Pub Date : 2020-12-02DOI: 10.1108/arla-04-2020-0069
Mara Mataveli, J. Ayala, Alfonso J. Gil
PurposeThe objective of this work is to examine the factors that influence the decision of Brazilian companies to export.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was used to collect data from a statistically significant sample of 318 Brazilian exporting firms. Three types of study were carried out; an exploratory study that simplified the information through a principal component analysis, a descriptive study of the factors that influence the decision to export by Brazilian companies and a study of variance that allowed comparison of groups of firms.FindingsAfter an analysis of the literature, 11 factors were proposed that influence the decision to export. Two unique factors resulted from the principal components analysis: “resource optimisation” and “performance and development”. The “performance and development” factor was more valued than the “resource optimisation” factor. From the analysis of variance, significant differences were only found in the variable “firm size”.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature by presenting further knowledge of export factors in developing countries, the management of companies and instruments for decision making in the area of internationalisation.
{"title":"An analysis of factors that influence the decision to export: perspective of Brazilian companies","authors":"Mara Mataveli, J. Ayala, Alfonso J. Gil","doi":"10.1108/arla-04-2020-0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/arla-04-2020-0069","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe objective of this work is to examine the factors that influence the decision of Brazilian companies to export.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was used to collect data from a statistically significant sample of 318 Brazilian exporting firms. Three types of study were carried out; an exploratory study that simplified the information through a principal component analysis, a descriptive study of the factors that influence the decision to export by Brazilian companies and a study of variance that allowed comparison of groups of firms.FindingsAfter an analysis of the literature, 11 factors were proposed that influence the decision to export. Two unique factors resulted from the principal components analysis: “resource optimisation” and “performance and development”. The “performance and development” factor was more valued than the “resource optimisation” factor. From the analysis of variance, significant differences were only found in the variable “firm size”.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature by presenting further knowledge of export factors in developing countries, the management of companies and instruments for decision making in the area of internationalisation.","PeriodicalId":45515,"journal":{"name":"Academia-Revista Latinoamericana De Administracion","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83804859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-23DOI: 10.1108/arla-04-2020-0084
E. Ogliastri, J. Ickis, R. Caso
Purpose The purpose of this study is to test the universality of the behavioral theory of negotiation developed in the United States, particularly the integrative/distributive models, and to find negotiators' prototypes in international negotiations conducted in a Latin American country. Design/methodology/approach An open questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of 104 resident foreigners (expatriates) who reported the negotiation patterns of Costa Ricans. The qualitative data were coded in 52 variables (inte-rater reliability Fleiss' Kappa K= 0.65). A total of ten variables were selected to measure distributive/integrative patterns of negotiations. Latent class analysis (LCA) uncovered the latent structure of negotiations. Findings (1) The distributive (70% found in the sample) and integrative (30%) negotiation models hold in this culture. (2) The incorporation of handling emotions and interpersonal orientation in the integrative model seem to be an important theoretical and practical trend. Research limitations/implications (1) A larger sample size is needed to compare with data from other countries of the region and the world. (2) The use of emotions and interpersonal orientation in the integrative negotiation paradigm require further investigation. As practical implications, detailed negotiation advice is offered to Costa Ricans as well as to expatriates working there. Originality/value To identify negotiation patterns in an understudied region of the world, the distributive/integrative models of the behavioral theory of negotiations are a key focus with which to extend the literature. There are important elements of culture within the negotiation patterns, in line with trends of an evolving paradigm of integrative crosscultural negotiations.
