International Journal of Law in Context最新文献

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The right to food and substantive equality as complementary frameworks in addressing women's food insecurity 食物权和实质性平等是解决妇女粮食不安全问题的补充框架

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1744552323000022

Leavides G. Domingo-Cabarrubias

In international human rights law, the right to food has become a widely accepted legal and normative framework for tackling the problem of food insecurity. However, as currently formulated, the right to food is insufficient as a framework to tackle gender-specific barriers that impede women's access to food, which has contributed to the persistence of women's food insecurity globally. While the equal enjoyment of the right to food is guaranteed by the non-discrimination and equality provisions in international law, this notion of equality, associated with the formal equality approach, fails to recognise and address women's historical experience of systemic discrimination. This article argues that women's food insecurity should be approached from a broader formulation of the right to food that is informed by a substantive equality perspective, drawing from contemporary interpretations and elucidations by human rights bodies which have pushed for a more substantive notion of equality.

在国际人权法中，食物权已成为解决粮食不安全问题的一个被广泛接受的法律和规范框架。然而，正如目前制定的那样，食物权不足以作为一个框架来解决阻碍妇女获得食物的特定性别障碍，这导致了全球妇女粮食不安全的持续存在。虽然国际法中的不歧视和平等条款保障了平等享有食物权，但这种与正式平等方法相关的平等概念未能承认和解决妇女遭受系统性歧视的历史经历。这篇文章认为，应该从更广泛的食物权提法来处理妇女的粮食不安全问题，从实质性平等的角度出发，借鉴人权机构推动更实质性平等概念的当代解释和阐释。

引用次数: 0

Sitting at the Same Table: a cross-disciplinary ‘constitutional-institutionalist’ approach to the study of constitutions 坐在同一张桌子上:一个跨学科的“宪法制度主义”方法来研究宪法

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/s1744552323000034

R. Passchier, M. Stremler

This article presents a cross-disciplinary approach to the study of constitutions: ‘constitutional institutionalism’. Conventional approaches in law, philosophy or political science tend to reduce constitutions either to their formal, factual or ideal aspects. The constitutional-institutionalist approach, by contrast, seeks to integrate these aspects into a more general perspective by focusing on the dynamic interplay between constitutional actors and constitutional norms. It understands constitutional norms as binding institutions that shape and constrain political action, but never fully determine it. Constitutional institutionalism furthermore asserts that constitutional norms, whatever form they take, only have meaning in relation to other constitutional norms as well as to constitutional actors, who impose meaning on these norms. Therefore, constitutional phenomena ultimately require interpretive explanations. This article concludes with a brief constitutional-institutionalist research agenda.

本文提出了一种跨学科的宪法研究方法：“宪法制度主义”。法律、哲学或政治学中的传统方法倾向于将宪法简化为其形式、事实或理想方面。相比之下，宪法制度主义的方法试图通过关注宪法行为者和宪法规范之间的动态相互作用，将这些方面纳入更普遍的视角。它将宪法规范理解为塑造和约束政治行动的具有约束力的制度，但从未完全决定政治行动。宪法制度主义进一步断言，宪法规范，无论采取何种形式，都只有与其他宪法规范以及将意义强加给这些规范的宪法行为者相关的意义。因此，宪法现象最终需要解释。本文最后简要介绍了宪政制度主义的研究议程。

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The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: forging a jurisdictional frontier in post-colonial human rights 非洲人权和人民权利法院:建立后殖民时期人权的司法边界

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/s1744552323000046

M. A. Sanchez

The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACtHPR) was finally established in 2004 after decades of negotiations. Despite forty years of resistance from governments who were reluctant to sacrifice sovereignty to a supranational body, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and its Protocol grant the ACtHPR far-reaching authority relative to other regional human rights courts. How did the ACtHPR end up with an expansive jurisdiction that is unprecedented among regional courts? This analysis proposes that legal experts’ ability to capture control over vital stages in the drafting of the African Charter and Protocol, thus limiting the influence of political advisors, yielded an institutional design that facilitated the ACtHPR's unique mandate. Furthermore, colonial legacies in newly-independent states pushed the founders of the African human rights system to envision an innovative, post-colonial human rights framework that integrated a wide-reaching spectrum of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.

经过数十年的谈判，非洲人权和人民权利法院(ACtHPR)最终于2004年成立。尽管四十年来受到不愿为一个超国家机构牺牲主权的各国政府的抵制，《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》及其《议定书》赋予了非洲人权委员会相对于其他区域人权法院的广泛权力。ACtHPR是如何在地区法院中获得前所未有的广泛管辖权的?这一分析表明，法律专家有能力控制《非洲宪章和议定书》起草的关键阶段，从而限制了政治顾问的影响，从而产生了一种体制设计，促进了非洲人权委员会的独特任务。此外，新独立国家的殖民遗留问题促使非洲人权体系的缔造者设想一个创新的后殖民人权框架，将广泛的公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利纳入其中。

引用次数: 0

Torture and progress, past and promised: problematising torture's evolving interpretation 酷刑与进步，过去与未来:对酷刑不断演变的解释提出问题

