Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2023.2274872
Jon Seligman, Elie Haddad, Liat Nadav-Ziv
Recent excavations at Yavne show the scale of the wine industry at the site, indicating the central place of its wineries in the viticulture, processing and trade of wines from Ashqelon and Gaza du...
{"title":"Yavne and the industrial production of Gaza and Ashqelon wines","authors":"Jon Seligman, Elie Haddad, Liat Nadav-Ziv","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2023.2274872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2023.2274872","url":null,"abstract":"Recent excavations at Yavne show the scale of the wine industry at the site, indicating the central place of its wineries in the viticulture, processing and trade of wines from Ashqelon and Gaza du...","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138542389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2023.2267279
Nadine Panayot, Aimée Bou Rizk, Duygu Çamurcuog˘lu, Claire Cuyaubère, Joanne Dyer, James Fraser, Ian Freestone, Zeina Klink-Hoppe, Andrew Meek
The Archaeological Museum at the American University of Beirut (AUB) lies approximately 3 km west of the main port of Beirut, the site of the massive explosion that sent a catastrophic shockwave th...
{"title":"Shattered glass of Beirut: collaboration between the Archaeological Museum (American University of Beirut) and international partners following the 2020 port explosion","authors":"Nadine Panayot, Aimée Bou Rizk, Duygu Çamurcuog˘lu, Claire Cuyaubère, Joanne Dyer, James Fraser, Ian Freestone, Zeina Klink-Hoppe, Andrew Meek","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2023.2267279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2023.2267279","url":null,"abstract":"The Archaeological Museum at the American University of Beirut (AUB) lies approximately 3 km west of the main port of Beirut, the site of the massive explosion that sent a catastrophic shockwave th...","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138520719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2023.2258702
Yamandú H. Hilbert, Guillaume Charloux, Samer Sahlah, Abdulaziz al-Oniri
AbstractArchaeological research on the 4th millennium BCE throughout the Levant has shown how craft specialization, extended trade and supply routes, as well as increased social stratification, established the foundation for the urban Early Bronze Age formation process in the third quarter of the 4th millennium BCE. The specific context of northern Arabia, along the fringes of the fertile crescent, remains, on the contrary, largely unexplored. In this paper lithic finds from an Early Bronze I village, named al-Rudaydah in al-Badʿ Oasis, situated in north-western Saudi Arabia, near the Red Sea, are presented. All the stone tool artefacts, over 100 lithics, found in a rectangular drystone masonry dwelling, were subjected to technological and traceological analyses. Most of the artefacts are small chips and flakes resulting from tool maintenance and recycling. Formal tools include so-called tabular scrapers and trapezoidal blade segments with gloss. The results show that the scrapers were likely imported as blanks or ready-made tools, the glossy artefacts were likely sickle insets.Keywords: Early Bronze Agelithicsspatial organizationtraceologynorthern Arabia AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to warmly thank Prince Badr bin Abdullah Al-Saud, Ministry of Culture, Jasir al-Herbich, CEO Heritage Commission and Dr Abdullah al-Zahrani, Director of Archaeology, and Heritage Commission team for their support. The oasis of al-Badʿ has been studied by the Saudi-French Archaeological Project in al-Badʿ directed by G. Charloux and S. Sahlah since 2017. In addition to the support from the Heritage Commission of the Saudi Ministry of Culture, the project benefits from the funding of many French institutions, in particular the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), the Mondes sémitiques team at the laboratory Orient & Méditerranée (UMR 8167), the French Ministry of European and Foreign Affairs, the French Embassy in Riyadh and the French Centre for research on the Arabian Peninsula (Cefrepa). The analysis of the lithics material conducted by Y. Hilbert was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 101001889, REVIVE). We are in great debt to two anonymous reviewers for highlighting inconsistencies and shortcomings of an earlier version of this manuscript. We also thank Scott D. McLin and Eliot Braun for proofreading our manuscript and useful comments.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The transitional Chalcolithic–EB I sites of Tall al-Magass and Tall Hujayrāt al-Ghuzlān in Aqaba precede that of Rudaydah by a few centuries (Khalil and Schmidt Citation2009).2 Opened in 2019 by D. M. Cabaret and extended in 2021 by G. Charloux.3 All lithics were returned to the Heritage Commission in Saudi Arabia on 27 September 2022.
