说明类似的事实模式如何适用于《刑法》中定义的有组织犯罪的所有要素。这篇文章还指出,这是一个法律想象力很重要的例子,为了改变我们对有组织犯罪是什么以及它发生在哪里的集体理解。
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引用次数: 0
Sharon Cowan, Chloë Kennedy, and Vanessa Munro, edsScottish Feminist Judgments: (Re)Creating Law from the Outside In. Oxford: Bloomsbury, 2019. 440 pp. 莎朗·考恩、Chloë肯尼迪和凡妮莎·门罗合著了《苏格兰女权主义者的判断:(重新)由外而内创造法律》。牛津:布鲁姆斯伯里出版社,2019。440页。
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2021.34
Debra M Haak
The Feminist Judgments Project (FJP) was conceived by the Women’s Court of Canada (WCC), formed in 2004 as a shadow court to rewrite Supreme Court of Canada decisions from feminist perspectives. Replicating judicial form and voice, and following applicable rules of evidence and precedent, the WCC aimed to show that Supreme Court decisions could legitimately have been reasoned or decided differently.1 Since the first six judgments were published by the WCC in 2008, rewritten feminist judgments have now been published in other jurisdictions, including England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Every feminist judgments project is unique, each aiming to impact its own national legal terrain. Recently published Scottish Feminist Judgments: (Re)Creating Law from the Outside In presents sixteen rewritten Scottish judgments, each accompanied by commentary from an expert and a reflective statement from the judgment writer. Five men are included among the nineteen judgment writers and sixteen commentators. Judges selected their own cases, spanning a diverse range of topics, applying substantive and methodological feminist interventions. The judgments are grouped under four headings: crime, victimisation, and violence; family, home, and belonging; relational duties, equality, and discrimination; and citizenship, culture, and protection. This contribution to the FJP also adds seven works from Scottish artists, included to transcend the textual format familiar to lawyers and legal academics and make the project more accessible outside the legal community. The artistic works can be accessed via a virtual exhibition hosted on the Scottish Feminist Judgments Project website.2 A central focus of this book is a feminist concern as pressing now as it was when the WCC was formed almost two decades ago: how to fully represent women’s experiences within standard legal methods. No rewritten judgement more clearly demonstrates how the application of common law rules and reasoning obscure women’s lived experiences than Drury v HM Advocate, a case dealing with the sexual infidelity exception to the partial defence of provocation. In this case, an accused male violently assaulted and killed his former female partner after finding her with another man. In her rewritten judgment, Claire McDiarmid points to the unprincipled expansion of the defence of provocation in Scots Law, which, in the case of sexual infidelity, required only that an accused had learned of infidelity and killed under impulse or passion. The policy question this feminist judge raises in her rewritten judgment is whether the law should continue to place “such a high
女权主义判决项目是由加拿大妇女法院(WCC)构思的,该法院成立于2004年,是一个影子法院,旨在从女权主义的角度改写加拿大最高法院的裁决。WCC复制司法形式和声音,并遵循适用的证据和先例规则,旨在表明最高法院的裁决可以合法地进行推理或以不同的方式作出决定。1自2008年WCC公布前六份判决以来,改写后的女权主义判决现在已在其他司法管辖区公布,包括英格兰、威尔士、北爱尔兰,爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰和美国。每一个女权主义判决项目都是独一无二的,每个项目都旨在影响自己的国家法律领域。最近出版的《苏格兰女权主义判决:(重新)从外到内创造法律》介绍了16篇改写的苏格兰判决,每一篇都附有专家的评论和判决作者的反思性陈述。19名评判作家和16名评论者中包括5人。法官们选择了自己的案件,涉及各种各样的主题,采用了实质性和方法性的女权主义干预措施。判决分为四个标题:犯罪、受害和暴力;家庭、家和归属;关系义务、平等和歧视;以及公民身份、文化和保护。这一对FJP的贡献还增加了七件苏格兰艺术家的作品,其中包括超越律师和法律学者熟悉的文本格式,使该项目在法律界之外更容易获得。这些艺术作品可以通过苏格兰女权主义判决项目网站上举办的虚拟展览访问。2本书的一个核心焦点是女权主义问题,就像20年前WCC成立时一样紧迫:如何在标准的法律方法中充分代表女性的经历。没有比Drury诉HM Advocate一案更清楚地表明,普通法规则和推理的应用掩盖了女性的生活经历,该案涉及性不忠例外,对挑衅进行部分辩护。在本案中,一名被指控的男性在发现其前女性伴侣与另一名男性在一起后暴力袭击并杀害了她。克莱尔·麦克迪亚米德在改写的判决中指出,《苏格兰法》无原则地扩大了对挑衅的辩护,在性不忠的情况下,该法只要求被告知道不忠并在冲动或激情下杀害。这位女权主义法官在她改写的判决中提出的政策问题是,法律是否应该继续将“如此高的
