Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2023.2184030
Ido Wachtel
The Early Bronze Age I–II transition in the southern Levant (c. 3000 BCE) is attested by significant changes in the organization of settlement systems, and economic modes of production and distribution. This study examined settlement patterns in the mountainous Upper Galilee and adjacent regions during the Early Bronze (EB) I–II. The regional settlement history was studied using a systematic survey of archaeological sites, as well as an analysis of all available archaeological data from previous surveys and salvage excavations. This study demonstrates that, despite the complexity of surveying multi-period mountainous sites, a systematic survey can contribute to reconstructing individual site histories and the region’s history as a whole. In the Early Bronze Age, the Mountainous Upper Galilee, usually considered peripheral to the large, newly-established urban centres of the lowlands, played a significant role that has previously been overlooked. In addition, this study offers an integrative highland–lowland model for the changing settlement landscapes at this transition.
{"title":"The role of highland regions in interregional connectivity: Upper Galilee in the Early Bronze Age","authors":"Ido Wachtel","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2023.2184030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2023.2184030","url":null,"abstract":"The Early Bronze Age I–II transition in the southern Levant (c. 3000 BCE) is attested by significant changes in the organization of settlement systems, and economic modes of production and distribution. This study examined settlement patterns in the mountainous Upper Galilee and adjacent regions during the Early Bronze (EB) I–II. The regional settlement history was studied using a systematic survey of archaeological sites, as well as an analysis of all available archaeological data from previous surveys and salvage excavations. This study demonstrates that, despite the complexity of surveying multi-period mountainous sites, a systematic survey can contribute to reconstructing individual site histories and the region’s history as a whole. In the Early Bronze Age, the Mountainous Upper Galilee, usually considered peripheral to the large, newly-established urban centres of the lowlands, played a significant role that has previously been overlooked. In addition, this study offers an integrative highland–lowland model for the changing settlement landscapes at this transition.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"55 1","pages":"6 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44624604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2022.2151265
M. Chesson
Early Bronze Age I mortuary practices present a fascinating opportunity to consider how archaeologists approach the question of regionalism, a task rooted fundamentally in the identification and assessment of difference. This paper discusses the intellectual scaffolding in archaeological approaches to assessing variation and homogeneity in our social, economic and political reconstructions of the EB IA by focusing on the cemeteries of Bâb adh-Dhrâʿ, Fifa and Naqʾ on the south-eastern Dead Sea Plain, Jordan. A communities of practice approach is employed to understand the nature of variation in EB IA mortuary practices. By framing mortuary practices as a craft, embedded in the sociality of technology and learning, alternatives to understanding the similarities and differences of treating the dead, and how mortuary practices on the south-eastern Dead Sea Plain offer insights into EB IA society, are considered.
{"title":"Early Bronze Age IA mortuary practices and difference on the south-eastern Dead Sea Plain, Jordan","authors":"M. Chesson","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2022.2151265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2022.2151265","url":null,"abstract":"Early Bronze Age I mortuary practices present a fascinating opportunity to consider how archaeologists approach the question of regionalism, a task rooted fundamentally in the identification and assessment of difference. This paper discusses the intellectual scaffolding in archaeological approaches to assessing variation and homogeneity in our social, economic and political reconstructions of the EB IA by focusing on the cemeteries of Bâb adh-Dhrâʿ, Fifa and Naqʾ on the south-eastern Dead Sea Plain, Jordan. A communities of practice approach is employed to understand the nature of variation in EB IA mortuary practices. By framing mortuary practices as a craft, embedded in the sociality of technology and learning, alternatives to understanding the similarities and differences of treating the dead, and how mortuary practices on the south-eastern Dead Sea Plain offer insights into EB IA society, are considered.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"55 1","pages":"61 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46146992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2022.2151225
C. Nicolle
In the southern Levant, urbanization is the prevailing model used when interpreting the settlement history and material culture changes observed during the Early Bronze (EB) II–III periods. Several scholars question the dominance of this interpretative model. They point out differences between settlement organization and site morphology data, and the situation depicted by the traditional urban model. Beyond this monolithic narrative, other models are appearing. Models that highlight the large spectrum of settlement variability and regional networks, and express doubts about social hierarchy and intensive production. In these approaches, grounded on facts rather than theoretical a priori, the development of sub-regional analyses is needed, with a broader chronological scope not limited by the pace of urbanization. The existence of several well-preserved sites in south-eastern Syria allows a relatively accurate picture of the different settlements, mainly occupied by communities of mobile pastoralists, to be drawn. The image that emerges from the diachronic presentation of several of these sites is specific to the region: here the traditional architectural elements of urban societies are used differently, in a context where rurality and nomadism prevail, and where the border with the urban world is difficult to establish. Moreover, no evolutionary continuity is perceptible. Even when the characteristics of the sub-region are taken into account, the observations made necessitate the reformulation of the over-generalizing model of southern Levantine urbanization.