{"title":"Integrative/ distributive negotiations in Latin America: latent class analysis","authors":"E. Ogliastri, J. Ickis, R. Caso","doi":"10.1108/arla-04-2020-0084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/arla-04-2020-0084","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose \u0000The purpose of this study is to test the universality of the behavioral theory of negotiation developed in the United States, particularly the integrative/distributive models, and to find negotiators' prototypes in international negotiations conducted in a Latin American country. \u0000 \u0000Design/methodology/approach \u0000An open questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of 104 resident foreigners (expatriates) who reported the negotiation patterns of Costa Ricans. The qualitative data were coded in 52 variables (inte-rater reliability Fleiss' Kappa K= 0.65). A total of ten variables were selected to measure distributive/integrative patterns of negotiations. Latent class analysis (LCA) uncovered the latent structure of negotiations. \u0000 \u0000Findings \u0000(1) The distributive (70% found in the sample) and integrative (30%) negotiation models hold in this culture. (2) The incorporation of handling emotions and interpersonal orientation in the integrative model seem to be an important theoretical and practical trend. \u0000 \u0000Research limitations/implications \u0000(1) A larger sample size is needed to compare with data from other countries of the region and the world. (2) The use of emotions and interpersonal orientation in the integrative negotiation paradigm require further investigation. As practical implications, detailed negotiation advice is offered to Costa Ricans as well as to expatriates working there. \u0000 \u0000Originality/value \u0000To identify negotiation patterns in an understudied region of the world, the distributive/integrative models of the behavioral theory of negotiations are a key focus with which to extend the literature. There are important elements of culture within the negotiation patterns, in line with trends of an evolving paradigm of integrative crosscultural negotiations.","PeriodicalId":45515,"journal":{"name":"Academia-Revista Latinoamericana De Administracion","volume":"113 1","pages":"463-480"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79147114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-20DOI: 10.1108/arla-03-2020-0042
Filipa Oliveira, Tânia M. G. Marques
This work aims to study the relationship between individuals' love of money and their propensity to engage in unethical behaviour.,Data were collected through a questionnaire, with the final sample consisting of 297 Portuguese individuals. The hypotheses were tested using linear regression models.,The results demonstrate that there is no significant relationship between the love of money and the propensity to engage in unethical behaviour. However, there was a significant relationship between the level of budgeting and the propensity to engage in unethical behaviours – for those individuals who have a greater ability to manage their money are less likely to engage in behaviours unethical. The existence of a significant relationship between the “evil” factor and the propensity to engage in unethical behaviour was also validated, which demonstrates that when individuals both associate negative feelings with money and consider love of money to be the “root of evil”, then they are less likely to be involved in unethical behaviour.,This work contributes theoretically and empirically to a better understanding of individuals' attitudes towards money and their propensity to engage in unethical behaviour. The results are of particular academic and organisational relevance due to the implications for human resource management.,Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as relacoes entre o amor ao dinheiro dos individuos e a sua propensao para o envolvimento em comportamentos nao eticos.,Os dados foram recolhidos atraves de questionario, sendo a amostra final composta por 297 individuos portugueses. As hipoteses foram testadas atraves de regressoes lineares.,Os resultados demonstram a nao existencia de uma relacao significativa entre o amor ao dinheiro e a propensao para o envolvimento em comportamentos nao eticos. Contudo, comprovou-se a existencia de uma relacao significativa entre o nivel de orcamentacao e a propensao para o envolvimento em comportamentos nao eticos, a medida que os individuos apresentam uma maior capacidade para gerir o seu dinheiro, apresentam um menor propensao para se envolverem em comportamentos nao eticos. Tambem se validou a existencia de relacao significativa entre o fator malefico e a propensao para o envolvimento em comportamentos nao eticos, demonstrando que quando os individuos associam ao dinheiro sentimentos negativos e que consideram o amor ao dinheiro como a raiz da maldade apresentam menor propensao para o envolvimento em comportamentos nao eticos.,Este trabalho contribui teorica e empiricamente para melhor compreender as atitudes dos individuos perante o dinheiro e a sua propensao para o envolvimento em comportamentos nao eticos. Os resultados sao de especial relevância academica e organizacional devido as implicacoes na gestao de recursos humanos.
