Pub Date : 2022-07-12DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2098453
Dorothée Delacroix
ABSTRACT Exhumations were considered part of the Peruvian State’s reparation policies to victims of the internal armed conflict. On the basis of an in-depth ethnography conducted in Andean peasant communities, this article analyses the forced nature of certain exhumations done in post-TRC Peru and the doubts cast on the testimonies of the surviving victims. This essay posits that the exhumed body has become a site for the production of “truth” in a context in which the recipients of economic reparations have the veracity of their testimonies questioned, and at times are deemed fraudulent. Through the analyse of the bureaucratic implementation of exhumations and of their effects on an intimate level, its demonstrates how State-controlled exhumation policies continue its historic requirement of Andean peasantry submission when any socio-economic aid is provided. This article highlights the paradoxes of reparation policies that produce a institutional violence forms of discrimination against the Andean peasantry.
{"title":"Controlling victims: forced exhumations in the Peruvian Andes","authors":"Dorothée Delacroix","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2098453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2098453","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Exhumations were considered part of the Peruvian State’s reparation policies to victims of the internal armed conflict. On the basis of an in-depth ethnography conducted in Andean peasant communities, this article analyses the forced nature of certain exhumations done in post-TRC Peru and the doubts cast on the testimonies of the surviving victims. This essay posits that the exhumed body has become a site for the production of “truth” in a context in which the recipients of economic reparations have the veracity of their testimonies questioned, and at times are deemed fraudulent. Through the analyse of the bureaucratic implementation of exhumations and of their effects on an intimate level, its demonstrates how State-controlled exhumation policies continue its historic requirement of Andean peasantry submission when any socio-economic aid is provided. This article highlights the paradoxes of reparation policies that produce a institutional violence forms of discrimination against the Andean peasantry.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"419 - 433"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43763437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2021.1955516
Claire Q. Smith
ABSTRACT The article makes a new contribution to understanding peace governance, using the concept of formalised political unsettlements to explain enduring local governance ambiguities as a constructive, rather than detrimental, feature of a hybrid post-war political order. Drawing on original fieldwork, the article examines the contested interactions between an international governance reform programme and competing national and sub-national political actors in post-war Timor-Leste. International donors to and scholars of Timor-Leste have argued that an institutional ‘gap’ between national and local governance blocked post-war development and democratisation. I take a new approach, using the concept of ‘formalised political unsettlement’ to reconceive this ‘gap’ as a political space allowing competing visions of post-war governance to co-exist. I demonstrate that the ‘gap’ was not a failure of governance, but a form of transitional political order, sustaining peace while avoiding a formal resolution. In attempting to fix the ‘gap’, the international intervention had unexpected consequences in this complex post-war environment.
{"title":"Local peace governance in post-war Timor-Leste: reconceiving governance ambiguity as a formalised political unsettlement","authors":"Claire Q. Smith","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2021.1955516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2021.1955516","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article makes a new contribution to understanding peace governance, using the concept of formalised political unsettlements to explain enduring local governance ambiguities as a constructive, rather than detrimental, feature of a hybrid post-war political order. Drawing on original fieldwork, the article examines the contested interactions between an international governance reform programme and competing national and sub-national political actors in post-war Timor-Leste. International donors to and scholars of Timor-Leste have argued that an institutional ‘gap’ between national and local governance blocked post-war development and democratisation. I take a new approach, using the concept of ‘formalised political unsettlement’ to reconceive this ‘gap’ as a political space allowing competing visions of post-war governance to co-exist. I demonstrate that the ‘gap’ was not a failure of governance, but a form of transitional political order, sustaining peace while avoiding a formal resolution. In attempting to fix the ‘gap’, the international intervention had unexpected consequences in this complex post-war environment.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"278 - 296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41542427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-20DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2079246
Tim Glawion
ABSTRACT Examinations of substate security and everyday peace in hybrid political orders are mostly limited to single-case studies or statistical analyses. Seldom are qualitative methods applied with a comparative aim that can unveil patterns of security production. I attempt such an approach by studying 12 cases across the Central African Republic, Haiti, Somaliland, and South Sudan. I investigate (1) where hybrid interactions take place, (2) how they happen and (3) what this means for people’s security. I argue, first, that hybrid ordering shapes socio-geography by separating a rigorously controlled inner from a securitised outer circle. Second, I find that actors clash over the use of contrasting ordering principles on a spectrum from stable to fluid. Third, measured security indices, paradoxically, often diverge from how safe people feel depending on public support for the socio-geographical shape and ordering principles applied. These cross-case patterns of hybrid political orders underscore the importance of comparing political ordering processes.
