Pub Date : 2011-01-01DOI: 10.4314/sajrs.v33i1.65483
I. Cook
The application of the scientific method in sport demands that regular and standardised testing must be implemented by the coach or scientist to determine whether the intervention, for instance training, has had the desired effect on sporting performance. However, the test administered by the coach or scientist must have been rigorously evaluated for acceptable validity and reliability. Moreover, the judgment as to the validity of a test must not be influenced by the popularisation of a test. Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, a popular incremental field test for endurance athletes (Conconi Test) has been uncritically accepted as valid by some coaches and sport scientists. The Conconi Test is assumed a non-invasive measure of the anaerobic threshold through the identification of a coincident deflection in heart rate. This paper briefly considers the methodology and biological explanation for the Cononic Test. The paper also elaborates on the historical context within which the popular Conconi Test was developed and how factors other than scientific evidence have led to the popularisation of this test amongst sport scientists and coaches. Users of this test should consider the possibility that at least some part of the accepted validity of the Conconi Test was due to appeals to authority (eminent scientists, prominent athletes, magnitude of the feat, medal counts, records), popularity and coincidental correlation (performance and test result).
{"title":"WAS THE CONCONI TEST VALIDATED BY SPORTING SUCCESS, EXPERT OPINION OR GOOD SCIENCE?","authors":"I. Cook","doi":"10.4314/sajrs.v33i1.65483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajrs.v33i1.65483","url":null,"abstract":"The application of the scientific method in sport demands that regular and standardised testing must be implemented by the coach or scientist to determine whether the intervention, for instance training, has had the desired effect on sporting performance. However, the test administered by the coach or scientist must have been rigorously evaluated for acceptable validity and reliability. Moreover, the judgment as to the validity of a test must not be influenced by the popularisation of a test. Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, a popular incremental field test for endurance athletes (Conconi Test) has been uncritically accepted as valid by some coaches and sport scientists. The Conconi Test is assumed a non-invasive measure of the anaerobic threshold through the identification of a coincident deflection in heart rate. This paper briefly considers the methodology and biological explanation for the Cononic Test. The paper also elaborates on the historical context within which the popular Conconi Test was developed and how factors other than scientific evidence have led to the popularisation of this test amongst sport scientists and coaches. Users of this test should consider the possibility that at least some part of the accepted validity of the Conconi Test was due to appeals to authority (eminent scientists, prominent athletes, magnitude of the feat, medal counts, records), popularity and coincidental correlation (performance and test result).","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"33 1","pages":"23-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70654181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V33I2.69689
H. Grobbelaar, M. Eloff
Differences regarding the psychological skill levels of soccer, basketball, rugby union and American football players in different playing positions have been reported. These differences are believed to be the result of the specific demands of each playing position. This study examined possible positional differences in a group of 185 South African provincial netball players (mean age: 20.7 years, S.D.: 3.87 years). The subjects were divided into seven playing positions, namely: goal shooter (n=21), goal attack (n=27), wing attack (n=35), centre (n=29), wing defence (n=24), goal defence (n=25) and goal keeper (n=24), and were compared with regard to seven psychological skills and a derived composite psychological skills score, measured by means of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28) of Smith et al. (1995). Effect sizes (expressed as Cohen’s d-value) were used to indicate practical significant differences. Thirty-nine of the 168 positional comparisons yielded moderate practical significant differences (d≈0.5). Collectively, these results showed that the goal attack and wing defence players consistently outperformed the other positional groups, while the goal shooters showed the lowest psychological skill levels. The results are discussed with reference to their implications for psychological skills training programmes. Key words: Playing positions; Netball players; Psychological skills.