{"title":"Beyond urbanization, regional settlement pattern in south-eastern Levant during the Early Bronze Age","authors":"C. Nicolle","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2022.2151225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2022.2151225","url":null,"abstract":"In the southern Levant, urbanization is the prevailing model used when interpreting the settlement history and material culture changes observed during the Early Bronze (EB) II–III periods. Several scholars question the dominance of this interpretative model. They point out differences between settlement organization and site morphology data, and the situation depicted by the traditional urban model. Beyond this monolithic narrative, other models are appearing. Models that highlight the large spectrum of settlement variability and regional networks, and express doubts about social hierarchy and intensive production. In these approaches, grounded on facts rather than theoretical a priori, the development of sub-regional analyses is needed, with a broader chronological scope not limited by the pace of urbanization. The existence of several well-preserved sites in south-eastern Syria allows a relatively accurate picture of the different settlements, mainly occupied by communities of mobile pastoralists, to be drawn. The image that emerges from the diachronic presentation of several of these sites is specific to the region: here the traditional architectural elements of urban societies are used differently, in a context where rurality and nomadism prevail, and where the border with the urban world is difficult to establish. Moreover, no evolutionary continuity is perceptible. Even when the characteristics of the sub-region are taken into account, the observations made necessitate the reformulation of the over-generalizing model of southern Levantine urbanization.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"55 1","pages":"26 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48092076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2023.2206697
M. Iserlis, Yael Rotem, U. Davidovich
The Levantine Early Bronze Age (EBA; 3800/3600– 2600/2500 BCE; Regev et al. 2012; Table 1) challenges generations of researchers, that are forced to change approaches, refine methods and reconsider narratives in order to explain the nature of social change and the profound transformations reflected in the material culture (Albright 1949; Chesson 2015; Chesson and Philip 2003; Esse 1991; Greenberg 2019; de Miroschedji 1989; Philip 2001; Philip and Baird 2000). The elephant in the room is, of course, the urbanization processes that swept through the Ancient Near East during the 4th and 3rd millennia BCE, resulting in unmistakable change in the social, economic and political matrix in all sub-regions comprising this area. The EBA in the southern and central Levant involves independent trajectories within the overall pattern of rising complexity, with multifarious regional and local narratives. Co-existing and being in contact with societies that participated in the formation of the first bureaucratic states and literate civilizations, Levantine societies found their own, different, nonlinear ways of re-organization and development (Chesson 2015; Chesson and Philip 2003; Greenberg 2019; Joffe 1993; Pollock 1999; Stein 2012; Yoffe 2005). The co-existing, and sometimes competing, regional narratives of social and political developments in the Levantine EBA are a reflection of the environmental variability and fragmentation characterizing the narrow Mediterranean strip along the Eastern Mediterranean littoral and neighbouring steppe and desert regions. The abundance of archaeological data assembled from the different parts of the Levant expresses the existence of small-scale, yet spatially coherent settlement systems (or activity systems in the case of more arid regions) with high cultural integration. Each of these systems had a somewhat different trajectory within the overall EBA sequence, resulting in distinct patterns of material culture that only partially overlap chronologically (Ben-Yosef et al. 2016; Chesson 2015; Greenberg 2002; 2019; de Miroschedji 1989; 2014; Müller-Neuhof 2014; Richard 2014; Savage et al. 2007). These differences constitute tangible manifestations to the formation and recreation of social identities, circulation of ideas and traditions, reshaping of cultural boundaries, and the rise and decline of regional powers. Deep comparative examination of the material culture in each region may get us closer to delineating the invention of regional entities, in the sense of social and political units, as well as