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引用次数: 0
Philip Girard, Jim Phillips, and R. Blake Brown A History of Law in Canada: Volume One—Beginnings to 1866. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018. 928 pp. 菲利普·吉拉德、吉姆·菲利普斯和R·布莱克·布朗加拿大法律史:第一卷——1866年的开端。多伦多:多伦多大学出版社,2018。928页。
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2021.23
Jamie Benidickson
This publication makes a significant contribution to a field of inquiry that has been hugely enriched through the encouragement of the Osgoode Society which, in 1981, inaugurated what is now a collection of over one hundred titles. This latest contribution offers stimulus to further research and should be of interest to several constituencies. A History of Law in Canada might arouse interest within the legal profession, as well as among instructors of legal history, and their students, upon whose curiosity we depend for ongoing exploration of the subject matter, and on the part of those generally intrigued about the evolution of Canadian society, institutions, or the economy. The factors that make the field of legal history of ongoing general importance include the opportunity to understand how societies implement systems of law and governance, how choices are made among alternative institutions and decisionmaking procedures, how changes are introduced, continuities preserved, and how legal systems interact. Choices and changes (frequently the outcome of conflict or resulting from contested reform initiatives) underpin the dynamic of the narrative, a narrative emphasizing legal pluralism—common law, civil law, and Indigenous law. The authors summarize the “story” line as “a search for a balance between liberty and order in a context of continuing legal pluralism” (p. 5). The enduring and evolving relationship between liberty and order is indeed a staple of legal historical analysis. Legal pluralism, variously described in this volume as a “hybrid legal order” (occasionally “culture”) or a “polyglot legal environment,” or even an “amphibious zone,” adds further complexity. The emergence in the period after 1760 of a “mixed legal tradition”—British and French—involved controversy and acrimony when established arrangements and efforts directed towards preservation confronted measures directed towards replacement, innovation, and the creation of new institutions. Among less familiar examples of interaction between societies, as illustrated by the evolution of Canada’s legal arrangements, is an elaborate discussion of “intercultural legal relations” involving nineteenth-century Indigenous and European communities. In reference towritten codes adopted byMohawk chiefs, and elsewhere, the authors are careful to acknowledge and discuss challenging methodological and theoretical issues associated with research into Indigenous legal traditions. The scope of the law that constitutes the subject matter of A History of Law in Canada encompasses the broad realms of public and private law. On the institutional and constitutional side, the volume reviews the evolution of foundational governance arrangements and law-making procedures while simultaneously assessing changes in court structure, judicial appointments, and the separation of powers and independence, among other principles affecting the intersection of order and liberty. The evolution of criminal law and