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.1017/s1744552323000010

Ergun Cakal

That international law progressively recognises and prohibits emergent forms of torture and related ill-treatment has become widely accepted in the anti-torture discourse. The premise that torture's techniques and contexts change is taken to shape juridical recognition, representation and response. Authoritative international treaties, such as the UN Convention Against Torture, the European Convention on Human Rights and the Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture, are therefore deemed ‘living instruments’ – influenced by social and scientific change as channelled through the doctrine of dynamic interpretation. This article argues, however, that these premises are not sufficiently empirically grounded and, far from faithfully reflecting social and scientific changes, invoke critiques around the ideological and epistemological registers of advocates and adjudicators. Taking scholarship on dynamic interpretation and forms of state violence which do not leave overt physical marks as paradigmatic entry points, this article problematises torture's juridical conceptualisation and contextualisation through a critical theoretical lens.

国际法逐渐承认并禁止紧急形式的酷刑和相关虐待，这在反酷刑的论述中已得到广泛接受。酷刑的技术和背景发生变化这一前提被用来塑造司法上的承认，表现和回应。因此，权威的国际条约，如《联合国禁止酷刑公约》、《欧洲人权公约》和《美洲防止和惩处酷刑公约》，被视为“活的文书”——通过动态解释学说受到社会和科学变化的影响。然而，本文认为，这些前提没有充分的经验基础，而且远没有忠实地反映社会和科学变化，而是引发了围绕倡导者和裁决者的意识形态和认识论注册的批评。本文以不留下明显物理痕迹的动态解释和国家暴力形式的学术研究为范式切入点，通过批判的理论视角对酷刑的司法概念化和语境化提出了问题。

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引用次数: 0

Ending disability segregated employment: ‘modern slavery’ law and disabled people's human right to work 结束残疾人隔离就业:“现代奴隶”法和残疾人的工作人权

4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2023-02-15 DOI: 10.1017/s174455232300006x

Linda Steele

Abstract Disability segregated employment (also referred to as ‘sheltered workshops’) violates disabled people's human right to work and employment. This article argues that modern slavery law might serve as one part of a broader strategy to end disability segregated employment, ensure accountability for the injustices within them and ensure equal access to open employment opportunities for disabled people. This is on the basis that disability segregated employment can be understood as a form of labour exploitation under modern slavery law – specifically forced labour and servitude. Modern slavery law is a useful legal tool to unseat deeply entrenched ableist attitudes of disability segregated employment as beneficial and necessary and build corporate/charity, public and government momentum towards the transition away from disability segregated employment, even if this particular area of law cannot itself legally compel the closure of sheltered workshops and an increase in open employment opportunities for disabled people.

残疾人隔离就业(又称庇护工场)侵犯了残疾人的工作和就业人权。本文认为，现代奴隶制法可以作为一项更广泛战略的一部分，以结束残疾人隔离就业，确保对其中的不公正负责，并确保残疾人平等获得公开就业机会。这是基于残疾人隔离就业可以被理解为现代奴隶制法下的一种劳动剥削形式- -特别是强迫劳动和奴役。现代奴隶制法是一种有用的法律工具，可以消除根深蒂固的残疾隔离就业的残疾主义态度，认为这是有益的和必要的，并为企业/慈善机构、公众和政府建立过渡的动力，以摆脱残疾隔离就业，即使这一特定领域的法律本身不能合法地迫使关闭庇护工厂和增加残疾人的公开就业机会。

引用次数: 0

The promise and limitations of Hong Kong's Women's Commission as a vehicle to drive gender equality 香港妇女事务委员会作为推动性别平等的工具的承诺和局限性

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2023-02-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1744552323000058

A. Barrow

Drawing on a qualitative study of Hong Kong's Women's Commission (‘WoC’), this article examines how institutional mechanisms for the advancement of women function in a hybrid regime that includes both democratic and authoritarian elements. Hong Kong has a rights-based legal framework and equality agencies that support the operation of equality laws and policies. Paradoxically, Hong Kong's political system is non-democratic, and Beijing's Central People's Government is exerting more direct control on the territory. Grounded in qualitative interviews conducted with WoC members, non-governmental organisations, and scholars in Hong Kong, this article concludes that the WoC's full institutional potential in drawing attention to gender inequalities has not been realised. The implementation of authoritarian governance practices also has implications for the WoC's composition and agenda and may inhibit the development of progressive gender equality strategies to advance the status of women.