{"title":"The love of money and the propensity to engage in unethical behaviours: a study in the Portuguese context","authors":"Filipa Oliveira, Tânia M. G. Marques","doi":"10.1108/arla-03-2020-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/arla-03-2020-0042","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims to study the relationship between individuals' love of money and their propensity to engage in unethical behaviour.,Data were collected through a questionnaire, with the final sample consisting of 297 Portuguese individuals. The hypotheses were tested using linear regression models.,The results demonstrate that there is no significant relationship between the love of money and the propensity to engage in unethical behaviour. However, there was a significant relationship between the level of budgeting and the propensity to engage in unethical behaviours – for those individuals who have a greater ability to manage their money are less likely to engage in behaviours unethical. The existence of a significant relationship between the “evil” factor and the propensity to engage in unethical behaviour was also validated, which demonstrates that when individuals both associate negative feelings with money and consider love of money to be the “root of evil”, then they are less likely to be involved in unethical behaviour.,This work contributes theoretically and empirically to a better understanding of individuals' attitudes towards money and their propensity to engage in unethical behaviour. The results are of particular academic and organisational relevance due to the implications for human resource management.,Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as relacoes entre o amor ao dinheiro dos individuos e a sua propensao para o envolvimento em comportamentos nao eticos.,Os dados foram recolhidos atraves de questionario, sendo a amostra final composta por 297 individuos portugueses. As hipoteses foram testadas atraves de regressoes lineares.,Os resultados demonstram a nao existencia de uma relacao significativa entre o amor ao dinheiro e a propensao para o envolvimento em comportamentos nao eticos. Contudo, comprovou-se a existencia de uma relacao significativa entre o nivel de orcamentacao e a propensao para o envolvimento em comportamentos nao eticos, a medida que os individuos apresentam uma maior capacidade para gerir o seu dinheiro, apresentam um menor propensao para se envolverem em comportamentos nao eticos. Tambem se validou a existencia de relacao significativa entre o fator malefico e a propensao para o envolvimento em comportamentos nao eticos, demonstrando que quando os individuos associam ao dinheiro sentimentos negativos e que consideram o amor ao dinheiro como a raiz da maldade apresentam menor propensao para o envolvimento em comportamentos nao eticos.,Este trabalho contribui teorica e empiricamente para melhor compreender as atitudes dos individuos perante o dinheiro e a sua propensao para o envolvimento em comportamentos nao eticos. Os resultados sao de especial relevância academica e organizacional devido as implicacoes na gestao de recursos humanos.","PeriodicalId":45515,"journal":{"name":"Academia-Revista Latinoamericana De Administracion","volume":"21 1","pages":"481-499"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73334410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.1108/arla-04-2020-0076
J. Aguirre, Marco Leonardo Peralta Zuñiga, P. Mora, F. Blanco
PurposeThis article is based on the assumption that entrepreneurship improves quality of life (HDI). Its main objective is to establish causal relationships between entrepreneurship variables such as credits, innovation (R&D), business growth, foreign direct investment and the Global Competitiveness Index and how these have influenced a country's development.Design/methodology/approachTo analyse and validate this assumption, relevant information has been extracted about Ecuador (the subject of the study) for the 1998–2017 period. The information has received the respective econometric treatment, through a multivariate estimation by the autoregressive vector (ARV) method that made it possible to establish impulse-response functions.ResultsThe results indicate that there is a significant and positive statistical impact between the variables related to entrepreneurship and quality of life (HDI), with the exception of “Innovation”, which is not representative in the model, demonstrating that the investment made at country level in R&D is not sufficient to have an impact on the HDI. It was also determined that promoting entrepreneurship would be useful as this would alter the trend of the variables, making them conducive to increasing the HDI.Originality/valueThis article is one of the few to address this issue. It includes the self-regressive vector model as a key methodology used to evaluate and establish public policies. RVM has provided positive results in the field of economics and can be adopted in the area of entrepreneurship.