{"title":"Cross-case patterns of security production in hybrid political orders: their shapes, ordering practices, and paradoxical outcomes","authors":"Tim Glawion","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2079246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2079246","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Examinations of substate security and everyday peace in hybrid political orders are mostly limited to single-case studies or statistical analyses. Seldom are qualitative methods applied with a comparative aim that can unveil patterns of security production. I attempt such an approach by studying 12 cases across the Central African Republic, Haiti, Somaliland, and South Sudan. I investigate (1) where hybrid interactions take place, (2) how they happen and (3) what this means for people’s security. I argue, first, that hybrid ordering shapes socio-geography by separating a rigorously controlled inner from a securitised outer circle. Second, I find that actors clash over the use of contrasting ordering principles on a spectrum from stable to fluid. Third, measured security indices, paradoxically, often diverge from how safe people feel depending on public support for the socio-geographical shape and ordering principles applied. These cross-case patterns of hybrid political orders underscore the importance of comparing political ordering processes.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"11 1","pages":"169 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47203758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2068866
O. Bakiner
{"title":"Why did Turkey’s peace process (2013-2015) fail? Four explanations","authors":"O. Bakiner","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2068866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2068866","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"11 1","pages":"239 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44090808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-22DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2065791
Yoav Kapshuk, Mora Deitch
ABSTRACT The rising of religious intrastate armed conflicts in recent years has a significant impact on the world order. Despite a growing literature on the relationship between religion and conflict, we know little about the conditions under which peace processes of religious conflicts may succeed. Studies show that addressing issues of transitional justice during conflicts may promote peace. This study examines the role of transitional justice in peace processes of religious conflicts. Our study uses quantitative analysis utilizing the Transitional Justice in Peace Processes (TJPP) Dataset, which contains innovative information on worldwide peace negotiations between 1989 and 2014. The TJPP dataset identifies six elements of transitional justice: truth commissions, reconciliation processes, reparations programs, restitution and rehabilitation of refugees, amnesties and prisoners' release. Findings demonstrate that peace processes of religious conflicts are more likely to use transitional justice elements, yet these peace efforts are less likely to reach a full peace agreement.
{"title":"Religion, peace and justice: the effects of transitional justice on religious armed conflict resolution","authors":"Yoav Kapshuk, Mora Deitch","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2065791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2065791","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The rising of religious intrastate armed conflicts in recent years has a significant impact on the world order. Despite a growing literature on the relationship between religion and conflict, we know little about the conditions under which peace processes of religious conflicts may succeed. Studies show that addressing issues of transitional justice during conflicts may promote peace. This study examines the role of transitional justice in peace processes of religious conflicts. Our study uses quantitative analysis utilizing the Transitional Justice in Peace Processes (TJPP) Dataset, which contains innovative information on worldwide peace negotiations between 1989 and 2014. The TJPP dataset identifies six elements of transitional justice: truth commissions, reconciliation processes, reparations programs, restitution and rehabilitation of refugees, amnesties and prisoners' release. Findings demonstrate that peace processes of religious conflicts are more likely to use transitional justice elements, yet these peace efforts are less likely to reach a full peace agreement.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"11 1","pages":"78 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60293349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2065793
Peter Vermeersch
ABSTRACT While official conflict stories often feed the justifications for violence, new stories, rooted in the realities of the people who have experienced the chaos of violence, might provide a path to peace. In this review essay, I briefly explore examples of recent research that have valued a narrative approach both as an empirical strategy and a normative framework. I also point to some useful interactions with other bodies of theoretical and empirical work.
{"title":"Narratives of change and repair: how the study of storytelling in the social sciences can inspire peacebuilding research","authors":"Peter Vermeersch","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2065793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2065793","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While official conflict stories often feed the justifications for violence, new stories, rooted in the realities of the people who have experienced the chaos of violence, might provide a path to peace. In this review essay, I briefly explore examples of recent research that have valued a narrative approach both as an empirical strategy and a normative framework. I also point to some useful interactions with other bodies of theoretical and empirical work.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"11 1","pages":"104 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41876287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-13DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2065792
Gavin Hart, Camilo Tamayo Gomez
ABSTRACT This article explores the barriers faced by ex-combatants in Northern Ireland and Colombia as they reintegrate into civil society. It focuses on analysing three key aspects for a successful reintegration process: access to education opportunities after demobilisation, inclusion and participation into the civilian economy, and the exercise of equal citizenship in order to guarantee social and civic reintegration. The article presents the results of fifty-four interviews with former combatants from both countries. It is argued that for the purpose of developing effective and inclusive reintegration processes for ex-combatants, it is crucial to address claims for recognition as a central dimension of reintegration. The paper concludes that the recognition of ex-combatants’ social expectations during the demobilisation stage, and the acknowledgement of their experiences of marginalisation in the course of the reintegration process, is vital to enable former combatants to achieve the self-realisation of their civilian identity.