{"title":"Regionalism, social boundaries and cultural interaction in the Levantine Early Bronze Age","authors":"M. Iserlis, Yael Rotem, U. Davidovich","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2023.2206697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2023.2206697","url":null,"abstract":"The Levantine Early Bronze Age (EBA; 3800/3600– 2600/2500 BCE; Regev et al. 2012; Table 1) challenges generations of researchers, that are forced to change approaches, refine methods and reconsider narratives in order to explain the nature of social change and the profound transformations reflected in the material culture (Albright 1949; Chesson 2015; Chesson and Philip 2003; Esse 1991; Greenberg 2019; de Miroschedji 1989; Philip 2001; Philip and Baird 2000). The elephant in the room is, of course, the urbanization processes that swept through the Ancient Near East during the 4th and 3rd millennia BCE, resulting in unmistakable change in the social, economic and political matrix in all sub-regions comprising this area. The EBA in the southern and central Levant involves independent trajectories within the overall pattern of rising complexity, with multifarious regional and local narratives. Co-existing and being in contact with societies that participated in the formation of the first bureaucratic states and literate civilizations, Levantine societies found their own, different, nonlinear ways of re-organization and development (Chesson 2015; Chesson and Philip 2003; Greenberg 2019; Joffe 1993; Pollock 1999; Stein 2012; Yoffe 2005). The co-existing, and sometimes competing, regional narratives of social and political developments in the Levantine EBA are a reflection of the environmental variability and fragmentation characterizing the narrow Mediterranean strip along the Eastern Mediterranean littoral and neighbouring steppe and desert regions. The abundance of archaeological data assembled from the different parts of the Levant expresses the existence of small-scale, yet spatially coherent settlement systems (or activity systems in the case of more arid regions) with high cultural integration. Each of these systems had a somewhat different trajectory within the overall EBA sequence, resulting in distinct patterns of material culture that only partially overlap chronologically (Ben-Yosef et al. 2016; Chesson 2015; Greenberg 2002; 2019; de Miroschedji 1989; 2014; Müller-Neuhof 2014; Richard 2014; Savage et al. 2007). These differences constitute tangible manifestations to the formation and recreation of social identities, circulation of ideas and traditions, reshaping of cultural boundaries, and the rise and decline of regional powers. Deep comparative examination of the material culture in each region may get us closer to delineating the invention of regional entities, in the sense of social and political units, as well as","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"55 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46714450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2022.2163093
Yitzhak Paz, Itai Elad
Excavations of 4th millennium BCE sites conducted in the past two decades have provided a significant amount of quantitative data regarding the use of pottery. This accumulated data provides an opportunity to engage in a comparative analysis between sites of different regions in the southern Levant, as well as of the different periods comprising the 4th millennium, including the Late Chalcolithic, Early Bronze Age IA, Early Bronze Age IB and Early Bronze Age II. The aim of the current study is to utilize quantitative data to detect general trends in the usage patterns of pottery vessels. The study was based on a division into three general categories: serving, cooking and storage vessels. The results show that each period had its own specific usage pattern or patterns, and that during the Late Chalcolithic and the late EBA IB these patterns were similar throughout the southern Levant. The results of this study are also used to explore some of the associated socio-political implications.
