Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2022.2049698
H. Jonsson
ABSTRACT This article challenges the common understanding of Thailand’s ethnic divide as marked by unfamiliarity and an absolute difference between Thai society and the hill tribes in the country’s north. Much scholarship has overlooked how the negotiation of diversity and complexity has been foundational to Thai and other Southeast Asian societies and cultures for millennia. An ideology of ethnically singular and exclusive Thai identity framed the historical context in which Lucien Hanks initially wrote about Thai social life and its logics. I draw on his later work, particularly the research he conducted with Jane R. Hanks in the northern hills, to revisit diversity in Thai society and history. Hanks identified merit and power as the key principles of the Thai social order. A third notion, parity, enables inclusive and diverse social networks. It offers an indigenous challenge to any association of Thai identity, worldview, or social organisation with intolerance and ethnic chauvinism.
摘要本文挑战了人们对泰国种族分裂的普遍理解，这种种族分裂的特征是泰国社会与该国北部山区部落之间的不熟悉和绝对差异。许多学者都忽视了，几千年来，对多样性和复杂性的协商是泰国和其他东南亚社会和文化的基础。卢西安·汉克斯(Lucien Hanks)最初写泰国社会生活及其逻辑的历史背景，是一种种族单一和排他性的泰国身份意识形态。我借鉴了他后来的作品，特别是他与简·r·汉克斯(Jane R. Hanks)在北部山区进行的研究，重新审视了泰国社会和历史的多样性。汉克斯认为功绩和权力是泰国社会秩序的关键原则。第三个概念是平等，它使社交网络具有包容性和多样性。它对任何与不宽容和民族沙文主义有关的泰国身份、世界观或社会组织都提出了本土挑战。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2022.2052016
H. Jonsson
ABSTRACT The five essays in this collection examine ideas of power in Southeast Asia and reflect on foundational studies by Lucien Hanks and Benedict Anderson on Thailand and Indonesia. The essays by Hanks and Anderson crossed anthropology and area studies. The cases explore the relevance of their work in Southeast Asia and comparatively, in relation to academic consensus and debate, social entanglements, political divergence, negotiation, pluralism, and reflexivity. The essays suggest that ‘the state’ is a problematic notion, and that the common conflation of society and the state hides a range of tensions between the rival principles of hierarchy and community. We examine power in relation to socialism, hierarchy, indigeneity, Buddhism, marginalisation, and nonstate identities, through fieldwork encounters as much as through historical and regional contrasts and comparisons on the ethnic frontiers of the modern nations of Indonesia, Laos, and Thailand.
{"title":"Revisiting Ideas of Power in Southeast Asia","authors":"H. Jonsson","doi":"10.1080/00664677.2022.2052016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2022.2052016","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The five essays in this collection examine ideas of power in Southeast Asia and reflect on foundational studies by Lucien Hanks and Benedict Anderson on Thailand and Indonesia. The essays by Hanks and Anderson crossed anthropology and area studies. The cases explore the relevance of their work in Southeast Asia and comparatively, in relation to academic consensus and debate, social entanglements, political divergence, negotiation, pluralism, and reflexivity. The essays suggest that ‘the state’ is a problematic notion, and that the common conflation of society and the state hides a range of tensions between the rival principles of hierarchy and community. We examine power in relation to socialism, hierarchy, indigeneity, Buddhism, marginalisation, and nonstate identities, through fieldwork encounters as much as through historical and regional contrasts and comparisons on the ethnic frontiers of the modern nations of Indonesia, Laos, and Thailand.","PeriodicalId":45505,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Forum","volume":"60 1","pages":"1 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89355764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2022.2042793
Lorraine V. Aragon
ABSTRACT This article re-analyses historical Southeast Asian power concepts and practices to interpret contrasting positions on two contemporary Indonesian legal debates. The first debate concerns the use of intellectual property models to regulate regional arts or ‘traditional cultural expressions’. The second debate concerns a 2017 constitutional court ruling that advocates citizenship parity for ‘belief practitioners’, meaning those who maintain ancestral or non-orthodox practices and do not list one of Indonesia’s six official religions on their identity cards. I argue that contrasting positions on the laws held by state and clerical authorities versus regional practitioners are better explained by reference to distinctively Southeast Asian ideas about unilateral versus decentralised ‘power’ than by standard globalisation, human rights, or modern state versus indigenous resistance explanations. Disentangling two features of Benedict Anderson’s classic model of Javanese power, fluid cosmic force and the concentration of ‘oneness’ by rulers, illuminates how the Indonesian minority and majoritarian legal perspectives fit within a common repertoire of regional power concepts. Framing religion, tradition, arts and law as prescriptive and normative rather than analytic categories, the article draws on historical and comparative Southeast Asian evidence to delineate tensions among differently positioned groups grounded in diverse modalities of power, ancestral authority and customary institutions, even as some now selectively adopt imported legal rights-based and heritage preservation discourses.