{"title":"Psychological skills of provincial netball players in different playing positions","authors":"H. Grobbelaar, M. Eloff","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V33I2.69689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V33I2.69689","url":null,"abstract":"Differences regarding the psychological skill levels of soccer, basketball, rugby union and American football players in different playing positions have been reported. These differences are believed to be the result of the specific demands of each playing position. This study examined possible positional differences in a group of 185 South African provincial netball players (mean age: 20.7 years, S.D.: 3.87 years). The subjects were divided into seven playing positions, namely: goal shooter (n=21), goal attack (n=27), wing attack (n=35), centre (n=29), wing defence (n=24), goal defence (n=25) and goal keeper (n=24), and were compared with regard to seven psychological skills and a derived composite psychological skills score, measured by means of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28) of Smith et al. (1995). Effect sizes (expressed as Cohen’s d-value) were used to indicate practical significant differences. Thirty-nine of the 168 positional comparisons yielded moderate practical significant differences (d≈0.5). Collectively, these results showed that the goal attack and wing defence players consistently outperformed the other positional groups, while the goal shooters showed the lowest psychological skill levels. The results are discussed with reference to their implications for psychological skills training programmes. Key words: Playing positions; Netball players; Psychological skills.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"33 1","pages":"45-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70654364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V33I2.69698
C. Walter, R. D. Randt
Chronic diseases of lifestyle in South Africa are on the increase, as shown by recent studies. Black women, who have the country’s highest levels of inactivity, overweight and obesity, are particularly at risk. This study used qualitative methods to investigate barriers to physical activity participation in two generations of Black professional women (teachers, nurses, social workers and public managers). The two generations reflect pre- and post-democracy age groups in South Africa. The older generation (n=20), aged 35 to 45 years, spent their formative years in apartheid South Africa, disadvantaged by racial policies. The younger generation (n=27), aged 18 to 21 years, spent their formative years in post-apartheid South Africa, post-1990, under a constitution which guarantees equality and non-discrimination. In-depth qualitative interviews, utilizing an interview guide, were used to collect data from the participants until data saturation was achieved. Data from the interviews were transcribed, analysed and verified in accordance with Cresswell (2003) and Guba’s model of trustworthiness (Krefting, 1991). Three sub-themes were identified relating to barriers to physical activity participation: personal, environmental and socio-cultural factors. The socio-cultural factors, the focus of this article, included the lack of social support, exercise “not being a part of African culture”, traditional gender roles, dress code, exercise associated with the young, exercise associated with undesirable weight loss and “destructive talk” by the community. The findings have highlighted misconceptions about exercise. Conservative socio-cultural barriers will have to be overcome before physical activity is seen as normative behaviour for Black women in a South African context. Key words: Physical activity; Socio-cultural barriers; Black women.
{"title":"Socio-cultural barriers to physical activity among black isiXhosa speaking professional women in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality","authors":"C. Walter, R. D. Randt","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V33I2.69698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V33I2.69698","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic diseases of lifestyle in South Africa are on the increase, as shown by recent studies. Black women, who have the country’s highest levels of inactivity, overweight and obesity, are particularly at risk. This study used qualitative methods to investigate barriers to physical activity participation in two generations of Black professional women (teachers, nurses, social workers and public managers). The two generations reflect pre- and post-democracy age groups in South Africa. The older generation (n=20), aged 35 to 45 years, spent their formative years in apartheid South Africa, disadvantaged by racial policies. The younger generation (n=27), aged 18 to 21 years, spent their formative years in post-apartheid South Africa, post-1990, under a constitution which guarantees equality and non-discrimination. In-depth qualitative interviews, utilizing an interview guide, were used to collect data from the participants until data saturation was achieved. Data from the interviews were transcribed, analysed and verified in accordance with Cresswell (2003) and Guba’s model of trustworthiness (Krefting, 1991). Three sub-themes were identified relating to barriers to physical activity participation: personal, environmental and socio-cultural factors. The socio-cultural factors, the focus of this article, included the lack of social support, exercise “not being a part of African culture”, traditional gender roles, dress code, exercise associated with the young, exercise associated with undesirable weight loss and “destructive talk” by the community. The findings have highlighted misconceptions about exercise. Conservative socio-cultural barriers will have to be overcome before physical activity is seen as normative behaviour for Black women in a South African context. Key words: Physical activity; Socio-cultural barriers; Black women.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"33 1","pages":"143-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70653963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V33I1.65495
A. Pienaar, Linda Van den Berg
The aim of this study was to determine the utility of a self administered questionnaire on maturity status (MSQ) (which also included questions on somatic development) by comparing it with biological age (as determined by the Greulich-Pyle x-ray [GP] method). The MSQ was compiled based on the sexual maturity stages developed by Tanner in 1962, while biological age was determined by the Greulich-Pyle (GP) method. Rugby players (N=18) were tested over a period of three years (15.9 – 17.9 years old). The GP method classified the players into early developers (ED) (n=4), average developers (AD) (n=13) and one (n=1) late developer. Discriminant function analysis identified seven from 10 questions at the mean age of 15.7 years regarding sexual and somatic maturity to discriminate between ED and AD. Only 25% of the ED and 61% of the AD could, however, be classified back into their original groups by making use of the Jackknife statistical method. A further stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that three of the seven questions had better discriminative ability, although cross validation by means of the Jackknife method indicated that only 75% of the ED and 38.5% of the AD could be classified correctly by means of these three variables. It was concluded that the discriminality of the MSQ was not adequate, but that some variables have more potential for classification purposes than others. Refinement of the instrument is recommended.