对公元前4千年整个黎凡特的考古研究表明，工艺专业化、贸易和供应路线的扩展以及社会分层的增加，为公元前4千年第三季度城市早期青铜器时代的形成过程奠定了基础。相反，沿着肥沃的新月边缘的阿拉伯北部的具体背景，在很大程度上仍未被探索。本文介绍了位于沙特阿拉伯西北部靠近红海的al-Bad - al绿洲中一个名为al-Rudaydah的早期青铜时代村庄的石器发现。在一个长方形的干石砌住宅中发现了100多件石器制品，所有这些石器制品都经过了技术和痕迹分析。大多数工件是由于工具维护和回收而产生的小碎片和薄片。正式的工具包括所谓的平板刮刀和有光泽的梯形刀片。结果表明，刮刀可能是作为毛坯或现成工具进口的，有光泽的人工制品可能是镰刀镶嵌物。作者衷心感谢文化部巴德尔·本·阿卜杜拉·沙特王子、文化遗产委员会首席执行官贾西尔·赫比希、考古主任阿卜杜拉·扎赫拉尼博士和文化遗产委员会团队的支持。自2017年以来，由G. Charloux和S. Sahlah领导的沙特-法国考古项目一直在研究巴德伊的绿洲。除了得到沙特文化部遗产委员会的支持外，该项目还得到了许多法国机构的资助，特别是法国国家科学研究中心(CNRS)、东方和马姆萨梅特兰萨梅实验室(UMR 8167)的Mondes ssammitiques团队、法国欧洲和外交部、法国驻利雅得大使馆和法国阿拉伯半岛研究中心(Cefrepa)。希尔伯特(Y. Hilbert)对这种岩石材料的分析是由欧洲研究委员会(ERC)根据欧盟的“地平线2020”研究和创新计划(资助协议编号101001889,REVIVE)资助的。我们非常感谢两位匿名审稿人，他们强调了本手稿早期版本的不一致和缺点。我们也感谢Scott D. McLin和Eliot Braun对我们的手稿的校对和有用的评论。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1亚喀巴的Tall al-Magass和Tall Hujayrāt al-Ghuzlān的过渡性铜石器- eb I遗址比Rudaydah早了几个世纪(Khalil and Schmidt Citation2009)该博物馆于2019年由D. M. Cabaret开放，2021年由G. charloux扩建。所有的石像于2022年9月27日归还给沙特阿拉伯的遗产委员会。
{"title":"An Early Bronze Age stone tool assemblage from al-Badʿ Oasis in northern Arabia: a technological and functional analysis","authors":"Yamandú H. Hilbert, Guillaume Charloux, Samer Sahlah, Abdulaziz al-Oniri","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2023.2258702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2023.2258702","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractArchaeological research on the 4th millennium BCE throughout the Levant has shown how craft specialization, extended trade and supply routes, as well as increased social stratification, established the foundation for the urban Early Bronze Age formation process in the third quarter of the 4th millennium BCE. The specific context of northern Arabia, along the fringes of the fertile crescent, remains, on the contrary, largely unexplored. In this paper lithic finds from an Early Bronze I village, named al-Rudaydah in al-Badʿ Oasis, situated in north-western Saudi Arabia, near the Red Sea, are presented. All the stone tool artefacts, over 100 lithics, found in a rectangular drystone masonry dwelling, were subjected to technological and traceological analyses. Most of the artefacts are small chips and flakes resulting from tool maintenance and recycling. Formal tools include so-called tabular scrapers and trapezoidal blade segments with gloss. The results show that the scrapers were likely imported as blanks or ready-made tools, the glossy artefacts were likely sickle insets.Keywords: Early Bronze Agelithicsspatial organizationtraceologynorthern Arabia AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to warmly thank Prince Badr bin Abdullah Al-Saud, Ministry of Culture, Jasir al-Herbich, CEO Heritage Commission and Dr Abdullah al-Zahrani, Director of Archaeology, and Heritage Commission team for their support. The oasis of al-Badʿ has been studied by the Saudi-French Archaeological Project in al-Badʿ directed by G. Charloux and S. Sahlah since 2017. In addition to the support from the Heritage Commission of the Saudi Ministry of Culture, the project benefits from the funding of many French institutions, in particular the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), the Mondes sémitiques team at the laboratory Orient & Méditerranée (UMR 8167), the French Ministry of European and Foreign Affairs, the French Embassy in Riyadh and the French Centre for research on the Arabian Peninsula (Cefrepa). The analysis of the lithics material conducted by Y. Hilbert was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 101001889, REVIVE). We are in great debt to two anonymous reviewers for highlighting inconsistencies and shortcomings of an earlier version of this manuscript. We also thank Scott D. McLin and Eliot Braun for proofreading our manuscript and useful comments.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The transitional Chalcolithic–EB I sites of Tall al-Magass and Tall Hujayrāt al-Ghuzlān in Aqaba precede that of Rudaydah by a few centuries (Khalil and Schmidt Citation2009).2 Opened in 2019 by D. M. Cabaret and extended in 2021 by G. Charloux.3 All lithics were returned to the Heritage Commission in Saudi Arabia on 27 September 2022.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135590393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2023.2230039
A. Kleiman, Erin Hall, Rachel Kalisher, Zachary C. Dunseth, Lidar Sapir-Hen, R. Homsher, Matthew J. Adams, Israel Finkelstein
{"title":"Crisis in motion: the final days of Iron Age I Megiddo","authors":"A. Kleiman, Erin Hall, Rachel Kalisher, Zachary C. Dunseth, Lidar Sapir-Hen, R. Homsher, Matthew J. Adams, Israel Finkelstein","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2023.2230039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2023.2230039","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49275516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2023.2230716