{"title":"Pluralities of Power in Indonesia’s Intellectual Property Law, Regional Arts and Religious Freedom Debates","authors":"Lorraine V. Aragon","doi":"10.1080/00664677.2022.2042793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2022.2042793","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article re-analyses historical Southeast Asian power concepts and practices to interpret contrasting positions on two contemporary Indonesian legal debates. The first debate concerns the use of intellectual property models to regulate regional arts or ‘traditional cultural expressions’. The second debate concerns a 2017 constitutional court ruling that advocates citizenship parity for ‘belief practitioners’, meaning those who maintain ancestral or non-orthodox practices and do not list one of Indonesia’s six official religions on their identity cards. I argue that contrasting positions on the laws held by state and clerical authorities versus regional practitioners are better explained by reference to distinctively Southeast Asian ideas about unilateral versus decentralised ‘power’ than by standard globalisation, human rights, or modern state versus indigenous resistance explanations. Disentangling two features of Benedict Anderson’s classic model of Javanese power, fluid cosmic force and the concentration of ‘oneness’ by rulers, illuminates how the Indonesian minority and majoritarian legal perspectives fit within a common repertoire of regional power concepts. Framing religion, tradition, arts and law as prescriptive and normative rather than analytic categories, the article draws on historical and comparative Southeast Asian evidence to delineate tensions among differently positioned groups grounded in diverse modalities of power, ancestral authority and customary institutions, even as some now selectively adopt imported legal rights-based and heritage preservation discourses.","PeriodicalId":45505,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Forum","volume":"22 1","pages":"20 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82987508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2022.2050352
N. Tannenbaum
ABSTRACT Thailand’s Shan people are Buddhists but their ideas of power as protection are not explained with reference to Buddhism. Juxtaposing their ideas with the cases made for Thai and Javanese helps clarify commonalities and specificities within Southeast Asia. My understanding of power in Shan terms derives from fieldwork encounters. I trace how my understandings grew with repeated fieldwork and with my increasing embedding in social networks in the research community. Former strangers are now close friends and semi-family. Examining this process helps clarify power’s embedding and negotiation in social relations. Powerful beings are in theory free from the consequences of their actions, but in real life they are entangled in shifting networks of mutual obligations, exchanges and benefits.