{"title":"Somatiese en seksuele karakteristieke se vermoë om rypheidstatus by rugbyspelers te bepaal","authors":"A. Pienaar, Linda Van den Berg","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V33I1.65495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V33I1.65495","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the utility of a self administered questionnaire on maturity status (MSQ) (which also included questions on somatic development) by comparing it with biological age (as determined by the Greulich-Pyle x-ray [GP] method). The MSQ was compiled based on the sexual maturity stages developed by Tanner in 1962, while biological age was determined by the Greulich-Pyle (GP) method. Rugby players (N=18) were tested over a period of three years (15.9 – 17.9 years old). The GP method classified the players into early developers (ED) (n=4), average developers (AD) (n=13) and one (n=1) late developer. Discriminant function analysis identified seven from 10 questions at the mean age of 15.7 years regarding sexual and somatic maturity to discriminate between ED and AD. Only 25% of the ED and 61% of the AD could, however, be classified back into their original groups by making use of the Jackknife statistical method. A further stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that three of the seven questions had better discriminative ability, although cross validation by means of the Jackknife method indicated that only 75% of the ED and 38.5% of the AD could be classified correctly by means of these three variables. It was concluded that the discriminality of the MSQ was not adequate, but that some variables have more potential for classification purposes than others. Refinement of the instrument is recommended.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"33 1","pages":"133-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70653977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intention of this study was to investigate the relationship between growth and physical fitness of girls between the ages seven and 18. The girls (N=302) were randomly selected from six randomly selected schools in an informal settlement in the Western Cape. Twenty anthropometric measurements were taken on each participant. Some of the measurements included heights, girths, skinfolds and breadths. Skinfold measurements were further used to calculate body composition and somatotypes. The following physical fitness components were included for assessment: flexibility (sit-and-reach test); grip strength (hand grip dynamometer); leg power (standing long-jump); speed (50m-sprint test); and cardiovascular endurance (three-minute step test). The relationship between growth and fitness characteristics was determined by means of a stepwise discriminant analysis. The participants were divided into ‘under 13’ and ‘13 and older’ groups and were used to establish differences in the relationships between growth and fitness. The analysis showed the prominence of weight and height as predictors of fitness parameters, especially strength, speed and leg power.