{"title":"Innovative entrepreneurship and quality of life. The case of Ecuador","authors":"J. Aguirre, Marco Leonardo Peralta Zuñiga, P. Mora, F. Blanco","doi":"10.1108/arla-04-2020-0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/arla-04-2020-0076","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis article is based on the assumption that entrepreneurship improves quality of life (HDI). Its main objective is to establish causal relationships between entrepreneurship variables such as credits, innovation (R&D), business growth, foreign direct investment and the Global Competitiveness Index and how these have influenced a country's development.Design/methodology/approachTo analyse and validate this assumption, relevant information has been extracted about Ecuador (the subject of the study) for the 1998–2017 period. The information has received the respective econometric treatment, through a multivariate estimation by the autoregressive vector (ARV) method that made it possible to establish impulse-response functions.ResultsThe results indicate that there is a significant and positive statistical impact between the variables related to entrepreneurship and quality of life (HDI), with the exception of “Innovation”, which is not representative in the model, demonstrating that the investment made at country level in R&D is not sufficient to have an impact on the HDI. It was also determined that promoting entrepreneurship would be useful as this would alter the trend of the variables, making them conducive to increasing the HDI.Originality/valueThis article is one of the few to address this issue. It includes the self-regressive vector model as a key methodology used to evaluate and establish public policies. RVM has provided positive results in the field of economics and can be adopted in the area of entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":45515,"journal":{"name":"Academia-Revista Latinoamericana De Administracion","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87183353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-16DOI: 10.1108/arla-06-2020-0140
Beatriz Adriana López-Chávez, César Maldonado-Alcudia, Ana María Larrañaga Núñez
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze the current state of knowledge of family businesses in tourism through a systematic review of international academic literature with an emphasis on Latin America.Design/methodology/approachThe paper opted for a systematic review involving analyzing international academic documents, articles, dissertations and papers that presented both theoretical and empirical research results. The search was conducted from January to April 2019 on online databases and search engines.FindingsStudies are concentrated in strategic planning and competitiveness. Most of them are published since 2014 by Ibero-American countries. Some features are coincident among the varied geographical contexts, as the importance of generational succession planning; search for family welfare throughout the business; and the existence of own capacities and resources. Besides, the owner's objectives and gender involvement differ in the research results of developed countries and emerging economies; some implications for Latin America are analyzed.Originality/valueThe family business has international economic relevance, especially in tourism. Still, the studies in this field are few, even when tourism implies processes and interactions that can influence the development of the companies that integrate their industry. In this way, a compilation of the recent works is carried out, in order to identify how the complex family dynamics with tourism are integrated into the studies, main contributions to the field and knowledge gaps.
{"title":"Family business in tourism: an international systematic review of literature with an emphasis on Latin America","authors":"Beatriz Adriana López-Chávez, César Maldonado-Alcudia, Ana María Larrañaga Núñez","doi":"10.1108/arla-06-2020-0140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/arla-06-2020-0140","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze the current state of knowledge of family businesses in tourism through a systematic review of international academic literature with an emphasis on Latin America.Design/methodology/approachThe paper opted for a systematic review involving analyzing international academic documents, articles, dissertations and papers that presented both theoretical and empirical research results. The search was conducted from January to April 2019 on online databases and search engines.FindingsStudies are concentrated in strategic planning and competitiveness. Most of them are published since 2014 by Ibero-American countries. Some features are coincident among the varied geographical contexts, as the importance of generational succession planning; search for family welfare throughout the business; and the existence of own capacities and resources. Besides, the owner's objectives and gender involvement differ in the research results of developed countries and emerging economies; some implications for Latin America are analyzed.Originality/valueThe family business has international economic relevance, especially in tourism. Still, the studies in this field are few, even when tourism implies processes and interactions that can influence the development of the companies that integrate their industry. In this way, a compilation of the recent works is carried out, in order to identify how the complex family dynamics with tourism are integrated into the studies, main contributions to the field and knowledge gaps.","PeriodicalId":45515,"journal":{"name":"Academia-Revista Latinoamericana De Administracion","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80886609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1108/arla-05-2020-0096
Francisco Layrisse, Ezequiel Reficco, Andrés Barrios
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify how the value dynamics of the freemium business model (BM) play out in a social enterprise.Design/methodology/approachWe draw on a multiple case study of two social enterprises –one nonprofit (Aravind Eyecare) in Asia and one for-profit in Latin America (Biodent)– to analyze the implications of applying the value architecture of a freemium BM to social enterprises.FindingsThe freemium BM departs from standard practice when applied in social enterprises. Meaningful differences include the feasibility/desirability of converting free users to paying ones, the presence of significant variable costs –which requires balancing the ratio of free and paying customers– and the use of nontraditional pricing schemes to enhance value capture. The social freemium BM can increase scalability, value creation and value capture. Under this model, “beneficiaries” can be more than passive recipients of value and contribute to a venture's success in various ways –such as lowering its operational costs or enhancing its value proposition toward third parties.Originality/valueWhile in the past years commercial enterprises have been disrupted by the emergence of freemium platforms, the social enterprise field has barely taken notice. We extract lessons and implications from this paradigmatic change for the theory and practice of business model innovation in social enterprises, of particular relevance to Latin America, where social and environmental disequilibria remain a recurring feat.