{"title":"Power Protection, Social Relationships and the Ethnographer","authors":"N. Tannenbaum","doi":"10.1080/00664677.2022.2050352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2022.2050352","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Thailand’s Shan people are Buddhists but their ideas of power as protection are not explained with reference to Buddhism. Juxtaposing their ideas with the cases made for Thai and Javanese helps clarify commonalities and specificities within Southeast Asia. My understanding of power in Shan terms derives from fieldwork encounters. I trace how my understandings grew with repeated fieldwork and with my increasing embedding in social networks in the research community. Former strangers are now close friends and semi-family. Examining this process helps clarify power’s embedding and negotiation in social relations. Powerful beings are in theory free from the consequences of their actions, but in real life they are entangled in shifting networks of mutual obligations, exchanges and benefits.","PeriodicalId":45505,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Forum","volume":"47 1","pages":"59 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88079152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2022.2050353
R. O’Connor
ABSTRACT Going back a half century to the classic essays of Benedict Anderson (‘The Idea of Power in Javanese Culture’) and Lucien Hanks (‘Merit and Power in the Thai Social Order’) shows both the value and the limitations of anthropology’s move to meaning and increasingly intensive, site-specific fieldwork. While Anderson and Hanks pioneered the study of indigenous meanings, an approach which came to dominate Southeast Asian anthropology and area studies, they did so from a broadly comparative regional perspective unlike today’s culture-specific approach and its stand-alone ethnographies. Their breadth suggests why Anderson and Hanks’s insights into just two cultures have enlightened research all across the region and beyond. Here, to build on their work, our analysis suggests Javanese and Thai notions of power are variations on a regional complex wherein Southeast Asians domesticate power to lead a safe, prosperous and moral life in an otherwise dangerous and amoral world. More broadly, Anderson and Hanks’s essays exemplify how a regional perspective can help us improve as fieldworkers and advance as theorists. In the end, better ethnography will require better ethnology and area studies.
{"title":"Revisiting Power in a Southeast Asian Landscape – Discussant’s Comments","authors":"R. O’Connor","doi":"10.1080/00664677.2022.2050353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2022.2050353","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Going back a half century to the classic essays of Benedict Anderson (‘The Idea of Power in Javanese Culture’) and Lucien Hanks (‘Merit and Power in the Thai Social Order’) shows both the value and the limitations of anthropology’s move to meaning and increasingly intensive, site-specific fieldwork. While Anderson and Hanks pioneered the study of indigenous meanings, an approach which came to dominate Southeast Asian anthropology and area studies, they did so from a broadly comparative regional perspective unlike today’s culture-specific approach and its stand-alone ethnographies. Their breadth suggests why Anderson and Hanks’s insights into just two cultures have enlightened research all across the region and beyond. Here, to build on their work, our analysis suggests Javanese and Thai notions of power are variations on a regional complex wherein Southeast Asians domesticate power to lead a safe, prosperous and moral life in an otherwise dangerous and amoral world. More broadly, Anderson and Hanks’s essays exemplify how a regional perspective can help us improve as fieldworkers and advance as theorists. In the end, better ethnography will require better ethnology and area studies.","PeriodicalId":45505,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Forum","volume":"54 1","pages":"95 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73820837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2021.2017185
Raphael Deberdt
reductive. Unlike the author’s care with kroncong practices, these ‘noises’ of the Singapore rock scene are not given deeper readings. The sonic ethnography of the considerable wealth of musicianship (and noise), from The Straydogs members through Blues 77, The Machine and Khan Kontrol, with Kiang as a pivotal persona(e), is not treated in adequate depth. This is unfortunate, since musicianship is part of the emergent sense-making and meaning-making of human habit and habitat. Ultimately, as an attempt at a sonic ethnography of urban Singapore through an over projection of Blues 77, Sonic City reads as a missed opportunity.
{"title":"Fighting for Andean Resources: Extractive Industries, Cultural Politics, and Environmental Struggles in Peru","authors":"Raphael Deberdt","doi":"10.1080/00664677.2021.2017185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2021.2017185","url":null,"abstract":"reductive. Unlike the author’s care with kroncong practices, these ‘noises’ of the Singapore rock scene are not given deeper readings. The sonic ethnography of the considerable wealth of musicianship (and noise), from The Straydogs members through Blues 77, The Machine and Khan Kontrol, with Kiang as a pivotal persona(e), is not treated in adequate depth. This is unfortunate, since musicianship is part of the emergent sense-making and meaning-making of human habit and habitat. Ultimately, as an attempt at a sonic ethnography of urban Singapore through an over projection of Blues 77, Sonic City reads as a missed opportunity.","PeriodicalId":45505,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Forum","volume":"40 1","pages":"187 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85291007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2021.2001311
C. Roze
ABSTRACT In Melanesia, horticultural gardens have often been described as ‘works of art’. At the source of the gardens’ design and perceived beauty, one can often find ritual and magical practices tied to mythical foundations, to the ontological status of tubers as well as to a specific conception of growth and sociality. These require a specific design of the garden so as to achieve the desired form which will ensure good growth. But what about gardens without magic? In the Presbyterian village of Tasiriki on the island of Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, garden magic is avowedly not practiced anymore nor is gardens ritually embellished or designed. I hypothesise that in Tasiriki these absences are related to the displacement of the ritual arena which is now located in the church where most of the spiritual and material growth of the place is cultivated and objectified. However, as gardens remain vital, both for subsistence and in the generation of sociality, they still are a source of aesthetic appreciation revealing specific social forms, mirroring social processes and changes, while making manifest the Christian foundation of the place.