Małgorzata Kajzer, Edyta Marzec, Anno Hein
This paper presents the reconstruction of the chaîne opératoires of local Hellenistic lamps found at the Agora in Nea Paphos. The study is based on detailed macroscopic observations combined with the results of laboratory analyses. It aims at shedding light on the operational sequences of lamp manufacture, from clay processing, through forming, finishing and surface treatments, to firing. The results indicate that the lamps produced in the Nea Paphos area underwent dynamic changes in terms of clay procurement and/or processing, forming techniques and firing, throughout the Hellenistic period. Furthermore, this research revealed indirect evidence suggesting that at least wheel-made lamps were produced in the same workshops as tableware vessels. Setting the results of this study in the broader context of lamp production in the Eastern Mediterranean allows for a better understanding of some aspects of the organization behind their production.
{"title":"Exploring chaîne opératoires of Hellenistic ceramic oil lamps from Nea Paphos, Cyprus","authors":"Małgorzata Kajzer, Edyta Marzec, Anno Hein","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2023.2230716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2023.2230716","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the reconstruction of the chaîne opératoires of local Hellenistic lamps found at the Agora in Nea Paphos. The study is based on detailed macroscopic observations combined with the results of laboratory analyses. It aims at shedding light on the operational sequences of lamp manufacture, from clay processing, through forming, finishing and surface treatments, to firing. The results indicate that the lamps produced in the Nea Paphos area underwent dynamic changes in terms of clay procurement and/or processing, forming techniques and firing, throughout the Hellenistic period. Furthermore, this research revealed indirect evidence suggesting that at least wheel-made lamps were produced in the same workshops as tableware vessels. Setting the results of this study in the broader context of lamp production in the Eastern Mediterranean allows for a better understanding of some aspects of the organization behind their production.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49204080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2023.2210462
L. Bombardieri
A focused analysis of provenanced and unprovenanced Middle Bronze Age stamps from the Kouris Valley in Cyprus is presented in this article. Stylistic aspects are investigated, along with possible external prototypes on which they may have been based, as well as their possible multiple uses and functions. Finally, the limited evidence from Middle Bronze Age contexts in Cyprus is discussed in relation to the very different ways in which foreign influences and differing trajectories affected the move toward increasingly complex societies, and how these may have influenced sealing practices on the island.
{"title":"Beyond sealing: evidence of Middle Bronze Age stamps from the Kouris Valley, Cyprus","authors":"L. Bombardieri","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2023.2210462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2023.2210462","url":null,"abstract":"A focused analysis of provenanced and unprovenanced Middle Bronze Age stamps from the Kouris Valley in Cyprus is presented in this article. Stylistic aspects are investigated, along with possible external prototypes on which they may have been based, as well as their possible multiple uses and functions. Finally, the limited evidence from Middle Bronze Age contexts in Cyprus is discussed in relation to the very different ways in which foreign influences and differing trajectories affected the move toward increasingly complex societies, and how these may have influenced sealing practices on the island.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46067490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2023.2202484
Roy Marom, Y. Tepper, M. J. Adams
During the 16th century CE, the town of al-Lajjun in the Marj ibn ‘Amir (the Jezreel Valley), served as one of Ottoman Palestine’s provincial capitals under the administration of the Turabay Dynasty (1517–1688 CE), and was an important centre on the imperial highway between Damascus and Cairo. However, the town of this period has never been the subject of historical investigation. This paper seeks to bring together, assess and synthesize, rarely accessed Arabic and Ottoman Turkish sources, along with oral histories and an archaeological survey, to provide the first comprehensive historical account of Turabay al-Lajjun and it its ultimate demise in the 19th century CE.