{"title":"What social enterprises can learn from the freemium business model","authors":"Francisco Layrisse, Ezequiel Reficco, Andrés Barrios","doi":"10.1108/arla-05-2020-0096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/arla-05-2020-0096","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify how the value dynamics of the freemium business model (BM) play out in a social enterprise.Design/methodology/approachWe draw on a multiple case study of two social enterprises –one nonprofit (Aravind Eyecare) in Asia and one for-profit in Latin America (Biodent)– to analyze the implications of applying the value architecture of a freemium BM to social enterprises.FindingsThe freemium BM departs from standard practice when applied in social enterprises. Meaningful differences include the feasibility/desirability of converting free users to paying ones, the presence of significant variable costs –which requires balancing the ratio of free and paying customers– and the use of nontraditional pricing schemes to enhance value capture. The social freemium BM can increase scalability, value creation and value capture. Under this model, “beneficiaries” can be more than passive recipients of value and contribute to a venture's success in various ways –such as lowering its operational costs or enhancing its value proposition toward third parties.Originality/valueWhile in the past years commercial enterprises have been disrupted by the emergence of freemium platforms, the social enterprise field has barely taken notice. We extract lessons and implications from this paradigmatic change for the theory and practice of business model innovation in social enterprises, of particular relevance to Latin America, where social and environmental disequilibria remain a recurring feat.","PeriodicalId":45515,"journal":{"name":"Academia-Revista Latinoamericana De Administracion","volume":"11 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78402875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-06DOI: 10.1108/arla-07-2020-0174
Ana María Vallina-Hernandez, Hanns de la Fuente-Mella, Rodrigo Fuentes-Solís
The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the international trade characteristics of commerce between Latin American countries and some of the top economies in the world, in order to identify new business opportunities for LATAM firms in dynamical external markets.,A triple indexed gravity model, correcting with robust standardized errors clustered, and a panel data analysis was used to obtain the relationship between Latin American countries and advanced and other emerging economies.,The main finding of this paper is that innovation overcomes gravity effects and parameters typical of a knowledge society are the significant ones to explain trade among different regions. The model that includes an innovation proxy accommodates with the new international theories of trade. Besides, communication capacity is essential to reach consumers abroad with newer and more complex products. Moreover, the constant is significant when innovation is included, which may imply intersectoral trade that behaves relatively stable in bilateral trade.,The findings suggest that the economies that have some relevance in trade, have increasing numbers regarding patents. Thus, the empirical findings relate to the theoretical models which state that comparative advantages may be dynamic due to technological innovation.,This paper shows that innovation is a central parameter to engage in intratrade and develop a knowledge-based economy. Latin America sometimes appears to be a puzzle as to how to improve its economic performance and overcome its social and economic problems. Intratrade seems to be the route to increase Latin American business participation in world trade.,El proposito de este documento es comparar y contrastar las caracteristicas comerciales internacionales del comercio entre los paises latinoamericanos y algunas de las principales economias del mundo, con el fin de identificar nuevas oportunidades de negocios para las empresas de LATAM en mercados externos dinamicos.,Se utilizo un modelo de gravedad triple indexado el que se corrigio con errores robustos estandarizados clusterizados, y un analisis de datos de panel para obtener la relacion entre los paises latinoamericanos y las economias avanzadas y otras economias emergentes.,Uno de los principales hallazgos es que la incorporacion de la innovacion en el modelo anula el efecto de las variables tipicas asociadas a la gravedad. Por lo que se podria suponer que, los parametros propios de una sociedad del conocimiento son mas importantes para explicar el comercio entre las diferentes regiones. El modelo incluye un variable de innovacion que se adapta a las nuevas teorias internacionales del comercio. Otro hallazgo es que la capacidad de comunicacion es esencial para llegar a los consumidores en el extranjero con productos mas nuevos y complejos. Por ultimo, la constante es significativa cuando se incluye la innovacion, lo que podria implicar un comercio intersectorial que se comporta relativamente e