该出版物对研究领域做出了重大贡献,该领域在奥斯古德协会的鼓励下得到了极大的丰富,该协会于1981年成立了现在超过一百种标题的集合。这一最新的贡献为进一步的研究提供了刺激,并且应该引起一些支持者的兴趣。《加拿大法律史》可能会引起法律界人士的兴趣,也可能引起法律史教师及其学生的兴趣,我们依靠他们的好奇心来继续探索这一主题,也可能引起那些对加拿大社会、制度或经济的演变感兴趣的人的兴趣。使法律史领域具有持续普遍重要性的因素包括有机会了解社会如何实施法律和治理系统,如何在替代机构和决策程序中做出选择,如何引入变化,保持连续性以及法律系统如何相互作用。选择和变化(通常是冲突的结果或有争议的改革举措的结果)支撑着叙事的动态,这种叙事强调法律多元化——普通法、民法和土著法。作者将“故事”线总结为“在持续的法律多元化背景下寻求自由与秩序之间的平衡”(第5页)。自由与秩序之间持久和不断发展的关系确实是法律历史分析的主要内容。法律多元主义在本卷中被不同地描述为“混合法律秩序”(偶尔也被称为“文化”)或“多语言法律环境”,甚至是“两栖区”,这进一步增加了复杂性。1760年之后,“混合法律传统”——英国和法国——的出现引发了争议和激烈的争论,因为既定的保护安排和努力面对的是旨在取代、创新和创建新制度的措施。在社会间相互作用的不太为人所知的例子中,如加拿大法律安排的演变所说明的,是对涉及19世纪土著和欧洲社区的“跨文化法律关系”的详细讨论。在参考莫霍克酋长和其他地方采用的书面代码时,作者小心翼翼地承认和讨论了与土著法律传统研究相关的具有挑战性的方法和理论问题。构成《加拿大法史》主题的法律范围包括公法和私法的广泛领域。在制度和宪法方面,本书回顾了基本治理安排和立法程序的演变,同时评估了法院结构、司法任命、权力分立和独立的变化,以及影响秩序和自由交叉的其他原则。刑法和刑事诉讼程序的演变
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引用次数: 0
Maneesha Deckha Animals as Legal Beings: Contesting Anthropocentric Legal Orders. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2021. 335 pp. 动物作为法律存在:对以人类为中心的法律秩序的质疑。多伦多:多伦多大学出版社,2021。335页。
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2021.25
Amanda Turnbull
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引用次数: 0
CLS volume 36 issue 3 Cover and Back matter CLS第36卷第3期封面和封底
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2021.37
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引用次数: 0
Heidi BohakerDoodem and Council Fire: Anishinaabe Governance through Alliance. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020. 245 pp. Heidi BohakerDoodem和委员会火灾:Anishinaabe通过联盟治理。多伦多:多伦多大学出版社,2020年。245页。
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2021.22
Samantha M. Stevens
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引用次数: 0
«On fait du travail social en fait» : Perceptions de leur rôle par les avocat‑e‑s dans le cadre du processus de détermination du statut de réfugié “我们实际上在做社会工作”:律师对他们在难民确定过程中的作用的看法
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2021.33
Charlotte Dahin
Abstract The collaborative involvement of legal and healthcare professionals is often crucial when managing the consequences of the difficult experiences of those seeking asylum and the impact of these on the construction of the asylum application itself. While such collaboration is not always possible, this article focuses on the experiences of lawyers specialized in immigration law, who are often faced with challenges that do not fall strictly within the legal sphere but must be understood in order to support a successful asylum claim. This article examines the different perceptions among these lawyers as to the scope and limits of their role in this context. Some place greater emphasis on the distinction between professions and the limits of each person’s role. Others appear to express a more nuanced perspective, proposing specific strategies to better manage certain aspects related to mental health in particular.
法律和医疗保健专业人员的合作参与往往是至关重要的,当管理那些寻求庇护的困难经历的后果和这些对庇护申请本身的建设的影响。虽然这种合作并不总是可能的,但本文侧重于专门从事移民法的律师的经验,他们经常面临的挑战不属于严格的法律领域,但必须理解,以支持成功的庇护申请。本文考察了这些律师对他们在这种情况下的作用的范围和限制的不同看法。有些人更强调职业之间的区别和每个人角色的限制。其他人似乎表达了一种更微妙的观点,提出了具体的策略,以更好地管理与心理健康有关的某些方面。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Canadian Journal of Law and Society
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