{"title":"Gardens Without Magic: Tending the Church as the Locus of Growth in a Presbyterian Village, Vanuatu","authors":"C. Roze","doi":"10.1080/00664677.2021.2001311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2021.2001311","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In Melanesia, horticultural gardens have often been described as ‘works of art’. At the source of the gardens’ design and perceived beauty, one can often find ritual and magical practices tied to mythical foundations, to the ontological status of tubers as well as to a specific conception of growth and sociality. These require a specific design of the garden so as to achieve the desired form which will ensure good growth. But what about gardens without magic? In the Presbyterian village of Tasiriki on the island of Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, garden magic is avowedly not practiced anymore nor is gardens ritually embellished or designed. I hypothesise that in Tasiriki these absences are related to the displacement of the ritual arena which is now located in the church where most of the spiritual and material growth of the place is cultivated and objectified. However, as gardens remain vital, both for subsistence and in the generation of sociality, they still are a source of aesthetic appreciation revealing specific social forms, mirroring social processes and changes, while making manifest the Christian foundation of the place.","PeriodicalId":45505,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Forum","volume":"1 1","pages":"396 - 413"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82215965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2021.1990012
Porer Nombo, J. Leach, Urufaf Anip
ABSTRACT In the hinterland of the Rai Coast, technical gardening practice is also ritually and spiritually charged daily activity to ensure the movement of foods and deities from the garden to the village. To approach this ‘art of gardening,’ we attend to process and transformation and to how garden produce becomes the matter of beautiful forms. With reference to new pencil drawings of gardens, we explore the aesthetic of the garden’s embodiment of myth and history. The drawings and text provide a detailed documentation of lowland taro cultivation. The processes illustrated are at one and the same time attending to plant and human wellbeing. The notion of ‘grace’ from Gregory Bateson’s writings is introduced. Highlighting the connections drawn between spirits and people and plants, we consider an immanence of life in mythic, human, and vegetable reproduction.
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Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2021.2006603
Lissant M Bolton, Jean Mitchell
ABSTRACT This volume argues that looking at gardens through the lens of art and aesthetics generates new insights into the role that gardens have for those who make and depend on them. Drawing on some of the debates around the anthropology of art, we suggest that aesthetics provides a rich analytical perspective on the importance of gardens to many wider aspects of social life. We argue for the critical conceptual significance of gardens in Melanesia, and in Amazonia. In doing so, we foreground the importance of diversity in gardening: in plants and knowledge practices, and in the recognition of non-human beings and their collaboration with gardeners. This is, in part, a factor of the satisfactions that people find in growing beautiful and diverse gardens that link to myth, to history and to place. This introduction sets out these arguments and also provides a summary of each of the papers presented in the volume.
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Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2021.2002134
M. Strathern
ABSTRACT This Afterword finds that the collection, ‘The Art of Gardens’, encourages one to extend the notion of gardens as art to art, including the anthropologist’s own efforts, as a garden.
{"title":"More Than: An Afterword","authors":"M. Strathern","doi":"10.1080/00664677.2021.2002134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2021.2002134","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This Afterword finds that the collection, ‘The Art of Gardens’, encourages one to extend the notion of gardens as art to art, including the anthropologist’s own efforts, as a garden.","PeriodicalId":45505,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Forum","volume":"1 1","pages":"450 - 454"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84586883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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