本文的目的是比较和对比拉丁美洲国家和世界上一些顶级经济体之间的商业国际贸易特征，以便为拉丁美洲公司在动态的外部市场中找到新的商业机会。采用聚类修正鲁棒标准化误差的三重指数引力模型和面板数据分析，得出拉美国家与发达经济体和其他新兴经济体之间的关系。本文的主要发现是创新克服了引力效应，知识社会的典型参数是解释区域间贸易的重要因素。包含创新代理的模型与新的国际贸易理论相适应。此外，通信能力对于向国外消费者提供更新和更复杂的产品至关重要。此外，当包括创新时，该常数很重要，这可能意味着在双边贸易中表现相对稳定的部门间贸易。研究结果表明，与贸易有一定关联的经济体在专利方面的数量不断增加。因此，实证结果与理论模型有关，理论模型认为，由于技术创新，比较优势可能是动态的。研究表明，创新是企业开展内部贸易、发展知识经济的核心参数。拉丁美洲有时似乎对如何改善其经济业绩和克服其社会和经济问题感到困惑。内部贸易似乎是增加拉丁美洲企业参与世界贸易的途径。El proposito·德·埃斯特documento es comparar y contrastar las caracteristicas商业分析del comercio之间洛杉矶《latinoamericanos y中de las螯隐藏del mundo组织反对El鳍de要nueva oportunidades de negocios对位las senior德一家en梅尔卡多externos dinamicos。本研究利用梯度模型和三指数模型，通过对拉丁美洲国家与新兴经济体和其他新兴经济体之间的关系进行面板数据分析，建立了具有鲁棒性、标准化和聚类特征的模型。研究结果表明，创新模式的结合是创新模式的重要组成部分，而创新模式是创新模式的重要组成部分，而创新模式是创新模式的重要组成部分。在不同的区域内，商业中心是非常重要的明确的商业中心。该模型包括创新能力的不变性，以适应新的国际商业领域。电子商务是一种独特的通信能力，对消费者来说是必不可少的，即使是在国际上生产的产品也是如此。最后，持续的重要关系包括创新、商业关系、跨部门关系、商业关系、建立关系和双边关系。该研究结果表明，在专利数量增加的情况下，商业活动具有相关性。穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷。在商业合作中，创新是核心参与者的重要组成部分，在经济基础和经济合作中发挥重要作用。美洲和拉丁美洲已经成为一个巨大的经济谜题，主要是经济问题和社会问题。工业间商业伙伴关系:拉丁美洲商业伙伴关系、拉丁美洲商业伙伴关系、拉丁美洲商业伙伴关系。
{"title":"International trade and innovation: delving in Latin American commerce","authors":"Ana María Vallina-Hernandez, Hanns de la Fuente-Mella, Rodrigo Fuentes-Solís","doi":"10.1108/arla-07-2020-0174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/arla-07-2020-0174","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the international trade characteristics of commerce between Latin American countries and some of the top economies in the world, in order to identify new business opportunities for LATAM firms in dynamical external markets.,A triple indexed gravity model, correcting with robust standardized errors clustered, and a panel data analysis was used to obtain the relationship between Latin American countries and advanced and other emerging economies.,The main finding of this paper is that innovation overcomes gravity effects and parameters typical of a knowledge society are the significant ones to explain trade among different regions. The model that includes an innovation proxy accommodates with the new international theories of trade. Besides, communication capacity is essential to reach consumers abroad with newer and more complex products. Moreover, the constant is significant when innovation is included, which may imply intersectoral trade that behaves relatively stable in bilateral trade.,The findings suggest that the economies that have some relevance in trade, have increasing numbers regarding patents. Thus, the empirical findings relate to the theoretical models which state that comparative advantages may be dynamic due to technological innovation.,This paper shows that innovation is a central parameter to engage in intratrade and develop a knowledge-based economy. Latin America sometimes appears to be a puzzle as to how to improve its economic performance and overcome its social and economic problems. Intratrade seems to be the route to increase Latin American business participation in world trade.,El proposito de este documento es comparar y contrastar las caracteristicas comerciales internacionales del comercio entre los paises latinoamericanos y algunas de las principales economias del mundo, con el fin de identificar nuevas oportunidades de negocios para las empresas de LATAM en mercados externos dinamicos.,Se utilizo un modelo de gravedad triple indexado el que se corrigio con errores robustos estandarizados clusterizados, y un analisis de datos de panel para obtener la relacion entre los paises latinoamericanos y las economias avanzadas y otras economias emergentes.,Uno de los principales hallazgos es que la incorporacion de la innovacion en el modelo anula el efecto de las variables tipicas asociadas a la gravedad. Por lo que se podria suponer que, los parametros propios de una sociedad del conocimiento son mas importantes para explicar el comercio entre las diferentes regiones. El modelo incluye un variable de innovacion que se adapta a las nuevas teorias internacionales del comercio. Otro hallazgo es que la capacidad de comunicacion es esencial para llegar a los consumidores en el extranjero con productos mas nuevos y complejos. Por ultimo, la constante es significativa cuando se incluye la innovacion, lo que podria implicar un comercio intersectorial que se comporta relativamente e","PeriodicalId":45515,"journal":{"name":"Academia-Revista Latinoamericana De Administracion","volume":"24 1","pages":"535-547"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87405453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-03DOI: 10.1108/arla-01-2019-0013
Laura García-García, Macarena Gonzalo Alonso-Buenaposada, M. E. Romero‐Merino, Marcos Santamaría-Mariscal