{"title":"A numbers game: analyzing pottery usage patterns of 4th millennium BCE sites in the southern Levant","authors":"Yitzhak Paz, Itai Elad","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2022.2163093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2022.2163093","url":null,"abstract":"Excavations of 4th millennium BCE sites conducted in the past two decades have provided a significant amount of quantitative data regarding the use of pottery. This accumulated data provides an opportunity to engage in a comparative analysis between sites of different regions in the southern Levant, as well as of the different periods comprising the 4th millennium, including the Late Chalcolithic, Early Bronze Age IA, Early Bronze Age IB and Early Bronze Age II. The aim of the current study is to utilize quantitative data to detect general trends in the usage patterns of pottery vessels. The study was based on a division into three general categories: serving, cooking and storage vessels. The results show that each period had its own specific usage pattern or patterns, and that during the Late Chalcolithic and the late EBA IB these patterns were similar throughout the southern Levant. The results of this study are also used to explore some of the associated socio-political implications.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"55 1","pages":"101 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43208757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2022.2129868
Aaron Gidding
Over the past few years, a combination of new data and a revised interpretation of old data has led to a ‘new paradigm’ for the history of the southern arid periphery of the southern Levant during the 3rd millennium BCE. It has long been known that copper was fundamental to the local economy of the Faynan district of southern Jordan: the barrenness of the Faynan region created economic asymmetry that has been used to explain changes in local settlement patterns as a response to regional demand for copper. A synthesis of data from sites in the region highlight the absence of external control of copper production and indicate innovative developments to facilitate long distance exchange through the development of a vertically integrated production network.
{"title":"Cultural continuity and asymmetry through the Levantine Early Bronze Age: a view from the desert","authors":"Aaron Gidding","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2022.2129868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2022.2129868","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few years, a combination of new data and a revised interpretation of old data has led to a ‘new paradigm’ for the history of the southern arid periphery of the southern Levant during the 3rd millennium BCE. It has long been known that copper was fundamental to the local economy of the Faynan district of southern Jordan: the barrenness of the Faynan region created economic asymmetry that has been used to explain changes in local settlement patterns as a response to regional demand for copper. A synthesis of data from sites in the region highlight the absence of external control of copper production and indicate innovative developments to facilitate long distance exchange through the development of a vertically integrated production network.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"55 1","pages":"46 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48724064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2022.2129142
Michael Given
{"title":"Wine Jars and Jar Makers of Cyprus: The Ethnoarchaeology of Pitharia","authors":"Michael Given","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2022.2129142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2022.2129142","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48384350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2022.2140975
Victor Klinkenberg
Roundhouses from the Cypriot Chalcolithic display substantial size differences, as well as variety between use phases. This paper employs a biographical approach to map and interpret the diversity and similarities between these buildings. Buildings from two sites in the south-west of Cyprus are examined for evidence of changes throughout their use lives. In addition, the diachronic relationships between buildings are investigated. The results suggest that within a strict normative framework, buildings were actively used for the expression of both cultural identity, and personal or household status. The manner in which this was achieved was specific to the phase of the house, construction, use or abandonment. While variables employed during construction served to articulate wealth or power differences, the mode of abandonment served as the most potent manifestation of enduring status.
{"title":"Building biographies of the Cypriot Chalcolithic","authors":"Victor Klinkenberg","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2022.2140975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2022.2140975","url":null,"abstract":"Roundhouses from the Cypriot Chalcolithic display substantial size differences, as well as variety between use phases. This paper employs a biographical approach to map and interpret the diversity and similarities between these buildings. Buildings from two sites in the south-west of Cyprus are examined for evidence of changes throughout their use lives. In addition, the diachronic relationships between buildings are investigated. The results suggest that within a strict normative framework, buildings were actively used for the expression of both cultural identity, and personal or household status. The manner in which this was achieved was specific to the phase of the house, construction, use or abandonment. While variables employed during construction served to articulate wealth or power differences, the mode of abandonment served as the most potent manifestation of enduring status.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"54 1","pages":"295 - 308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43400009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2022.2122206
Timothy Hogue
In the 9th century BC, Levantine polities performatively expressed territoriality by strategically utilizing the spatial discourse of royal monuments. Specifically, Levantine rulers erected complementary monuments in both their core cities and frontier cities to transmit a central praxis and perspective to the periphery. This practice drew on earlier Levantine traditions of using monuments to demarcate ceremonial theatres that functioned as zones for political transformation. Most importantly, these 9th century monuments departed from earlier traditions by distributing the presence of both the king and his patron deity to multiple locations within his claimed territory. They thus created relationships between the denizens of diverse settlements and the king and his deity. By creating a shared political and religious experience, the monuments performatively brought forth concepts of a territorial polity centred on a single king, deity and capital city. This allowed these kings to express sovereignty over entire regions as opposed to collections of individual settlements.