{"title":"Correlation between growth and physical fitness of socially disadvantaged girls","authors":"A. Travill","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V33I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V33I3","url":null,"abstract":"The intention of this study was to investigate the relationship between growth and physical fitness of girls between the ages seven and 18. The girls (N=302) were randomly selected from six randomly selected schools in an informal settlement in the Western Cape. Twenty anthropometric measurements were taken on each participant. Some of the measurements included heights, girths, skinfolds and breadths. Skinfold measurements were further used to calculate body composition and somatotypes. The following physical fitness components were included for assessment: flexibility (sit-and-reach test); grip strength (hand grip dynamometer); leg power (standing long-jump); speed (50m-sprint test); and cardiovascular endurance (three-minute step test). The relationship between growth and fitness characteristics was determined by means of a stepwise discriminant analysis. The participants were divided into ‘under 13’ and ‘13 and older’ groups and were used to establish differences in the relationships between growth and fitness. The analysis showed the prominence of weight and height as predictors of fitness parameters, especially strength, speed and leg power.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"13 1","pages":"139-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70654073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V33I1.65488
J. Fourie, E. Slabbert, M. Saayman
Leisure and sport activities are thought to be developmentally important because it provides opportunities for skill development and the formation of social relationships during adolescence. Added to this the number and variety of leisure and sport activities create ample opportunities for participation. However, it became evident that leisure behaviour of adolescents today is not always constructive or positive and that the learners are becoming more passive. This passivity is influenced by various factors such as lack of time for leisure, too much exposure to technological means of spending leisure time, changing lifestyles and other influences. Leisure can be seen as an activity chosen in relative freedom for its qualities of satisfaction, whereas sport can be seen as organised activities focused on physical effort with some relative measurement of outcomes. The aim of this article is therefore to determine the leisure and sport participation patterns of high school learners and to indicate differences in preferences for leisure and sport activities based on socio-demographic variables. A survey was conducted at six high schools in Potchefstroom resulting in 1 036 questionnaires being used for statistical analysis. The results revealed that high school learners experience boredom in Potchefstroom, even though they have little time available per week for participation in leisure activities. When participating in leisure activities, they prefer socialising with friends, watching television or spending time on the computer. In terms of sport, respondents prefer typical school sports such as athletics, soccer and hockey. It was also noted that a large proportion of the learners visit a gymnasium. Correlations were determined between gender and sport, gender and leisure, race and sport, as well as race and leisure. It was noted that rugby and soccer were more associated with males. Although there were small practical significant differences between gender and leisure activities, it was found that males and females do not necessarily differ in their preferences of leisure activities. Females participated in leisure activities more than males. Soccer was preferred by predominantly black respondents and visits to the gymnasium by predominantly white respondents. Watching television, movies, visiting boys and socialising with friends were preferred by white respondents whereas black respondents enjoyed reading, studying, religious activities and visiting girls as leisure activities.
{"title":"The leisure and sport participation patterns of high school learners in Potchefstroom","authors":"J. Fourie, E. Slabbert, M. Saayman","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V33I1.65488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V33I1.65488","url":null,"abstract":"Leisure and sport activities are thought to be developmentally important because it provides opportunities for skill development and the formation of social relationships during adolescence. Added to this the number and variety of leisure and sport activities create ample opportunities for participation. However, it became evident that leisure behaviour of adolescents today is not always constructive or positive and that the learners are becoming more passive. This passivity is influenced by various factors such as lack of time for leisure, too much exposure to technological means of spending leisure time, changing lifestyles and other influences. Leisure can be seen as an activity chosen in relative freedom for its qualities of satisfaction, whereas sport can be seen as organised activities focused on physical effort with some relative measurement of outcomes. The aim of this article is therefore to determine the leisure and sport participation patterns of high school learners and to indicate differences in preferences for leisure and sport activities based on socio-demographic variables. A survey was conducted at six high schools in Potchefstroom resulting in 1 036 questionnaires being used for statistical analysis. The results revealed that