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the ownership structure and the investment in research and development (R&D) for a sample of listed Spanish companies.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the agency theory and the socioemotional wealth (SEW) perspective, the authors propose that R&D investment is affected by ownership structure, specifically by the identity of the controlling owner (family firms and firms with an institutional investor) and the level of contestability by other shareholders. In order to test these hypotheses, the authors build an original database identifying, at a 10% threshold, the ultimate shareholders of a sample of 96 Spanish firms listed during 2008–2018 (1,002 obs).FindingsThe results show that there is no significant relationship between the ownership concentration and the R&D investment. Only when the authors consider the nature of the main shareholder, the authors find that in family firms there is an inverted U relationship between ownership and R&D, so that at low levels of ownership, the R&D increases, while at high levels of ownership (that we compute around 54%) the R&D decreases. Also, when the main shareholder is an institutional investor, the greater its ownership, the higher the R&D investment. Finally, the authors test that, contrary to what mainstream suggests, contestability in family firms is higher when ownership in the hands of other family shareholders increases.Originality/valueThe work uses an original database to test a nonlinear relationship between ownership and R&D investment in family firms. Also, the study addresses a topic hardly ever discussed in the literature about R&D as it is the role of the contestability by other controlling shareholders.
{"title":"Ownership structure and R&D investment: the role of identity and contestability in Spanish listed firms","authors":"Laura García-García, Macarena Gonzalo Alonso-Buenaposada, M. E. Romero‐Merino, Marcos Santamaría-Mariscal","doi":"10.1108/arla-01-2019-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/arla-01-2019-0013","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the ownership structure and the investment in research and development (R&D) for a sample of listed Spanish companies.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the agency theory and the socioemotional wealth (SEW) perspective, the authors propose that R&D investment is affected by ownership structure, specifically by the identity of the controlling owner (family firms and firms with an institutional investor) and the level of contestability by other shareholders. In order to test these hypotheses, the authors build an original database identifying, at a 10% threshold, the ultimate shareholders of a sample of 96 Spanish firms listed during 2008–2018 (1,002 obs).FindingsThe results show that there is no significant relationship between the ownership concentration and the R&D investment. Only when the authors consider the nature of the main shareholder, the authors find that in family firms there is an inverted U relationship between ownership and R&D, so that at low levels of ownership, the R&D increases, while at high levels of ownership (that we compute around 54%) the R&D decreases. Also, when the main shareholder is an institutional investor, the greater its ownership, the higher the R&D investment. Finally, the authors test that, contrary to what mainstream suggests, contestability in family firms is higher when ownership in the hands of other family shareholders increases.Originality/valueThe work uses an original database to test a nonlinear relationship between ownership and R&D investment in family firms. Also, the study addresses a topic hardly ever discussed in the literature about R&D as it is the role of the contestability by other controlling shareholders.","PeriodicalId":45515,"journal":{"name":"Academia-Revista Latinoamericana De Administracion","volume":"115 1","pages":"405-426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89133141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-29DOI: 10.1108/arla-08-2020-0181
C. Mardones, F. Avila
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of research and development (R&D) subsidies and tax credits on the innovative processes of Chilean firms.Design/methodology/approachProbit and tobit models for pseudo-panel with instrumental variables are estimated using data from different versions of the Innovation Survey covering the period 2007–2016.FindingsThe results show that R&D subsidies and tax credits have a statistically significant and positive effect on the probability of performing internal and external R&D, but do not affect the intensity of R&D spending, reflecting a crowding-out effect on private funds of both instruments. On the other hand, firms that simultaneously receive R&D subsidies and tax credits have a lower percentage of innovative sales. Furthermore, there are not effects statistically significant of the R&D subsidies and/or tax credits on the number of intellectual property rights applications.Originality/valueIt is concluded that both instruments have not been effective to encourage innovative outputs in Chilean firms.