公元16世纪，位于Marj ibn ' Amir(耶斯列山谷)的al-Lajjun镇，在Turabay王朝(公元1517-1688年)的管理下，作为奥斯曼巴勒斯坦的省会之一，是大马士革和开罗之间的帝国高速公路上的重要中心。然而，这一时期的小镇却从未成为历史调查的对象。本文试图汇集，评估和综合，很少访问的阿拉伯语和奥斯曼土耳其语资料，以及口述历史和考古调查，提供第一个全面的历史描述图拉拜al-Lajjun及其在公元19世纪的最终灭亡。
{"title":"Lajjun: forgotten provincial capital in Ottoman Palestine","authors":"Roy Marom, Y. Tepper, M. J. Adams","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2023.2202484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2023.2202484","url":null,"abstract":"During the 16th century CE, the town of al-Lajjun in the Marj ibn ‘Amir (the Jezreel Valley), served as one of Ottoman Palestine’s provincial capitals under the administration of the Turabay Dynasty (1517–1688 CE), and was an important centre on the imperial highway between Damascus and Cairo. However, the town of this period has never been the subject of historical investigation. This paper seeks to bring together, assess and synthesize, rarely accessed Arabic and Ottoman Turkish sources, along with oral histories and an archaeological survey, to provide the first comprehensive historical account of Turabay al-Lajjun and it its ultimate demise in the 19th century CE.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48447402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-27DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2023.2196131
M. Sala
The present work reports the results of the typological, technological and archaeometric study undertaken on Early Bronze Age ceramic fragments from the site of Tell el-Far‘ah North (West Bank), which macroscopic analysis has recognized as representative of ‘metallic ware’. The fragments belong to a distinctive class of medium-sized carinated bowls dating to the south Levantine EB II/ESL 4. Petrographic (OM), mineralogical (XRPD) and chemical (SEM-EDS) analyses have yielded the identification of a ‘metallic ware’ industry, which used a low calcareous clay where quartz is dominant, along with feldspars, fragments of sedimentary and siliceous rocks, nodules of iron oxides, and was fired at a temperature in a range between 800–900 °C. Petrographic and mineralogical data have made it possible to discuss the nature of raw materials and to investigate aspects of the production technology. Finally, through a comparison with other ceramics from the site, the fragments have been examined against the background of the local pottery tradition. The metallic ware bowls from Tell el-Far‘ah North have proved to be representative of a distinctive specialized ceramic industry of the central hill country, linked to the so-called ‘Aphek family’ bowls.
{"title":"The EB II ‘metallic ware’ from Tell el-Far‘ah North (West Bank): typology, technology and petrography of a ceramic industry of the central hill country","authors":"M. Sala","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2023.2196131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2023.2196131","url":null,"abstract":"The present work reports the results of the typological, technological and archaeometric study undertaken on Early Bronze Age ceramic fragments from the site of Tell el-Far‘ah North (West Bank), which macroscopic analysis has recognized as representative of ‘metallic ware’. The fragments belong to a distinctive class of medium-sized carinated bowls dating to the south Levantine EB II/ESL 4. Petrographic (OM), mineralogical (XRPD) and chemical (SEM-EDS) analyses have yielded the identification of a ‘metallic ware’ industry, which used a low calcareous clay where quartz is dominant, along with feldspars, fragments of sedimentary and siliceous rocks, nodules of iron oxides, and was fired at a temperature in a range between 800–900 °C. Petrographic and mineralogical data have made it possible to discuss the nature of raw materials and to investigate aspects of the production technology. Finally, through a comparison with other ceramics from the site, the fragments have been examined against the background of the local pottery tradition. The metallic ware bowls from Tell el-Far‘ah North have proved to be representative of a distinctive specialized ceramic industry of the central hill country, linked to the so-called ‘Aphek family’ bowls.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49156687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2023.2181498
Y. Garfinkel, Sarah Krulwich
From the Upper Palaeolithic to the present, birds constituted a marginal motif in the extensive corpus of human artistic expression. Only one episode of human history stands out as an exception: the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A of the Near East (c. 9800–8700 BC). During this time, numerous bird representations occur at many sites across the region: Gilgal, Jerf el Ahmar, Mureybet, Nemrik 9, Tell ‘Abr 3, Körtik Tepe and Karahan Tepe. At least four categories of bird imagery are notable: bird figurines, bird statues, miniature bird depictions and monumental bird depictions. Reviewing the available evidence, we suggest that this is related to the momentous transitions from a mobile hunter-gatherer way of life to a sedentary, and ultimately agricultural, economy. As humans moved to permanent settlements, they relinquished much of their mobility and began developing a calendrical agricultural economy. Birds were relevant in both respects. First, their capacity for flight echoed the relinquished mobile mode of living. Second, massive seasonal bird migrations signified the need to keep farming tasks on schedule and closely correlated with the annual cycle.