high school learners experience boredom in Potchefstroom, even though they have little time available per week for participation in leisure activities. When participating in leisure activities, they prefer socialising with friends, watching television or spending time on the computer. In terms of sport, respondents prefer typical school sports such as athletics, soccer and hockey. It was also noted that a large proportion of the learners visit a gymnasium. Correlations were determined between gender and sport, gender and leisure, race and sport, as well as race and leisure. It was noted that rugby and soccer were more associated with males. Although there were small practical significant differences between gender and leisure activities, it was found that males and females do not necessarily differ in their preferences of leisure activities. Females participated in leisure activities more than males. Soccer was preferred by predominantly black respondents and visits to the gymnasium by predominantly white respondents. Watching television, movies, visiting boys and socialising with friends were preferred by white respondents whereas black respondents enjoyed reading, studying, religious activities and visiting girls as leisure activities.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"11 1","pages":"65-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70654278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V33I1.65486
I. C. Elendu, O. A. Umeakuka
Evidence in literature and reports showed that both male and female athletes are sexually harassed in their course of participating in sports. The purpose of the study was to find out the perpetrators of sexual harassment experienced by athletes in southern Nigerian universities. A cross-sectional survey design was employed for the study. A 22-item structured questionnaire was used to generate data from athletes (N=1 214) which included males (n=789) and females (n=425) in federal (n=856) and state (n=358) universities. The data analysis was based on athletes who indicated that they have experienced one form of sexual harassment or the other. Percentage was used to analyze the data. Results showed that among the athletes who experienced gender harassment, 8.97% of them had it from the directors of sports, 34.31% from the coaches, 96.55% had it from fellow athletes and 4.33% from spectators. Among the athletes who experienced unwanted sexual attention, 2.57% had it from directors of sports, 29.52% from coaches, 86.35% from fellow athletes and 1.49% had it from spectators. For athletes who experienced sexual coercion, 3.15% had it from directors of sports, 23.16% from coaches, 79.74% had it from fellow athletes and 0.37% from spectators. It was recommended among other things that a sexual harassment intervention programme should be designed and mounted for all the perpetrators of sexual harassment on athletes with much attention to the athletes and coaches.
{"title":"Perpetrators of sexual harassment experienced by athletes in southern Nigerian universities.","authors":"I. C. Elendu, O. A. Umeakuka","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V33I1.65486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V33I1.65486","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence in literature and reports showed that both male and female athletes are sexually harassed in their course of participating in sports. The purpose of the study was to find out the perpetrators of sexual harassment experienced by athletes in southern Nigerian universities. A cross-sectional survey design was employed for the study. A 22-item structured questionnaire was used to generate data from athletes (N=1 214) which included males (n=789) and females (n=425) in federal (n=856) and state (n=358) universities. The data analysis was based on athletes who indicated that they have experienced one form of sexual harassment or the other. Percentage was used to analyze the data. Results showed that among the athletes who experienced gender harassment, 8.97% of them had it from the directors of sports, 34.31% from the coaches, 96.55% had it from fellow athletes and 4.33% from spectators. Among the athletes who experienced unwanted sexual attention, 2.57% had it from directors of sports, 29.52% from coaches, 86.35% from fellow athletes and 1.49% had it from spectators. For athletes who experienced sexual coercion, 3.15% had it from directors of sports, 23.16% from coaches, 79.74% had it from fellow athletes and 0.37% from spectators. It was recommended among other things that a sexual harassment intervention programme should be designed and mounted for all the perpetrators of sexual harassment on athletes with much attention to the athletes and coaches.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"33 1","pages":"53-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70654243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V33I2.69694
Plaatjie, J. Potgieter
This study focused on coping strategies used by soccer (football) players by exploring the role of the environment, ethnicity and culture in players’ response to stressful situations. An interpretive-qualitative research methodology was applied with a sample of 33 professional soccer players. The subjects were representative in terms of race, age, experience and playing positions. Semi-structured interviews and biographical questionnaires were used to gather information. The data were analysed by means of an interpretive or thematic content analysis procedure. Results showed that there were similarities and differences in the way players coped with a variety of stressors. Key words: Stress; Coping strategies; Soccer; Football; Ethnicity.