{"title":"Effect of R&D subsidies and tax credits on the innovative processes of Chilean firms","authors":"C. Mardones, F. Avila","doi":"10.1108/arla-08-2020-0181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/arla-08-2020-0181","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of research and development (R&D) subsidies and tax credits on the innovative processes of Chilean firms.Design/methodology/approachProbit and tobit models for pseudo-panel with instrumental variables are estimated using data from different versions of the Innovation Survey covering the period 2007–2016.FindingsThe results show that R&D subsidies and tax credits have a statistically significant and positive effect on the probability of performing internal and external R&D, but do not affect the intensity of R&D spending, reflecting a crowding-out effect on private funds of both instruments. On the other hand, firms that simultaneously receive R&D subsidies and tax credits have a lower percentage of innovative sales. Furthermore, there are not effects statistically significant of the R&D subsidies and/or tax credits on the number of intellectual property rights applications.Originality/valueIt is concluded that both instruments have not been effective to encourage innovative outputs in Chilean firms.","PeriodicalId":45515,"journal":{"name":"Academia-Revista Latinoamericana De Administracion","volume":"2015 1","pages":"517-534"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86967000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.1108/arla-04-2020-0080
Jubalt Alvarez Salazar
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to use a combination of resource-based theory and dynamic capabilities theory to explore the phenomenon of startup survival in an emerging entrepreneurial ecosystem.Design/methodology/approachThe study has a phenomenological research design, with an exploratory scope and qualitative approach. It uses in-depth interviews to identify the perceptions of ecosystem agents about the phenomenon of survival.FindingsThis paper argues that startup survival should be studied as a construct that is reflected by four conditions: break-even point, accelerated growth, cash stock and continuous operation. Furthermore, it is formed by the interaction of five mainly interacting resources: human capital, social capital, entrepreneurial capital, organizational capital and the incubation process.Originality/valueThe study offers a holistic model of survival that could be applicable to incipient entrepreneurial ecosystems such as the Peruvian one. This model presents survival as a reflexive-formative construct and not as a dichotomic variable (enterprise operating/enterprise closed) as has been commonly considered in the literature.
{"title":"Organizational resources and survival of startups firms – a qualitative analysis in the Peruvian context","authors":"Jubalt Alvarez Salazar","doi":"10.1108/arla-04-2020-0080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/arla-04-2020-0080","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to use a combination of resource-based theory and dynamic capabilities theory to explore the phenomenon of startup survival in an emerging entrepreneurial ecosystem.Design/methodology/approachThe study has a phenomenological research design, with an exploratory scope and qualitative approach. It uses in-depth interviews to identify the perceptions of ecosystem agents about the phenomenon of survival.FindingsThis paper argues that startup survival should be studied as a construct that is reflected by four conditions: break-even point, accelerated growth, cash stock and continuous operation. Furthermore, it is formed by the interaction of five mainly interacting resources: human capital, social capital, entrepreneurial capital, organizational capital and the incubation process.Originality/valueThe study offers a holistic model of survival that could be applicable to incipient entrepreneurial ecosystems such as the Peruvian one. This model presents survival as a reflexive-formative construct and not as a dichotomic variable (enterprise operating/enterprise closed) as has been commonly considered in the literature.","PeriodicalId":45515,"journal":{"name":"Academia-Revista Latinoamericana De Administracion","volume":"211 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77606438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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