{"title":"Avian depiction in the earliest Neolithic communities of the Near East","authors":"Y. Garfinkel, Sarah Krulwich","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2023.2181498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2023.2181498","url":null,"abstract":"From the Upper Palaeolithic to the present, birds constituted a marginal motif in the extensive corpus of human artistic expression. Only one episode of human history stands out as an exception: the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A of the Near East (c. 9800–8700 BC). During this time, numerous bird representations occur at many sites across the region: Gilgal, Jerf el Ahmar, Mureybet, Nemrik 9, Tell ‘Abr 3, Körtik Tepe and Karahan Tepe. At least four categories of bird imagery are notable: bird figurines, bird statues, miniature bird depictions and monumental bird depictions. Reviewing the available evidence, we suggest that this is related to the momentous transitions from a mobile hunter-gatherer way of life to a sedentary, and ultimately agricultural, economy. As humans moved to permanent settlements, they relinquished much of their mobility and began developing a calendrical agricultural economy. Birds were relevant in both respects. First, their capacity for flight echoed the relinquished mobile mode of living. Second, massive seasonal bird migrations signified the need to keep farming tasks on schedule and closely correlated with the annual cycle.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43173453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-21DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2023.2174671
C. Hamarneh
For any city to flourish it must be able to provide sufficient water for the daily needs of the population, as well as, in addition to water for religious needs, water for aesthetic needs, such as fountains, gardens and baths. Nabataeans were specifically keen to showcase their ingenuity and wealth, as they were situated in a dry and arid area. For this, an extensive network of channels, pipes and aqueducts were built to draw water from the numerous springs situated in the karst of the ash-Sharah Mountains. Most aqueducts in Petra have been studied extensively. However, within the framework of the Restoration of the Ancient Nabatean Flood Control System in Wadi Madras at Petra project, which was conducted by the Centre for the Study of Natural and Cultural Heritage at the German Jordanian University, 2017–2021, the author discovered a new branch related to the Ayn Braq aqueduct. This branch might indicate an initial and early plan to draw the water towards the city through the north water flow channels in the Siq. The study of this branch revealed significant investment in the landscape with regard to both preparation prior to the aqueduct’s construction and its protection from natural hazards. In addition, a new naṣṣib and a betyl niche were discovered in direct association with the aqueduct.
{"title":"To whom does the water flow? A new aqueduct branch of Ayn Braq in Petra, Jordan","authors":"C. Hamarneh","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2023.2174671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2023.2174671","url":null,"abstract":"For any city to flourish it must be able to provide sufficient water for the daily needs of the population, as well as, in addition to water for religious needs, water for aesthetic needs, such as fountains, gardens and baths. Nabataeans were specifically keen to showcase their ingenuity and wealth, as they were situated in a dry and arid area. For this, an extensive network of channels, pipes and aqueducts were built to draw water from the numerous springs situated in the karst of the ash-Sharah Mountains. Most aqueducts in Petra have been studied extensively. However, within the framework of the Restoration of the Ancient Nabatean Flood Control System in Wadi Madras at Petra project, which was conducted by the Centre for the Study of Natural and Cultural Heritage at the German Jordanian University, 2017–2021, the author discovered a new branch related to the Ayn Braq aqueduct. This branch might indicate an initial and early plan to draw the water towards the city through the north water flow channels in the Siq. The study of this branch revealed significant investment in the landscape with regard to both preparation prior to the aqueduct’s construction and its protection from natural hazards. In addition, a new naṣṣib and a betyl niche were discovered in direct association with the aqueduct.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45388356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：