{"title":"Coping strategies of soccer players","authors":"Plaatjie, J. Potgieter","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V33I2.69694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V33I2.69694","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on coping strategies used by soccer (football) players by exploring the role of the environment, ethnicity and culture in players’ response to stressful situations. An interpretive-qualitative research methodology was applied with a sample of 33 professional soccer players. The subjects were representative in terms of race, age, experience and playing positions. Semi-structured interviews and biographical questionnaires were used to gather information. The data were analysed by means of an interpretive or thematic content analysis procedure. Results showed that there were similarities and differences in the way players coped with a variety of stressors. Key words: Stress; Coping strategies; Soccer; Football; Ethnicity.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"33 1","pages":"107-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70654316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V33I1.65480
H. Arazi, R. Rahimi
In order to examine the effects of different rest intervals between sets on the training volume completed during a workout, 15 male bodybuilders served as subjects (Mean SD, age=25.28±2.01; mass=73.06±8.33 kg; height=176.33±6.30 cm). All the subjects performed a minimum of three strength workouts per week for a period of two years. Data collection took place over a period of four weeks with four testing sessions. During the first session, one repetition of the maximum (1RM) for the Bench Press (BP) was tested. Each of the next three sessions included four sets of exercises performed with a 75% of 1RM load. Rest between sets was randomly assigned from: a timed three-minute rest period; a 1:3 work: rest (W/R) ratio (1:3 W/R) and achieving a post exercise heart rate (HR) of 60% age-predicted maximum (60% Post-HR). The repetitions to exhaustion from set two to set four were significantly higher in three-minute rest conditions than 1:3 W/R and a 60% Post- HR rest conditions (P repetitions to exhaustion decreased significantly for each set (P≤ 0.01). The results showed that a three-minute rest interval was the most effective method of recovery compared to 60% Post-HR and 1:3 W/R conditions during the four sets of bench press to exhaustion. Key words: Resistance exercise; Rest interval; Work; Rest ratio; Post exercise heart rate
{"title":"The effect of different rest intervals between multiple bench press bouts","authors":"H. Arazi, R. Rahimi","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V33I1.65480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V33I1.65480","url":null,"abstract":"In order to examine the effects of different rest intervals between sets on the training volume completed during a workout, 15 male bodybuilders served as subjects (Mean SD, age=25.28±2.01; mass=73.06±8.33 kg; height=176.33±6.30 cm). All the subjects performed a minimum of three strength workouts per week for a period of two years. Data collection took place over a period of four weeks with four testing sessions. During the first session, one repetition of the maximum (1RM) for the Bench Press (BP) was tested. Each of the next three sessions included four sets of exercises performed with a 75% of 1RM load. Rest between sets was randomly assigned from: a timed three-minute rest period; a 1:3 work: rest (W/R) ratio (1:3 W/R) and achieving a post exercise heart rate (HR) of 60% age-predicted maximum (60% Post-HR). The repetitions to exhaustion from set two to set four were significantly higher in three-minute rest conditions than 1:3 W/R and a 60% Post- HR rest conditions (P repetitions to exhaustion decreased significantly for each set (P≤ 0.01). The results showed that a three-minute rest interval was the most effective method of recovery compared to 60% Post-HR and 1:3 W/R conditions during the four sets of bench press to exhaustion. Key words: Resistance exercise; Rest interval; Work; Rest ratio; Post exercise heart rate","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70654116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-01DOI: 10.4314/sajrs.v33i1.65485
M. Dhurup
Rugby is one of South Africa’s big three sports, alongside soccer and cricket. For many South African fans, rugby is a medium that provides entertainment, cultural identity and a sense of belonging to a particular sport. One of the main appeals for watching competitive sport events is the distinctive nature of competition. Unlike the predictable form of leisure behaviour, sport events embody an experience in which outcomes are unknown prior to the commencement of the event. The purpose of the study was to identify specific points (objects) of attachment that influence fan attendance. The secondary purpose of the study was to use the scale items to examine the relationship between the identified factors on fan attendance. The two measures of fan attendance namely, frequency of attendance and length of time being a fan used in the study were obtained from previous studies. Completed questionnaires were obtained from respondents (N=180) from a provincial based team in Gauteng. The data was analysed using exploratory factor analysis, independent sample t-tests and regression analysis. In addition, rugby fans were categorised into die-hard, submissive and care free casuals or theatre-goers. A priori determination of five points of attachment, namely attachment to a team, player, sport, coach and level of sport attachment were used to examine the relationship of the points of attachment through regression models. Attachment to rugby as a sport in general appeared to significantly predict fan attendance. Implications for future research are outlined. Key words: Fan attachment; Fan attendance; Rugby; Social identity
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