{"title":"For god, king and country: cult and territoriality in the Iron Age Levant","authors":"Timothy Hogue","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2022.2122206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2022.2122206","url":null,"abstract":"In the 9th century BC, Levantine polities performatively expressed territoriality by strategically utilizing the spatial discourse of royal monuments. Specifically, Levantine rulers erected complementary monuments in both their core cities and frontier cities to transmit a central praxis and perspective to the periphery. This practice drew on earlier Levantine traditions of using monuments to demarcate ceremonial theatres that functioned as zones for political transformation. Most importantly, these 9th century monuments departed from earlier traditions by distributing the presence of both the king and his patron deity to multiple locations within his claimed territory. They thus created relationships between the denizens of diverse settlements and the king and his deity. By creating a shared political and religious experience, the monuments performatively brought forth concepts of a territorial polity centred on a single king, deity and capital city. This allowed these kings to express sovereignty over entire regions as opposed to collections of individual settlements.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"54 1","pages":"347 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58871210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2022.2135869
Shyama Vermeersch, B. Starkovich, Adriano Orsingher, J. Kamlah
Agricultural practices in Iron Age Phoenicia are an understudied field of research. The most recently excavated faunal evidence from Tell el-Burak, a coastal agricultural domain linked to either Sidon or Sarepta, will increase our understanding of this topic. This paper provides the first diachronic and detailed analysis of the Late Iron Age and Persian period faunal data from Tell el-Burak, and investigates the subsistence practices of its people during the late 8th to mid-4th centuries BCE. The diet of its inhabitants mainly consists of caprines, while a high percentage of donkeys and cattle remains coincide with the peak of winemaking activities at the site. The results from Tell el-Burak are then compared with faunal data from other sites in the territory traditionally known as Phoenicia, as well as with faunal data from the neighbouring regions of the Levant. The comparisons show differences between the northern and southern Levant and similarities between southern Phoenicia and the southern Levant.
腓尼基铁器时代的农业实践是一个研究不足的领域。最近从Tell el Burak（一个与Sidon或Sarepta有关的沿海农业区）挖掘的动物群证据将增加我们对这一主题的理解。本文首次对Tell el Burak的铁器时代晚期和波斯时期的动物群数据进行了历时性和详细的分析，并调查了公元前8世纪末至4世纪中期其人民的生存实践。其居民的饮食主要由山羊组成，而驴和牛的高比例遗骸与该地酿酒活动的高峰期相吻合。Tell el Burak的结果随后与传统上被称为腓尼基的领土上其他地点的动物群数据以及黎凡特邻近地区的动物群信息进行了比较。对比显示了黎凡特北部和南部的差异，以及腓尼基南部和黎凡特南部的相似之处。
{"title":"Subsistence practices in Phoenicia and beyond: faunal investigations at Tell el-Burak, Lebanon (c. 725–350 BCE)","authors":"Shyama Vermeersch, B. Starkovich, Adriano Orsingher, J. Kamlah","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2022.2135869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2022.2135869","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural practices in Iron Age Phoenicia are an understudied field of research. The most recently excavated faunal evidence from Tell el-Burak, a coastal agricultural domain linked to either Sidon or Sarepta, will increase our understanding of this topic. This paper provides the first diachronic and detailed analysis of the Late Iron Age and Persian period faunal data from Tell el-Burak, and investigates the subsistence practices of its people during the late 8th to mid-4th centuries BCE. The diet of its inhabitants mainly consists of caprines, while a high percentage of donkeys and cattle remains coincide with the peak of winemaking activities at the site. The results from Tell el-Burak are then compared with faunal data from other sites in the territory traditionally known as Phoenicia, as well as with faunal data from the neighbouring regions of the Levant. The comparisons show differences between the northern and southern Levant and similarities between southern Phoenicia and the southern Levant.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"54 1","pages":"359 - 377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44770725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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