本文通过对香港妇女事务委员会的定性研究，探讨了提高妇女地位的体制机制在一个包括民主和威权元素的混合政权中如何发挥作用。香港有一个以权利为基础的法律框架和平等机构，支持平等法律和政策的实施。矛盾的是，香港的政治制度是非民主的，而北京的中央人民政府正在对香港施加更直接的控制。根据对香港妇女委员会成员、非政府组织和学者进行的定性采访，本文得出结论，妇女委员会在吸引人们注意性别不平等方面的全部机构潜力尚未实现。独裁治理做法的实施也对妇女地位委员会的组成和议程产生了影响，并可能阻碍制定进步的性别平等战略来提高妇女地位。

引用次数: 0

Metaphysical Animals: How Four Women Brought Philosophy Back to Life By Clare Mac Cumhaill and Rachael Wiseman, London: Chatto & Windus, 2022. 416 pp. ISBN: 9781784743284 £25.00 (hardback) 《形而上学的动物:四个女人如何将哲学带回生活》，克莱尔·麦克·康姆希尔和瑞秋·怀斯曼著，伦敦:Chatto & Windus出版社，2022年。416页。ISBN: 9781784743284 25.00英镑(精装本)

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2023-01-25 DOI: 10.1017/s1744552322000544

Lorren Eldridge

引用次数: 0

Enacting a depoliticised alterity: law and traditional medicine at the World Health Organization. 制定一个非政治化的替代方案:世界卫生组织的法律和传统医学

IF 0.6 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-04-19 DOI: 10.1017/S1744552322000143

Michael Ashworth, Emilie Cloatre

This paper interrogates the depoliticising effects of a seemingly neutral regulatory drive at the heart of the World Health Organization (WHO)'s promotion of traditional medicine. Emerging at WHO in the late 1960s against a political backdrop of decolonisation and pan-Africanism, traditional medicine has continued to be promoted in subsequent decades, culminating in the latest global Traditional Medicine Strategy (2014 to 2023). Yet WHO's promotion and acceptance of traditional medicine have also become increasingly conditional upon its standardisation and regulation - something that appears fundamentally at odds with traditional medicine's heterogeneity. Drawing on insights from critical law and science and technology studies, we suggest that such a process at WHO has done more than simply disqualify the toxic and the dangerous. Rather, it has implicitly and explicitly marginalised and excluded those aspects of traditional medicine that deviate from scientific, biomedical ways of seeing, knowing and organising.

摘要本文质疑世界卫生组织（世界卫生组织）推广传统医学的核心——看似中立的监管驱动的非政治化效应。20世纪60年代末，在非殖民化和泛非洲主义的政治背景下，世界卫生组织诞生了传统医学，在随后的几十年里，传统医学继续得到推广，最终形成了最新的全球传统医学战略（2014年至2023年）。然而，世界卫生组织对传统医学的推广和接受也越来越取决于其标准化和监管——这似乎与传统医学的异质性根本不符。根据关键法律和科学技术研究的见解，我们认为世界卫生组织的这一过程所做的不仅仅是取消有毒和危险的资格。相反，它含蓄而明确地边缘化和排斥了传统医学中那些偏离科学、生物医学看待、了解和组织方式的方面。

引用次数: 0

Review of Hanoch Dagan, A Liberal Theory of Property – ERRATUM 汉诺克·达甘:《自由主义财产理论》述评-勘误

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1744552322000301

Cathy Sherry

Finally, the line ‘This is a fundamental impediment to creating freehold fee-simple titles to apartments, because those titles must be coupled with a necessary positive obligation to maintain the building’ should read ‘This is a fundamental impediment to creating freehold fee simple titles to apartments, because those titles must be coupled with a necessary positive obligation to maintain the building’.

最后，这一行“这是创建永久保有费简单产权的根本障碍，因为这些产权必须与维护建筑物的必要积极义务相结合”应该读为“这是创建永久保有费简单产权的根本障碍，因为这些产权必须与维护建筑物的必要积极义务相结合”。

引用次数: 0

Law-jobs in the algorithmic society 算法社会中的法律工作

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1017/s174455232200043x

P. Fortes, David Restrepo Amariles

It is now well established that algorithms are transforming our economy, institutions, social relations and ultimately our society. This paper explores the question – what is the role of law in the algorithmic society? We draw on the law-jobs theory of Karl Llewellyn and on William's Twining refinement of Llewellyn's work through the perspective of a thin functionalism to have a better understanding of what law does in this new context. We highlight the emergence of an algorithmic law, as law performs jobs such as the disposition of trouble-cases, the preventive channelling and reorientation of conduct and expectations, and the allocation of authority in the face of algorithmic systems. We conclude that the law-jobs theory remains relevant to understanding the role of law in the algorithmic society, but it is also challenged by how algorithms redefine who does or should do what law-jobs, and how they are done.

众所周知，算法正在改变我们的经济、制度、社会关系，并最终改变我们的社会。本文探讨了一个问题——法律在算法社会中的作用是什么？我们借鉴了卡尔·卢埃林的法律工作理论，并通过一种薄薄的功能主义的视角，借鉴了威廉对卢埃林作品的Twining提炼，以更好地理解法律在这个新的背景下的作用。我们强调了算法法的出现，因为法律执行的工作包括处理麻烦案件、行为和期望的预防性引导和重新定位，以及面对算法系统的权力分配。我们得出的结论是，法律工作理论仍然与理解法律在算法社会中的作用有关，但它也受到算法如何重新定义谁做或应该做什么法律工作以及如何做的挑战。

引用次数: 0

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