{"title":"Is recognition the answer? Exploring the barriers for successful reintegration of ex-combatants into civil society in Northern Ireland and Colombia","authors":"Gavin Hart, Camilo Tamayo Gomez","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2065792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2065792","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores the barriers faced by ex-combatants in Northern Ireland and Colombia as they reintegrate into civil society. It focuses on analysing three key aspects for a successful reintegration process: access to education opportunities after demobilisation, inclusion and participation into the civilian economy, and the exercise of equal citizenship in order to guarantee social and civic reintegration. The article presents the results of fifty-four interviews with former combatants from both countries. It is argued that for the purpose of developing effective and inclusive reintegration processes for ex-combatants, it is crucial to address claims for recognition as a central dimension of reintegration. The paper concludes that the recognition of ex-combatants’ social expectations during the demobilisation stage, and the acknowledgement of their experiences of marginalisation in the course of the reintegration process, is vital to enable former combatants to achieve the self-realisation of their civilian identity.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"11 1","pages":"205 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42167194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2059963
C. Constantinou
ABSTRACT This article interrogates the practice of humanitarian diplomacy by focusing on the history of the Red Cross Movement. It approaches humanitarian diplomacy beyond its technical understanding as a neutral tool for advocating and negotiating on behalf of vulnerable people. It suggests that by flagging high moral purpose, diplomacy can employ the humanitarian logic to also pursue parallel objectives and ethically ambiguous goals. Specifically, the article examines the parallel diplomatic initiatives and business-colonial projects of the founding father of the Red Cross, Henry Dunant. It then assesses the Swiss legacy of neutrality and discreet diplomacy of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) vis-à-vis the advocacy of more vocal humanitarian organisations. It looks at the decolonisation of the Movement and pursuit of national objectives and assesses the shift from humanitarian to human rights diplomacy, and the moral tensions of pursuing one or the other, or approaching them as a continuum.
{"title":"Humanitarian diplomacy as moral history","authors":"C. Constantinou","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2059963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2059963","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article interrogates the practice of humanitarian diplomacy by focusing on the history of the Red Cross Movement. It approaches humanitarian diplomacy beyond its technical understanding as a neutral tool for advocating and negotiating on behalf of vulnerable people. It suggests that by flagging high moral purpose, diplomacy can employ the humanitarian logic to also pursue parallel objectives and ethically ambiguous goals. Specifically, the article examines the parallel diplomatic initiatives and business-colonial projects of the founding father of the Red Cross, Henry Dunant. It then assesses the Swiss legacy of neutrality and discreet diplomacy of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) vis-à-vis the advocacy of more vocal humanitarian organisations. It looks at the decolonisation of the Movement and pursuit of national objectives and assesses the shift from humanitarian to human rights diplomacy, and the moral tensions of pursuing one or the other, or approaching them as a continuum.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"11 1","pages":"1 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49129106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-16DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2042982
Jacqueline Parry, Olga Aymerich
ABSTRACT This article examines how the transition from soldier to civilian is affected by a militarised environment, relying on fieldwork conducted in Basra in the period following Iraq’s war with the Islamic State (2014–2017). The article begins by mapping community perceptions of militaristic behaviours and ideologies present within Basra society. It demonstrates that respondents distinguished different types of militarised behaviour and ideology, accepting or tolerating some while rejecting or denouncing others. The article then considers how these perceptions of militarisation affected community attitudes towards the reintegration of ex-combatants. We find that ‘acceptable’ forms of militarised behaviour and ideology were often described as consistent with the reintegration of ex-combatants, whereas the failure to reintegrate reflected ‘non-acceptable’ forms of militarised behaviour or ideology. This approach offers new insights to community-based DDR programming in militarised environments and points to a model of transformation grounded in local realities.
{"title":"Reintegration of ex-combatants in a militarized society","authors":"Jacqueline Parry, Olga Aymerich","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2042982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2042982","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines how the transition from soldier to civilian is affected by a militarised environment, relying on fieldwork conducted in Basra in the period following Iraq’s war with the Islamic State (2014–2017). The article begins by mapping community perceptions of militaristic behaviours and ideologies present within Basra society. It demonstrates that respondents distinguished different types of militarised behaviour and ideology, accepting or tolerating some while rejecting or denouncing others. The article then considers how these perceptions of militarisation affected community attitudes towards the reintegration of ex-combatants. We find that ‘acceptable’ forms of militarised behaviour and ideology were often described as consistent with the reintegration of ex-combatants, whereas the failure to reintegrate reflected ‘non-acceptable’ forms of militarised behaviour or ideology. This approach offers new insights to community-based DDR programming in militarised environments and points to a model of transformation grounded in local realities.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"11 1","pages":"20 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48998082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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